...to find out two answers: first of all, how has China achieved its development? Second, what can we learn from this story? The article starts with a brief introduction about how important the economic development is. Then the article uses few paragraphs to point out different development methods during different reformation period of China. At the end of the introduction, the author threw out the two main points which have already mentioned above. On the next section, the author began to focus on the time-line of China’s development. He listed out events and reformations paragraph by paragraph. This section help the readers better get their ideas into shape. In order to make a strong argument, Kuotsai Tom Liou provided few forms while he was talking about China’s macroeconomic structural reformation. Next, the author dug in-depth and discussed about the four major strategies implemented that readers should focus on. The four major strategies are: the contract responsibility system, the dual price system, special economic zones, and administrative reform. These changes all represent different reform periods. Next then, the author summed up little bit, he used one section to talk about the lessons we should learn from economic development. In this section, the author overall expounded how Chinese development experience occurred and became successful while it interact with government, environment, special economic zones. The author then ended the article up with a succinct conclusion...
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...International Political Economy without at least wading through the fundamental debate between the degree of importance of political structures and market forces in economic development. This dynamic serves as one of the basic foundations of the discipline itself as well as subsequent major schools of thought. Theories in International Economy have been founded on empirical observations on the economic conditions of a set of cases and are, as Robert Cox posits, critical of the circumstances from which certain politico-economic configurations emerge[1]. A contemporary theory that has surfaced in the last few decades is the developmental state theory which sought to explain the precipitous economic progress of East Asian states after the Second World War. Although the initial outcome of adopting developmental strategies among East Asian states have shown the theory’s potency as a basis for economic development policies, subsequent events especially the results of Southeast Asian attempts to pattern itself after developmental strategies have put into question the developmental state’s efficacy as a long-term arrangement. Specifically, the Philippines’ status as an “anti-developmental” state[2] serves as a channel for criticism of the developmental state theory through other IPE theories not only in terms of strategies and policies, but also in the deeper level of societal conflict and political structures. The origins of the Developmental State and its basic premises The...
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...11/18/2014 Welcome to the United Nations. It's your world. Low Carbon Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform DESA | UN Economic and Soc +Menu Low Carbon Development The concept of low carbon development has its roots in the UNFCCC adopted in Rio in 1992. In the context of this convention, low carbon development is now generally expressed using the term low-emission development strategies (LEDS - also known as low-carbon development strategies, or low-carbon growth plans). Though no formally agreed definition exists, LEDS are generally used to describe forward-looking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass low-emission and/or climateresilient economic growth (OECD, IEA 2010). PUBLICATIONS Preparing Low‐Emission Climate‐ Resilient Development Strategies Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) Brazil Low‐Carbon Development Study LEDS have attracted interest in the climate negotiations as a soft alternative to voluntary or obligatory GHG emission reduction targets in developing countries (ECN, 2011). The initial proposal to introduce LEDS was put forward by the EU in 2008, highlighting how information on planned low-carbon pathways can help to inform the international community about funding needs and priorities and to help gauge the level of global climate change action (OECD, IEA 2010). The concept has been included in the negotiating texts under the UNFCCC since the run up to COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009...
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...city of economic growth and focus. Unlike its neighbors, the city and the UAE as a whole, has developed into a diverse economic state that has become a center for business and tourism. Although the city was built on the oil industry, it is the city’s current model of business that has driven its economy. Many of the city’s main revenues come from tourism, real estate, and financial services. Typically overlooked, it is Dubai’s economic development strategy that has kept the city profitable and growing. Dubai’s economic development strategy has implemented many strategies that the government believes will help ensure long term stability and sustainability. One tactic the government has developed is the implementation of free zones. These free zones have been designed to contribute to Dubai’s growth and development. One main item is involved with these zones however—the legal status of the companies within these zones. These companies are treated as foreign companies operating outside the UAE. Most sales of the companies located in these zones are exported without any tax being imposed. Owning a company in a free zone allows for 100% retention of profits (Reed). The free zones in Dubai include financial centers, media centers, and technology centers. Dubai has also taken up a large investment in the real estate sector. This has allowed Dubai’s construction and tourism industries to boom, and in result, have diversified the city’s economy. One other economic development...
