...past few years. The United States of America, like many Western and Middle East countries has become one of the major destinations of immigrants. African countries hold the upper hand among the immigrant source of America. The great collection of immigrants include refugees, people came for higher education, those in diplomatic services, skilled labors, athletes, efficient scientists and physicians. What are the factors that encourage or compel people to join the deluge of migration is a vast subject for research. Unlike the other countries the growing number of immigrants from African countries is entering the stream of immigration to United States. The history of African migration begins with slavery. The post war political economy considerably promoted the African immigrants to prefer United States as their major destination. United States has been highly benefited for decades by the African immigrants to gain all its achievements. The nation today includes people from all parts of the world, with a variety of race, complexion, beliefs and ethnicity which have made the nation an agglomeration of various cultures. The noteworthy reasons for this inundation could be categorized as historic reasons, globalization, civil wars and human rights violations, labor shortage in The US, immigration policies, and economic instability in home land. Historic elements contribute to migration The condition that brought Africans to the land of America was entirely different from that of today...
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...countries. For example Tesco, Ford, General Motor, McDonald, Disney, so many other companies. These companies have key interest to standardise their product for general acceptance. The international business becomes more complex. Tie between the different societies and organisations. (Meldrum, D.H) as businesses inter into new market it chances of 50% losses increases. Due to different in economic, political, cultural structure, policies, geography and currencies. These factor decreases profit ratio of international investment. There are no specific criteria to measure such in-stability. Every investor used their own method and measure. Uncertain condition of country make easy for international business to design their own stability criteria. (Considering risk in international business) Business has no idea about the local risk. It's difficult to operate and manage in such condition where the Culture, Social, Economic, Political, and legal structure are not stable. In such cause the international business need to take all the measurement either it`s Commercial, Culture, Social. Political or legal instability before enter into new market or country. 2. International business (McCulloch, C.1999)International business is started as with the formation of first national borders. Greek started such activity before the Christ follow by the British in 1600 when they establish the East India Company throughout the Asian as trading firm. With passage of time...
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...is such that the essence of the processes are still captured by our model. I will argue here that assumptions about today’s world having two levels of organisation leaves out a very important factor; this in turn results in a misunderstanding. I will argue that there are so many levels between national and global -- defined by socioeconomic systems and subsystems -- that the best approximation is not to assume the existence of two levels, but rather a continuum of levels. This makes it theoretically rather difficult to capture the emergence of the global level. Nevertheless, I will also argue that we can expect to see the break-up of such a continuum either due to an internal systemic shock, the most likely being global socio-cultural instability, or an external one, the best candidate being a global environmental catastrophe....
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...countries. For example Tesco, Ford, General Motor, McDonald, Disney, so many other companies. These companies have key interest to standardise their product for general acceptance. The international business becomes more complex. Tie between the different societies and organisations. (Meldrum, D.H) as businesses inter into new market it chances of 50% losses increases. Due to different in economic, political, cultural structure, policies, geography and currencies. These factor decreases profit ratio of international investment. There are no specific criteria to measure such in-stability. Every investor used their own method and measure. Uncertain condition of country make easy for international business to design their own stability criteria. (Considering risk in international business) Business has no idea about the local risk. It's difficult to operate and manage in such condition where the Culture, Social, Economic, Political, and legal structure are not stable. In such cause the international business need to take all the measurement either it`s Commercial, Culture, Social. Political or legal instability before enter into new market or country. 2. International business (McCulloch, C.1999)International business is started as with the formation of first national borders. Greek started such activity before the Christ follow by the British in 1600 when they establish the East India Company throughout the Asian as trading firm. With passage of...
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...rate will find few takers, as savers will instead hold cash. During the European sovereign-debt crisis, government bonds of some countries (Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Finland, the Netherlands and Austria) have been sold at negative yields. Suggested explanations include desire for safety and protection against the Eurozone breaking up. More often, real interest rates can be negative, when nominal interest rates are below inflation. When this is done via government policy (for example, via reserve requirements), this is deemed financial repression, and was practiced by countries such as the United States and United Kingdom following World War II (1945) until the late 1970s or early 1980s (during and following the Post–World War II economic expansion). In the late 1970s, United States Treasury securities with negative real interest rates were deemed certificates of confiscation. Negative interest rates have been proposed in the past, notably in the late 19th century by Silvio Gesell. To prevent people from holding cash (and thus earning 0%), Gesell suggested issuing money for a limited duration, after which it must be exchanged for new bills; attempts to hold money thus result in it expiring and becoming worthless. More recently, a carry tax on currency was proposed by a Federal Reserve employee (Marvin Goodfriend) in 1999, to be implemented via magnetic strips on bills, deducting the carry tax upon deposit, the tax being based on how long the bill had been held. In July...
