...Indonesia as a country that is rich with biodiversity. Not only that, the existence of plant and animal in nature will balance the natural ecosystem. Aceh is one of the areas that supply the biodiversity for Indonesia, especially in Seulawah Mountain and Leuser ecosystem. Many environmental problems like human activity occur in those of areas such as deforestation, opening the forest land...
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...Ecosystem and Human Activity SIX KEY ASPECTS OF ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT October 27, 2013 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Six Key Aspects of Ecosystem Based Management……………………………………3 Integration of ecological, social, and economic goals and recognition of humans as key components of the ecosystem………………………………………………………..............3 Consideration of Ecological Not Just Political- Boundaries………………………………5 Accounting for the Complexity of Natural Processes and Social Systems and Using an Adaptive Management Approach in the Face of Resulting Uncertainties………7 Engaging Multiple Stakeholders in a Collaborative Process to Define Problems and Find Solutions………………………………………………………..…………………….8 Incorporating Understanding of Ecosystem Processes and How Ecosystems Respond to Environmental Perturbations…………………………………………….....9 Concern with the Ecological Integrity of Coastal-marine Systems and the Sustainability of Both Human and Ecological Systems………………………………10 Conclusion ….12 References 13 Introduction Human activities on land and in the ocean are changing ecosystems and threatening their ability to provide important benefits to society, such as healthy and abundant sources of food, clean air, and fresh water. The argument that the ecosystem ought to be managed in whole ecological units based on integrative biological, physical and/or socio-economic assessments is not a new one. However the argument is gaining urgency as a result...
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...Food Web Case Study Explain theory in your own words based on the case study Food web is an essential ecological concept. A food web commonly used for Basically, food web represents feeding relationships within a community (Smith and Smith 2009). Food webs are essentially used as an ecological concept that models the predator-prey relationship. Based on the case study, each food web is a descriptive diagram including a series of lines connecting one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. The feeding It also implies the transfer of food energy from its source in plants through herbivores to carnivores (Krebs 2009). Normally, food webs consist of a number of food chains meshed together. Each food chain is a descriptive diagram including a series of arrows, each pointing from one species to another, representing the flow of food energy from one feeding group of organisms to another. Food web offers an important tool for investigating the ecological interactions that define energy flows and predator-prey relationship (Cain et al. 2008). The fundamental purpose of food webs is to describe feeding relationship among species in a community. Food webs can be constructed to describe the species interactions. All species in the food webs can be distinguished into basal species (autotrophs, such as plants), intermediate species (herbivores and intermediate level carnivores, such as grasshopper and...
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...techniques. Some experts are proponents of the preservation theory, which sets aside areas of natural resources in their pristine state, without intrusion or interference of man. Other experts favor conservation practices, which seek to find a happy medium between responsible land management and protection of natural resources while permitting humans to enjoy that land in a variety of ways. The desire to preserve areas in their natural state can be driven by a desire to maintain refuges for animals and plants free of human interference and to keep species from the threat of extinction. With the advent of the last twenty years of the housing boom, many natural areas have disappeared. The point of preservationists is that there need to be certain aspects of the natural population that are never disturbed. The disagreement among naturalists arises from the methods of protection versus the actual concept of protection. Some believe conservation of resources provides the best of all worlds. Individuals can, for example, live in a subdivision, but the subdivision would be placed adjacent to natural forests, wetlands, or other natural areas of importance to the environment. Within these wetlands and forests, a responsible construction of paths or observation platforms could permit the public to enjoy the natural areas without negatively impacting them. The contrast in conservation theory versus preservation theory might best be described at the Texas Environmental Profiles...