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...The Evolution of Development Perspectives The Evolution of Development Perspectives The study below is a review of different articles and the evolution of development perspectives. The study reviews the work of different authors and their perceptions about the evolution of development. A brief summary of the developed economic models has also been included, as most journals have mentioned these theories in their reviews. Development has come a long way over the last sixty years as both a scholarly discipline and as an enterprise. It became very significant after the Second World War and was considered the same as industrialization. Its objective was very clear: to raise incomes and offer goods and services to poor people, who couldn’t have access to them before (Rapely, 2007, p. 1). Evolution can be defined as the self-transformation of a system under study (Witt, 2002, p. 9). Six decades ago, depression and political developments had made first world countries rely on Keynesian models in political and economic circles. This further influenced third world countries whose confidence was supported by the emergence of structural economics in a bid to enter the industrial age. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, those involved with development studies tried to answer the question relating to what it means for the economy to be developed...
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...“Local Economic Development can only be effective if all actors work in partnership.” Consider the arguments for and against this statement. Introduction With the ongoing discussions on universal development for all for sustainable economic growth, countries and regional bodies are focusing on the drivers for local growth within the different economic spheres. An important group for driving growth is local actors as one of the key stakeholders in this process. Ideally these partners should come from the government, private sector, civil society and community groups. This is to enable inclusion of all stakeholders involved and for collective responsibility. Governments mainly have been under pressure to build or realign institutions to function at local level and to create policies for their stakeholders that are inclusive. For the developed countries, focus is on allowing for bottom-up approaches like the Enterprise Zones and Local Enterprise Partnerships while for developing countries with large informal economies and weak institutions, the approaches vary partly due to failed policies in the past and the slow economic growth. On the international scale, development organisations have been tasked with coming up with better ways of dealing with particular regions characteristics to avoid the ‘one size fits all’ approach that previously existed. This has been deemed to be a more effective way of achieving sustainable growth. (UN Habitat, 2009) However the issue around how...
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...MASTERPLAN ACCELERATION AND EXPANSION OF INDONESIA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2011-2025 R EPUBLIC OF I ND ON ES IA Doc. Wijaya Karya Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development © Copyright Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs, Republic of Indonesia Published by Editor Design by : Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs : Deputy Minister for Coordinating Infrastructure and Regional Development, Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs : IndoPacific Edelman First Published 2011 All Rights Reserved Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs, Republic of Indonesia Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development Jakarta: Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs, 2011 212 pages; 28 x 30 cm ISBN 978-979-3754-14-7 Masterplan aCCeleratIOn anD eXpansIOn OF InDOnesIa eCOnOMIC DeVelOpMent 2011-2025 Coordinating Ministry For Economic Affairs Republic of Indonesia 6 Masterplan P3EI Abstract Doc. Astra Otoparts Doc. Wijaya Karya Doc. Wijaya Karya Table of Contents Preface from The President of Republic of Indonesia Abstract Historical Breakthrough in the Making of MP3EI 1. The Self-Sufficient, Advanced, Just, and Prosperous Indonesia A. Preface B. Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development C. Indonesia’s Position Within The Regional and Global Dynamics D. Indonesia’s Potential and Challenges E. Acceleration of Economic Transformation - A New Way of Working (Not...