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...Bolivia Standing as only one of the two landlocked countries in South America, Bolivia contains some of the worlds most resourceful vegetation as well as remnants of ancient cultures. Although rich with natural resources, like most developing nations, poverty is a reality for a large majority of Bolivia. Along with having the challenge of being a developing region, Bolivia is landlocked. This, without a doubt, only adds to the difficult task the Bolivian economy faces. However, positive change is taking form in most third world regions of the earth. With everyday, more volunteer groups, private investments, and modern medicine aid countries like Bolivia with their domestic, economic, and political complications. Bolivia is divided into three major geographical groupings defined by the Andes. The first being the collection of mountains found in the West along with the Altiplano. The second major geographical region is located in the valleys formed from the eastern mountain slopes. These valleys provide a semi tropical environment allowing for appropriate agricultural activities. However, the third geographical area contain plains that stretch across 63% of the country. These eastern lowlands(plains) are also referred to as Oriente. The rest is virtually the Andes mountains that literally split the landlocked country in half. The smaller half of the country (majority Amerindian) consists of mountain and rock leaving little to no agriculture to be had. In contrast, the larger...
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...With the end of slavery, the economic panics of the late nineteenth century, and the birth of the Industrial Revolution, many Americans were looking for new markets, opportunities and wealth, causing them to head South. Americans turned to Central America where countries were attracting and recruiting foreign investors by giving them land in an attempt to build capital and develop. The United States justified the move to Central America through the idea of Pan Americanism. Pan Americanism was a movement that sought to create, encourage and organize relationships between the Americas through diplomatic, political, economic and social means. The Americans who headed to Central America on the terms of Pan Americanism became known as the banana...
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...to Know Mercosur Zak K. Blondis University of Memphis: Fogelman College of Business and Economics Abstract This paper is a brief overview of Mercosur and its current state, and will focus on the background, formation, global and regional impact of Mercosur and its members as well as the current dilemmas that are being faced. Issues ranging from economic to political will be discussed throughout. Internal disputes and protectionist policies place Mercosur in an uncertain situation as they focus to defend their own domestic products all whilst maintaining a steady external trade. A continuing worldwide economic power house, Mercosur continues to struggle with certain facets of trade and political structure. Background South America throughout past decades has seen bloodshed and political instability, and despite much improvement there is still reoccurring corruption to date. Although the Pablo Escobar reign in Colombia, Noriega’s rule in Panama, and Castro’s hold on Cuba are no longer relevant, there still remains similar political instability today. Mercosur directly translated is Mercado Comun del Sur, or The Southern Common Market, and is a trade bloc for six of South America’s member nations (See Appendix A for current member countries) where they enjoy free trade, very similar to that of the North American Free Trade Agreement, where the goal is full South American economic integration. Enacted in 1991 under the Treaty of Ascuncion, Mercosur was created around the...
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...The Declaration of Independence states that “all men are created equal and that they are endowed with certain unalienable rights, among which are life, liberty and pursuit of happiness”. Since the unification and independence of our nation and according to our Founding Fathers, America is the land of opportunity. It was the only place that was able to fulfill hopes and dreams of equality and success. In the novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald is able to define, compliment, and criticize the American Dream throughout the 1920s. As Fitzgerald portrays in the novel, the war changed the mindset of the nation and people became more interested in wealth and social class; people gained faith in the pursuit of pleasure rather than the “pursuit...
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...emerging Markets (EM) are increasingly becoming the most important strength that could promote the development of the world economy. Broadly speaking, the term "emerging market" has been used mainly to refer to the developing world in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. (Mody，2004). Narrowly speaking, EM refers to the stock markets of developing countries. The purpose of this article is to further analyze the characteristics of emerging markets, I am going to focus on the broad economic aspect of EM, which refers to some developing countries like Brazil, Russia, India, China. (BRICs). I would like to separate this article into three different parts. In the first part, I discuss the implications of emerging markets and why people choose to invest in them. The second part is the central theme of the article. In this part, I focus on the main characteristics of EM. After examining all the characteristics, I make a conclusion about the whole paper and put forward several suggestions for ways governments and investment companies can cooperate together to make contributions to making the markets more mature. Emerging market countries mainly contain dozens of developing countries, which are widely distributed in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe; especially the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China) Bruner et al (2003) classify the world economy in the following way: developed markets, emerging markets, frontier markets and unclassified markets. In the past few decades, vary many developed...
