...EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF VIET NAM Literature Review 3 I. General 3 1. Geographical location & Vietnam’s climate 3 a. Geographical location 3 b. Climate 3 2. Effects of geographical & climate on Vietnam’s economy: 6 a. Effects of geographical location to Vietnam’s economy: 6 II. Definition, causes and actual situation of Viet Nam under climate change 7 1. Definition of climate change 8 2. Causes of climate change: 8 a. Natural causes 8 b. Human causes 9 c. Greenhouse gases and their sources 9 3. Actual situation in Vietnam: 12 III. Impact of Climate change on Viet Nam economy 14 1. Impact of Climate change on economy in general: 14 2. Climate change directly affects every economic sector 15 a. Impacts of climate change on agriculture, forestry and fisheries 15 b. Impact of climate change on industry sector 20 c. .Impacts of climate change on tourism sector 20 d. Impacts of climate change in components of the economy. 22 IV. Policies to deal with problems caused by climate change 26 1. Opportunities 26 2. Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change 26 The Three Approaches in Brief: 27 References 35 Literature Review There are many studies that have examined the effects of climate change on Vietnam’s economy. The majority of findings stated that climate change have negative impacts on Vietnam’s economy and suggest possible adaptation or mitigation measures to lessen the adverse impacts. The economies of some countries...
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...Commission (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) as Economic Growth that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” For decades, GDP and growth in GDP were widely accepted as the measure of economic and well-being. However, this growth has also been accompanied by increased damages to the socio-economic systems. The notion of sustainable growth is a topic high on the international policy agenda, especially given the rise of China, India and other developing countries whose use of the world’s resources increases significantly each year. The major problem for developing countries focus on sustainability is the cost of slowing down development process and loses the opportunity of becoming convergence with the mainstream economy. It is still being discussed whether or not the tradeoff between sustainability and development is a cost worth making. Economic sustainability is dependent on the following conditions; 1) the rate of decline of non-renewable resources, 2) the excess rate of harvest of renewable resources, 3) the assimilative capacity of nature to absorb waste and, 4) pollution reducing technology and capital1. According to Stern’s review paper, the benefits of strong, early action on climate change can outweigh the costs in the development process as the “next 10 or 20 years can have a profound effect on the climate in the second half of this century and in the next.”2 Greenhouse gas emissions...
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...widespread, invariably contributing to the changes in global climate, which are consequently having a negative effect on weather patterns and the frequency and severity of weather related natural disasters. Global warming has become alarming recently. Over the past decades, research has been conducted on climate change and its impact and how it directly or indirectly influences the health and well being of the planet and its inhabitants. This essay will cover the risk and impacts of climate (weather) – related natural disasters such as storms, floods, droughts, rainfall and extreme temperature. Research over the past few decades has done much to clarify the evidence that global climate is changing and these changes are largely due to human influence. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),(2014) linked the risks of climate change to the increase in emission of greenhouse gas through human activities resulting from increased in population and economic growth. According to World Health Organization (WHO), (2014) the increase in human activities has impose dextra force on the climate system, most especially the burning of fossil fuels result in the emission of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide. They accumulate and cause extra heat on the surface temperature, increasing the climate variability and influencing climate change.As the atmosphere accumulates energy, it yields to the increasing greenhouse gas concentration causing climate change and extreme weather that may lead to...
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...------------------------------------------------- ‘Funding the Greener Technology’: Economic and Strategic Measures Taken by India for Low Carbon Future ------------------------------------------------- An Analysis Economics – I Submitted TO Mr. K. Rajendra Kumar Lecturer, NALSAR University of Law Submitted By Shailesh Singh 2010 63 NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad ------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents Table of Authorities 2 List of Books 2 List of Articles, Journals & Governments Reports 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Climate Change and Its Economic Aspect 4 1.2. The Two Way Approach – Mitigation vis-a vis Adaptation 4 Background and Objective 7 Methodology 7 2. Climate Change and India 8 2.1. The Rationale Behind 8 2.2. Measures Taken By India against Climate Change 9 2.2.1. Adaptative Measures – 9 2.2.2. The Adaptation Mission and Their Key Objectives 12 2.2.3. Mitigation Measures – 14 3. Budgetary Outlays for Climate Change Measures : An Analysis 19 4. Concluding Remark 20 Table of Authorities List of Books * Andrew E. Dessler and Edward A. Parson, Global Climate Change : A new type of Environmental Problem in The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change, 2 * Mike Hulme, A Change in the Weather?- Coming to terms with Climate Change in Global Environmental Issues 2 List of Articles, Journals & Governments Reports * A report on Interactive Session on National...
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...Climate change becomes a universal issue in recent years, with the negative influence occurring in the third world. There are lots of negative effects on most urban areas city on coast and riverbanks are vulnerable to climate change effects such as a increase in sea level (Nichcolls, cited in Hunt and Watkiss 2004, p.17). Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Parry M.L et al. 2007, p.13). The world’s urban population will rapid increase in the next few year, so the negative effects caused by climate change in cities should be solved necessarily. This essay outlines the major negative impacts by climate change, and evaluates three possible solving measures in many developing countries. The essay argues that three effective solutions are able to solve the problems of climate change in developing countries. Climate change negatively affects the urban in developing countries. The first environmental effect of climate change is a rising sea level. Rosenzweig et al. (2010, p.910) survey that city should obviously contributed to 71% of global energy-related greenhouse-gas. Most chief cities in developing country are located in low altitudes or near the seaside, which are brought calamities by the climate change. As the world warming, the threat from the ocean level increase poses alarming for cities. A rising in sea level has the direct influences on urban areas such as beach erosion and soil...
