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Economic

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1.Introducere:ce este globalizarea!?

Nu există o definiţie a globalizării într-o formă universal acceptată şi,probabil, nici definitivă. Motivul rezidă în faptul că globalizarea subinclude omultitudine de procese complexe cu o dinamică variabilă dar inexorabile, atingând domenii diverse ale unei societăţi. Ea poate fi un fenomen, o ideologie, o strategie,sau toate la un loc.
Globalizarea este termenul întrebuinţat pentru a descrie un procesmulticauzal ireversibil care are drept rezultat faptul că evenimente care au loc într-o parte a globului au repercusiuni din ce în ce mai ample asupra persoanelor, societăţilor şi problemelor din alte părţi ale globului.
Globalizarea este termenul modern folosit la descrierea schimbărilor în societăţi şi în economia mondială, care rezultă din comerţul internaţional extrem de crescut şi din schimburi culturale. Descrie creşterea comerţului şi a investiţiilor datorită căderii barierelor şi creşterii interdependenţei dintre state. În contexteconomic, este des întâlnită referirea, aproape exclusivă, la efectele comerţului şi, în particular, la liberalizarea comerţului sau la liberul schimb. În limbajul curent de specialitate există în uz doi termeni cu sensuri foarte apropiate: globalizare şi mondializare.
Totuşi, o diferenţiere semantică este necesar a fi operată. În opinia noastră, în consens cu profesorul Mircea Coşea ,globalizarea (termen de origine anglo-saxonă) a primit în special sensul de proces de internaţionalizare şi interdependenţă a proceselor economice, iar mondializarea (termen de origine franceză) are sensul preponderent de internaţionalizare şi interdependenţă a proceselor politice.
La nivelul principiilor, normelor şi standardelor în diferite domenii (tehnic, comercial, contabil, al calităţii mărfurilor, monetar-valutar, politic, etc.),globalizarea trebuie să asigure atât o cuprindere generală a problematicii mondiale (având în vedere că totuşi oamenii cu problemele lor sunt asemănători peste tot în lume), cât şi o aplicare specifică la probleme particulare locale, în timp şi spaţiu,după principiul “Gândeşte global, dar acţionează local!”. Să nu uităm că și scopul marxismului, al socialismului și comunismului, era internaționalismul proletar, revoluția mondială a proletariatului, internaționalizarea solidarității transfrontaliere a proletariatului în lupta contra burgheziei exploatatoare mondiale, etc., integrarea comunistă ideologică, politică, economică și națională,desființarea granițelor, conducerea de la un centru unic (Kominternul, cu sediul la Moscova), etc. De altfel, scriitorul rus Vladimir BUKOVSKY, dizident al regimului comunist sovietic, într-un recent articol, ne atrăgea atenția că există prea multe similitudini între organismele mondialiste (chiar de nivel intermediar, de exemplu,Uniunea Europeană) și URSS & sistemul (“lagărul”) comunist:
• Cetățenii au fost consultați (prin referendumuri, dar nici aceasta peste tot)pentru intrarea în UE întotdeauna post-factum, pentru validarea unor decizii deja luate de guvernele sau parlamentele naționale, exact ca în aniicomunismului;
• Conducerea supremă este efectuată de oameni numți, nu aleși, care nu dau nimănui socoteală, dar care au salarii, bonusuri, privilegii, pensii uriașe imunitate pe viață (chiar dacă lucrează pentru UE doar câteva luni!);
• Se extinde continuu pentru a escamota problemele reale și a le arunca la alt nivel, tot mai invizibil, mai de neîneles și mai intangibil pentru popoare;

2.Beneficii pentru România rezultate din globalizare

Lumea se schimbă şi, o dată cu ea, şi România. Lucrurile pe care altădată le-am fi considerat veşnice le vedem dispărând cu rapiditate din peisajul cotidian. Putem observa cu ochiul liber vestigiile societăţii industriale în curs de dispariţie : macarale, uzine, combinate, oraşe industriale moarte. O lume care apune, o alta ce răsare în loc. Chinurile naşterii nu lipsesc nici acum : şomaj, suferinţe, sărăcie. Ce rezervă însă globalizarea?
În decurs de un secol, România şi-a refăcut unitatea naţională, a trecut de o economie predominant agrară la una industrială ( în 1945, avea încă cel mai mare procent de populaţie rurală din Europa – 80% - pe locul următor situându-se Ungaria – 70%), a luptat, cu un rol important, în cele două conflagraţii mondiale, a pierdut teritorii tradiţionale, a trecut prin experimentul bolşevic şi şi-a regăsit vocaţia europeană prin singura revoluţie anti-comunistă sângeroasă din fostul lagăr bolşevic. Dar, în acelaşi timp, ţara despre care în perioada interbelică se scria cu invidie că are „petrol şi grâu” este astăzi una dintre cele mai sărace de pe continent din punctul de vedere al PIB pe cap de locuitor, iar nivelul producţiei sale industriale ( în medie pe ultimii zece ani) se situează undeva la nivelul a 60% din producţia anului 1989 – cel mai prost an al regimului planificat. Iar politicienii săi caută încă cu disperare soluţii pentru redresarea economiei. Iar o ţară săracă şi lipsită de un proiect economico-social valabil este cu atât mai expusă astăzi crizelor „de import” de tot felul şi mai vulnerabilă în faţa provocărilor presupuse de globalizare. Una din problemele cu care se confruntă acum România este generată de întârzierea startului în cursa globalizării. Trăind în spaţiul comunist, al economiei dirijate şi controlate de stat de sub semnul mitului muncitorului şi al industriei, România s-a aflat printre ultimele ţări care beneficiază de revoluţia transporturilor, a comunicaţiilor, a productivităţii muncii, şi, în final, a informaţiei. Abia după 1990, timid, societatea informaţională şi-a început pătrunderea în zona noastră şi efectele ei au fost devastatoare datorită stării de nepregătire în care ne găseam. Produse scumpe, economie ineficientă, inflaţie galopantă, zdrobitoarea concurenţă occidentală, toate au pus rapid la colţ economia românească. Întâlnirea cu Occidentul s-a petrecut rapid şi dramatic, luând aspectul unui val distrugător care a lăsat România cu 2 milioane de şomeri, 1 milion de locuitori mai puţin, cu 85% din populaţie trăind în sărăcie şi cu 5,5 milioane de pensionari. Adică o ţară epuizată.

Beneficiile (avantajele) decurgând pentru România din procesul de globalizare se referă la:
1.Libera circulaţie a persoanelor, mărfurilor, serviciilor, capitalurilor şi cunoştinţelor (inclusiv, sau mai ales ştiinţifico-tehnice), participarea neîngrădită la circuitul mondial de valori. În special libera circulaţie a persoanelor şi cunoştinţelor reprezintă pentru România o mare realizare, având în vedere restricţiile din aceste domenii din perioada 1945-1989.
2.Posibilitatea rezolvării în condiţii mai bune a unor probleme care depăşesc graniţele naţionale şi/sau pentru care reglementările naţionale sunt prea restrictive şi ca

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