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...The Central American minors in the recent past have resorted to seeking refuge in America. America is one of the most democratic states to live in as per its worldview as the father of modern democracy. This is because most of the Central American states are war-torn. Human rights abuse, on the other hand, in the Central American nation-states is currently at its peak. All these cases of instability directly affect minors who need basic needs in life. A massive minor immigration into the U.S. by thousands of Central American minors in the recent years has shot up. This is primarily focused on seeking refuge and overall fight for these minors’ rights and freedoms. Democracy per se lacks in most of Central American nations states. The immigration “crisis” in the U.S. is due to favourable immigration policies that were adopted by the government (Washington 111). In the United States, human dignity is aptly upheld. Both the minor and adult immigrants are equally represented in the constitution. An...
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...officer in Brussels and a chief operating officer in Beijing may not sound nearly so fanciful in the near future. Desai, M. A. (2009). The decentering of the global firm. The World Economy, 32(9), 1271-1290. What is International Management? The process of developing strategies, designing and operating systems, and working with people around the world to ensure sustained competitive advantage The Global Manager’s Role Contents Assessing the Environment: • • • Understand the global business environment and how it affects the strategic and operational decisions which managers must make. Critically assess the developments, advantages, and disadvantages of globalization. Develop an appreciation for the ways in which political, economic, legal, and technological factors and changes impact the opportunities that companies face. Appreciate the complexities involved in the corporation’s obligations toward its various constituencies around the world. Understand the changing perceptions and demands of corporations doing business in other countries, in particular the responsibilities toward human rights. Recognize that companies must provide benefits to the host country in which they operate in order to maintain cooperation. Discuss the need for corporations to consider sustainability in their longterm plans in order to manage environmental impacts on host locations. Managing Interdependency: • • • • 1 The Globalization of Risk Top two risks: • Severe...
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...• Chapter 9: Regional Economic Integration o Regional Integration and Economic Blocs • Under regional economic integration, groups of countries form alliances to promote free trade, cross-national investment, and other mutual goals. • This integration results from regional economic integration blocs (or economic blocs), in which member countries agree to eliminate tariffs and other restrictions on the cross-national flow of products, services, capital, and, in more advanced stages, labor within the bloc. • At minimum, the countries in an economic bloc become parties to a free trade agreement, which eliminates tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers. o Levels of Regional Integration • For countries that become members of an economic bloc, there are various stages of regional integration. • First is the free trade area, which eliminates tariffs and other trade barriers. • Second is the customs union, a free trade area in which common trade barriers are imposed on nonmember countries. • Third is the common market, a customs union in which factors of production move freely among the members. • Fourth is the economic union, a common market in which some important economic policies are harmonized among the member states. • A true political union does not yet exist. o The Leading Economic Blocs • There are hundreds of economic integration agreements in the world. • The European Union (EU) is the most advanced, comprising twenty-seven countries in Europe. • It...
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...10 Information in the News Concerning the Best Fit Country 11 Conclusion 12 APPENDIX 14 References 18 The Brattle Group Profile of the Company According to Zhu (2006), the Brattle group offers solutions to complex economic, supervisory, as well as financial processes for multinationals, legal firms and state governments across the globe. The company believes that any important insights depends on working hard, respecting details, as well as follow the principles. When the clients face massive challenges, then Brattle group works hard to give clear and independent answers, while being transparent, as the truths are better than giving them false comforts that are created from opinions that cannot survive scrutiny. The truth is provided using relentless pursuit of professionalism, as well as quality analysis. The company was established in 199 under five principles that adhere to integrity and excellent performance in economic and financial consultancy. In 1995 the company merged with Incentives Research to become stronger through the merged expertise in the energy sector, where it opened an office in Cambridge (Phillips et al., 2011). According to Zhu (2006, the company has managed to expand throughout America and Europe serving more than 300 people, where it started by establishing an office in Washington DC with concentration in regulation, public policies and antitrust laws. The firm entered the Europe market in 1997, followed by the opening an...
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...Latin America, out of IMF’s control World Economy and Latin America 20 December, 2011 Contents Introduction Past relationship between Latin America and IMF How LAC could get out of IMF’s control Conclusion Introduction Latin America was a volatile region with a history of exceptionally high inflation rates, substantial macroeconomic instability, and a record of unsuccessful monetary and fiscal stabilizations. However, during the past decade, Latin America’s economy has strengthened their body and benefited from high exports, strong economic growth in its trading partners and good global financial conditions and domestic policies. All of this is related with international financial institutions and one of IFIs, International Monetary Fund had affected in currency perspective in the region. In this paper, I will search the changing relationship between Latin America and one of IFIs, IMF whose role is so involved with Latin America’s economy. The first session will explain the relevance between the region and IMF and in the following part, there will be the reasons that Latin America could escape from IMF’s control. Past relationship between Latin America and IMF The IMF was set up to assist countries that had temporary current account deficits and lacked a sufficient quantity of official reserve assets to support a fixed exchange rate. However, the slow motion collapse of the fixed exchange rate system in the 1970s created an odd situation for the IMF. At about the...
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