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...IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES ON THE GROWTH OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY Submitted by: Kriti Bhardwaj Date: 1st December, 2010 1 ABSTRACT The most contentious global debate today is the obligations of the developed and the developing countries to take steps to reduce their carbon footprint. Though climate change is a danger for all countries-developed and developing alike, the quantum of responsibility for mitigating climate change is a debatable issue. There is a perceived divide between the obligations of the two worlds in which our planet is divided. The source of virtually all past emissions i.e. the developed world has a greater responsibility to take steps to reduce their carbon emissions substantially and help in stabilizing the environment which they disturbed to a large extent. This is the reason why they are subjected to binding targets of reducing their emissions by a set amount in all international agreements. However, the developing world is gearing towards development at a very fast pace and all development and industrialization pre-supposes the need of higher emissions. Due to this, the emission levels of this part of the world are bound to increase even more rapidly. Mitigating climate change in developing countries poses a fundamental challenge. For developing nations as a whole...
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...Impacts Of Climate Change in the Caricom Countries What is Climate Change? According to ‘oxforddictionary.com’ Climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Climate change is already beginning to transform life on Earth since around the globe, seasons are shifting, temperatures are climbing and sea levels are rising. Pertaining to climate change it has both natural and human causes and short and long climate forcer. Also it has dangerous effects such as higher temperatures, changing landscapes etc. In the Caribbean, the states in the region formed an organisation that is called Caricom where they joined together to work on various matters. The fifteen (15) Caricom countries are Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Focusing on climate changes in the fifteen (15) Caricom countries in the Caribbean, it is considered to be one of the biggest threats to nature and humanity towards them because it can bring about negative and destructive effects caused by short lived and long lived climatic forces. Mostly likely in the Caricom countries, they face potential economic impacts of climate change with their agriculture...
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...earth’s atmosphere that cause an increase in temperature in earth’s surface, in which is known as global warming. Based on this chemical reaction, it creates a global climate change on planet earth that changes meteorological patterns in each region. Costs and benefits from industrialized countries Due to a higher economic standing in industrialized countries, such as the United States and Europe we have larger amounts of pollution discharges that contribute to global climate change. Major issues related to costs with the intent to reduce global climate change include: what methods to adopt in various countries to meet the performance required by the agreements and how to share the overall costs among the participating countries (Field & Field, 2009, p. 456). These are cost-effective measures that countries can substantially decrease of the overall program. In accordance with Field & Field (2009), “The benefits accruing to any particular country from say, a 20 percent cut into CO2 will be the same no matter where, and by whom, the CO2 is reduced. Thus, each country has some incentive to get the other countries to bear as much of the total global abatement costs as they can”(p. 457). Developing countries are countries that struggle with numerous of economic problems that get in the way of their economic innovation. In...
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...Kyoto Protocol and Global Warming Evaluation Introduction of Global Climate Change In this paper we will research, come to know and understand the causes and effects of global warming and global climate change. We will also come to know and understand the Kyoto Protocol. Let’s first look at the meaning of the words global warming and global climate change. Global warming is an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect (Global Warming, 2014). Global climate change is changes in the earth's weather, including changes in temperature, wind patterns and rainfall, especially the increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere that is caused by the increase of particular gases, especially carbon dioxide (Global Climate Change, 2014). Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4°F over the past century, and is projected to rise another 2 to 11.5°F over the next hundred years. Small changes in the average temperature of the planet can translate to large and potentially dangerous shifts in climate and weather (Basics of Global Climate Change, 2014). Global climate change is a really big issue in the world today, and trying to fight it is an ever bigger issue. The question is, can we fight it and how? Contrast the costs and benefits of combating Global Climate Change The benefits of combating global climate change in both developing countries and industrialized countries are the...
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...Table of Contents Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol 2 ASEAN and Copenhagen Conference 3 Climate Change as an Issue 4 Sustainable Development 5 Impact of Kyoto Protocol on ASEAN 7 Challenges faced by ASEAN under Kyoto Protocol 9 Conclusion 11 Referencing 12 Introduction to Copenhagen Conference and Kyoto Protocol In 1992, countries coupled together for an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. However, by 1995, countries realized that provisions of emission reductions in the Convention were insufficient. Due to this reason, they launched negotiations to reinforce the global response to climate change. These negotiations lead to the adoption of an agreement known as Kyoto Protocol (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2013). The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference held in Denmark raised climate change policy to the highest political level. 115 world leaders attended this high-level segment, building it one of the major gatherings of world leaders ever outside UN headquarters in New York. More than 40,000 people that represent governments, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, media, faith-based organizations UN agencies applied for accreditation (UNFCCC, 2013) The Copenhagen Accord enclosed numerous key elements on which there was strong union of the views of governments. This incorporated the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature...