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...TERM PAPER NAME: Richmond Sagoe TOPIC: Eliminating poverty in rural areas in Ghana THESIS STATEMENT: Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. In Ghana, poverty is primarily rural, with the northern regions recording the highest incidence of poverty in the country (GSS, 2007). Low agriculture productivity, undeveloped markets and lack of gainful wage employment opportunities as well as restrictive access of the less endowed to productive resources have been identified as the major causes of poverty. Governmental policies hardly favour rural areas, leading to rural-urban migration. The number of job opportunities in these poor remote areas is limited and therefore, standard of living in rural areas is generally low. Farming activities which is taunted as the backbone of the economy is left to the old-aged to pursue since the youth sees farming as an activity for people who ‘have nothing to do’. Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. According to the FAO (2015), the severity of the natural resource constraints facing the rural poor in Ghana requires that government focus a good number of projects on natural resource management. Many rural areas in Ghana have natural resources that are untapped. The majority of the rural poor are smallholder...
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...Development is a complex issue, with many different and sometimes contentious definitions. A basic perspective equates development with economic growth. The United Nations Development Programme uses a more detailed definition- according to them development is 'to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community. We have to identify some of these obstacles and discuss them in line with how it can be changed for development of the third World; POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL BARRIERS; Governments and political institutions play an important role in the economic development process even in capitalist countries. While early experiences with economic development, such as England's experience during the 18th century, did not involve a large role for government, the role played by the government has steadily increased in importance. At the current time, if a government is unable or unwilling to play an active role in the economic development process, then the government itself is considered an obstacle to economic development. SOCIAL BARRIERS; Economic development rides on the shoulders of entrepreneurs who venture to do things that benefit them and the society. Whether or not a society has a sufficient number of entrepreneurs to foster modern economic growth may depend on the society's values and structure. Many of the developed nations of today encouraged...
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...Understanding Development Theory In the Context of Social and Community Change by Michel Adjibodou[1] I. INTRODUCTION If you are fortunate enough to have walked the land and worked with the people of South Central Los Angeles in California, the mountains of Chiapas in Mexico, the plains of Tanga in Tanzania, the hills of Save in Benin, the streets of Hartford, Dorchester and Roxbury, the hills of Funyula in Western Kenya, one common characteristic you probably noticed is the resolve and resilience of those communities. Despite the daily challenges and stresses on their health, income, environment, land, and physical security, the residents are determined to improve their communities and create greater opportunities for their children. Many of us who chose to work in “development”, or who accidently ended up doing this work, must learn how to work in communities which face horrendous challenges. Engaging people in improving their own communities and, perhaps, working on broader issues demands that we develop great skills and knowledge, not to mention a certain attitude, some character, plenty of courage, and listening skills. Most of us simply behave like backpackers on our way to solve the world’s problems and save humanity from itself. Mistakes are made along the way, success stories abound, lives are damaged and rebuilt, hopes restored, and life goes on. Many practitioners working in communities around the world, and people who want to become development practitioners...
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...CONCEPT OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 1. MEANING AND NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT Development is a multi-dimensional process. Development according to international encyclopedia of social science "is a rapid sustained rise in real output per head and attendant shift in technological, economical and demographic characteristic of a society together with the more concept of social development and political development". Walter Rodney opined that "Development in human society is a many sided process. At the individual level it implies increased skill and capability, greater freedom, creativity, self discipline, responsibility and material well being". Amaucheaz, in his submission stated that, development is a multi-dimensional process involving the totality of man in his political,, economical, psychological, social relations among others. Development as a concept is multi-dimensional phenomenon that embraces economics, political and socio-cultural aspect of a nation. When the political, social and economic conditions of a state are in good shape, that state qualifies to be termed developed or developing state. 3.2 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, NEED AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. The national development strategy is a means, way, and plan in which the government formulates and implements its policies in order to accelerate the rate of development in the policy. Obasanjo administration made series of efforts to lay a solid foundation for the socio-economic growth of the country...