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...Climate includes patterns of temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind and seasons. "Climate change" affects more than just a change in the weather, it refers to seasonal changes over a long period of time. These climate patterns play a fundamental role in shaping natural ecosystems, and the human economies and cultures that depend on them. Because so many systems are tied to climate, a change in climate can affect many related aspects of where and how people, plants and animals live, such as food production, availability and use of water, and health risks. For example, a change in the usual timing of rains or temperatures can affect when plants bloom and set fruit, when insects hatch or when streams are their fullest. This can affect historically synchronized pollination of crops, food for migrating birds, spawning of fish, water supplies for drinking and irrigation, forest health, and more. Some short-term climate variation is normal, but longer-term trends now indicate a changing climate. A year or two of an extreme change in temperature or other condition doesn’t mean a climate change trend has been "erased.” Worldwide, people are paying serious attention to climate change. In Washington state, climate change is already disrupting our environment, economy and communities. We can help slow it down, but we must take action now. source: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/whatis.htm My reaction Since elementary days , maybe, some of you like me, always heard about...
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...An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.[2] These components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.[3] As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment,[4] they can come in any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces[5] (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).[6] History and development Arthur Tansley, a British ecologist, was the first person to use the term "ecosystem" in a published work.[fn 1][10] Tansley devised the concept to draw attention to the importance of transfers of materials between organisms and their environment.[11] He later refined the term, describing it as "The whole system, ... including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment".[12] Tansley regarded ecosystems not simply as natural units, but as mental isolates.[12] Tansley later[13] defined the spatial extent of ecosystems using the term ecotope. G. Evelyn Hutchinson, a pioneering limnologist who was a contemporary of Tansley's, combined Charles Elton's ideas about trophic ecology with those of Russian geochemist Vladimir Vernadsky to suggest that mineral nutrient availability in a lake limited algal production...
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...bacteria to processes that span the entire planet. Ecologists study many diverse andcomplex relations among species, such aspredation and pollination. The diversity of life is organized into different habitats, from terrestrial(middle) to aquatic ecosystems. | Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house"; -λογία, "study of"[A]) is the scientificstudy of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), number (population) of organisms, as well as competition between them within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such asprimary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientistErnst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocratesand Aristotle laid...
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...Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Its Importance in Crop Production By gachura10@gmail.com Course Tutor Institution, City Date Energy Flow in Ecosystem and Its Importance in Crop Production Introduction An ecosystem is made up of of the organic community that take place in some area, and the bodily and biochemical influences that make up its lifeless or abiotic environs (Fraham, 1984: 143). There are several instances of ecosystems: a fish pond, a plantation, a river mouth, a savannah. The limits are not static in any impartial way, even though occasionally they look clear, as with the water's edge of a small fish pond. Typically the margins of an ecological unit are selected for real-world aims having to do with the objectives of the specific study. According to Perry (2008), study of ecological unit mostly comprises of the study of sure procedures that relates the living, or biotic, constituents to the inorganic, and abiotic constituents. Energy changes and biogeosubstance transformation are the key procedures that include the area of environment conservation. Ecology normally is well-defined as the connections of creatures with one another and with the environs in which they are living. Ecology can be studied at the level of the separate organism, the inhabitants, the community, and the environment. studies of ecology at individuals are concerned generally about composition, reproduction, growth or performance, while studies of ecology at inhabitants...
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...energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales. Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book "Animal Ecology";...
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...this assignment, you will investigate the biotic and abiotic structure and function of an ecosystem. Choose 1 of the following ecosystems: * Tropical rainforest * Grassland * Coral reef * Estuary * Desert You will prepare a 10-12 slide PowerPoint presentation (not including the title or reference slides) and include a minimum of 3 images about your choice of ecosystem, covering the following in your presentation: * Where might this type of ecosystem be located? Give 1 specific example. * Describe the structure of the ecosystem. * List both the abiotic components and biotic components. * Describe the function of the ecosystem. * How do the abiotic and biotic components interact in biogeochemical cycles? * Describe both the carbon and nitrogen cycles. * Describe disturbance and recovery. * Describe 1 natural and 1 human-caused disturbance to the ecosystem. * Explain the damage to the ecosystem, including how the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the ecosystem changed. * Explain how ecosystems recover naturally based on resilience mechanisms and the theory of secondary succession. Ecosystem Definition noun, plural: ecosystems A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit. Supplement An ecosystem is made up of plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, rocks, minerals, water sources and...