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...The economic crisis and the two great challenges of the 21st century Nicholas Stern Policy paper March 2009 Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment 1 The Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) was established in 2008 to advance public and private action on climate change through rigorous, innovative research. The Centre is hosted jointly by the University of Leeds and the London School of Economics and Political Science. It is funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council and Munich Re. More information about the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy can be found at: http://www.cccep.ac.uk The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment was established in 2008 at the London School of Economics and Political Science. The Institute bring together international expertise on economics, as well as finance, geography, the environment, international development and political economy to establish a world-leading centre for policy-relevant research, teaching and training in climate change and the environment. It is funded by the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, which also funds the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College London. More information about the Grantham Research Institute can be found at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/grantham/ 2 The economic crisis and the two great challenges of the 21st century...
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...The population growth directly requires extra amount of consideration of water issue. The issue relates to the population growth and migration movement. For example, Australia’s population growth is caused by the vastly increased migration, and up to recent years the study showed that the water consumption largely climbed up raised many voices on saving water. The facts that were happening showed strong correlation. Climate change over the years that has potentially impact on the usable of water. Global warming which actually that has been debated over a few years. There are voices that there have been many discussions in this topic that consider this fact are because of human activity or nature process. Al Gore convinced us in his president election speech by an inconvenient truth that the truth is that it is getting hotter and hotter. Whatever the result is, an increased concern has arisen between urbanization, salinity, and upstream pollution. In advance, Pacific Institute released that the regional impacts will vary and the potential of global climate change will alter agricultural productivity, freshwater availability and quality, access to vital minerals, coastal and island flooding and so on. These consequences will highly thus threats to security (Giraldo. D. P., Betancur M. J., 2004). Water security will be analyzed in the form of LCD. Food security is another perspective which will be analyzed in the CLD. This refers to the availability...
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...Bibliography: 13 Word count (excluding footnotes, headings and bibliography): 3032 words 1. Introduction: Climate change is the most critical international humanitarian crisis today; it is adversely affecting our health, economy, national security and communities in a myriad of ways. Scientists have constantly been warning us that if we do not aggressively restrain climate change and control its effects now, the results will indisputably be devastating. They have also predicted that critical climate change effects such as long-term droughts and significant sea-level rise are inevitable although global efforts to decrease greenhouse gas emissions are being implemented. Hazardous impacts such melting icecaps in the Polar regions, heavy rainfall and disastrous storms, and growing variability of temperature in almost all regions of the world are being felt. In 1992, many countries collectively came up with an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to consider what should be done to regulate average global temperature increases and the subsequent climate change process, and to tackle whatever impacts were, by then, unavoidable. By 1995, countries recognised that emission reductions provisions in the Convention were insufficient. Two years later Kyoto Protocol was adopted to strengthen the global response to climate change. This protocol legally binds developed countries to emission reduction targets. One paramount principle found...
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...Most of the scientists agree that this climate change is threatening our earth; human beings can be extinct probably in the near future. The cause and effects of this phenomenon has been studied which is greenhouse effect. The whole world is getting involved in this issue and looking for solutions. Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that increases temperature of the earth’s surface (Australian government). However, according to the investigations, human activities enhanced the greenhouse activities, making it worse. So our climate change is due to the increasing human activities, global industrialization which ejects huge amount of carbon emissions. Human activities enhance greenhouse effect that causes widespread heave rainfalls in the northern Hemisphere during the last 50 years (Minetal, as cited in Allan, 2011).The rising temperature is disrupting every aspect in our life and the whole ecosystem. This climate change affects atmospheric and ocean circulations and brings many hazards to the earth, such as widespread drought, flood and tsunami. As we considered climate change, we need consider the common good for all the humans on the earth. The common good refers to the total living conditions which can enable individuals to get the achievement which enables people to achieve humanity (google), whereas climate change is a serious issue that is eliminating human living resouces in many aspects. As we mentioned above, climate change can cause many negative effects, such...
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...While climate impacts will vary on a regional scale, it is the tourism business that needs to take a look at today and tomorrow’s economic factors. While some of the benefits from climate change may accrue to individual farms or businesses, the cost of dealing with adverse climate impacts are typically borne by society as a whole. These costs to society will not be uniformly distributed but felt most among small businesses and Grand Traverse Bay. Here they will most likely to be affected by climate change such as, water, energy, transportation and public health systems. The costs of inaction are frequently neglected and typically not done. These costs include such expenses as rebuilding or preparing infrastructure to meet new realities and the ripple effect of these economic impacts on the state’s households, the agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial and public service sectors as well as tourism in Grand Traverse Bay (Douglas, 2001). Climate change will affect the water, energy, transportation, and public health systems, as well as state economies as well as climate change impact and a wide range of important economic sectors from agriculture to manufacturing to tourism. It is all about location in any business. Especially in the tourism business, but what would happen if we did not for see the future. Looking at Traverse Bay it isn’t a positive future for tourism in the Michigan area in the next 10 to 20 years. Looking at Grand Traverse Bay, I will be...
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