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...ASTRACT In South Africa the URP was part of a National Urban Renewal Strategy announced by the former President Thabo Mbeki in his State of the Nation Address in February 2001. Urban Renewal is not unequally South Africa’s but is worldwide and takes many forms and economic activity process. These may include the upgrade of informal settlements and township development. In South Africa the NURS is co-ordinated and monitored by the National Departments of both the Provincial and Local Government. It focuses on deprived areas and involves the investments in economic and social infrastructure, human resource development, enterprise development, enhancements of neighbourhoods and service delivery, poverty alleviation and the strengthening of the criminal justice system. Like any other implemented programmes, the URP had its own intended outcomes especially that will benefit the community at large. The Urban Renewal Programme proposes outcomes in five areas: * Infrastructure (effective service Delivery) Development * Social Development * Economic Development * Environmental Development * Safety and Security * Effective Governance My report below will be about identifying urban problems of Rosettenville, Johannesburg a very old Johannesburg suburb which I have chosen as my study area. I will be basically focusing on urban renewal dimensions of Rosettenville and pinpointing at least 10 urban problems associated with urban renewal aspects which will fall under physical...
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... Economic development is a term closely related to industrialization, western inputs and modernization trends in this wake of globalization. It is a transition term that best describes growth movement a state can experience. In the contemporary society, economic growth is a measurable terminal phrase tied to sustainability of input policies. For instance, a policy that foster economic growth bases on quantification factors of its efforts towards increasing economy (Chang, 2002). National economic development must consider political, social and economical achievements and the extents to which it impacts on human life. Therefore, this is a classical submission that highlights development strategies in accordance to empirical formulas developers considers while securing development to a state. Economic development is a development strategy since it bows to pragmatic procedures a developing nation must ever put into consideration. The most unwelcoming aspect of economic development are obstacles that keep on regenerating; despite well defined policies (Chang, 2002). This essay relevantly addresses some of the challenges responsible for the decline in productivity in the society. The key gainsays while addressing economic development relies on the realities concurrent in some case studies. Main Obstacles to Economic Development for States Sustainability of the natural resources is one of the main obstructions to economic development. A country’s economic growth is a subset...
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...The Development of Conservation in Theory and Practice In considering the issue of wildlife conservation, a link to development rises quickly to the surface. After all, the animals seemingly considered the most prized by the collective popular consciousness, such as primates, occur predominantly in tropical areas of the world considered by most to be “underdeveloped.” According to the United Nations Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the rate of growth in developed countries, mostly those located in Europe and America, between 2005 and 2050 is expected to remain relatively minimal, while the population of the developing world is projected to substantially increase, from 5.3 billion to 7.8 billion, over the same period of time (United Nations Population Division 2005, vi). This includes a more drastic increase in the world’s 50 least developed country (mostly located in Africa and Asia), where the number of inhabitants is projected to swell from 0.8 billion to 1.7 billion over the same period. As such, in putting together a theory for development more broadly and conservation more specifically, it is crucial that the link between societal growth and natural resource and wildlife degradation be explored. In the following discussion, I hope to accomplish a few things. First, I will consider development theory broadly, looking at its evolution through time and some popular contemporary critiques. Though development theory (as it stands...
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...promotion of tightly controlled forms of 'participation' and 'ownership'. This objective has been pursued consistently since the mid -1990s, with Wolfensohn as Director and Stiglitz while Chief Economist playing leading roles. It has been reflected in particular in the HIPC (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries) Initiative, the Comprehensive Development Framework, and PRSPs (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) as means of governing low-income countries. Once the character of the project is understood, its limitations and contradictions become apparent, but at the same time many of the criticisms advanced are seen to underestimate its logic and coherence, and proposals for reform arising from them are shown to be naïve. INTRODUCTION In 1996 the IMF and the World Bank introduced the HIPC (Heavily Indebted Poor Countries) Debt Initiative, a programme aimed to provide debt relief against country commitments to reduce poverty and pursue economic reform. Since then poverty reduction has taken centre stage at the World Bank in particular. The central role accorded to it was institutionalized with the announcement of the Comprehensive Development Framework in January 1999, and the parallel...
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