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...I use the ecological systems theory when evaluating the interconnectedness of individuals, families, institutions, and societies. Individuals exist within an environment comprised of five layers, including the microsystem, ecosystem, microsystem, and the chronosystem. When examining a social problem, such as domestic violence, applying the ecological systems theory can enhance your understanding of the systemic interactions of the levels and the individual’s relationship to their environment. If a married woman is a victim of domestic violence, you could examine the interaction between the woman and her environment. The interactions between the levels can have a positive and negative impact on the person. For instance, the woman may be...
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...Protecting biodiversity is essential to the natural environment of our global ecosystem. Regardless of the hypothetical hierarchy that has become established stating that a certain individual or group(s) have power over others is outrageous. We are all interconnected in the web of life, needing to coexist more cooperatively. There are numerous accounts of human degradation dispersed around the world. The sooner the number of accounts declines, the sooner our global quality can incline. Everything being so intertwined causes processes to rely upon each other and every system in order to thrive in its own most abundance. If one section of the environment were doing poorly, the other would then become devastated without the beneficial nutrients provided by the certain cycles coinciding with progressions in other varying areas. For example, if a forest is lacking rain, it begins to degrade since the lack of water ceases to hydrate the earth, the necessary irrigation and fertilization is unable to run its course. Which means there is less and less abundance yearly ergo encountering deforestation. There are many other ways to degrade a globe that the numerous residents have absurdly conceived and conducted. Cars are a leading entity of the devastating destruction deployed from oil barons. They are extremely harmful in their own form due to the excessive pollution exuding from the once concealed ‘black gold’. Also, as an ever-increasing population has unfortunately learned from the...
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...so:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | That their interests will be explicitly represented. | Correct Answer: | That their interests will be explicitly represented. | | | | | * Question 2 5 out of 5 points | | | A firm subscribing to the ownership theory of the firm would mainly be concerned with providing value for its:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Shareholders. | Correct Answer: | Shareholders. | | | | | * Question 3 0 out of 5 points | | | Which one of the following is considered to be a nonmarket stakeholder of business?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Creditors. | Correct Answer: | Media. | | | | | * Question 4 5 out of 5 points | | | Stakeholders have been able to form international coalitions more successfully through use of:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Communications technology. | Correct Answer: | Communications technology. | | | | | * Question 5 5 out of 5 points | | | Interactions between business and society occur:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Within a finite natural ecosystem. | Correct Answer: | Within a finite natural ecosystem. | | | | | * Question 6 5 out of 5 points | | | With the explosive growth of technologies that facilitate the sharing of information, this kind of stakeholder power has become increasingly important:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | Informational...
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...Issues in Ecology Number 4, Fall 1999 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining Natural Life Support Processes Issues in Ecology Number 4 Fall 1999 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining Natural Life Support Processes by Shahid Naeem, Chair, F.S. Chapin III, Robert Costanza, Paul R. Ehrlich, Frank B. Golley, David U. Hooper, J.H. Lawton, Robert V. ONeill, Harold A. Mooney, Osvaldo E. Sala, Amy J. Symstad, and David Tilman Critical processes at the ecosystem level influence plant productivity, soil fertility, water quality, atmospheric chemistry, and many other local and global environmental conditions that ultimately affect human welfare. These ecosystem processes are controlled by both the diversity and identity of the plant, animal, and microbial species living within a community. Human modifications to the living community in an ecosystem as well as to the collective biodiversity of the earth can therefore alter ecological functions and life support services that are vital to the well-being of human societies. Substantial changes have already occurred, especially local and global losses of biodiversity. The primary cause has been widespread human transformation of once highly diverse natural ecosystems into relatively species-poor managed ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that such reductions in biodiversity can alter both the magnitude and the stability of ecosystem processes, especially when biodiversity is reduced to the low...
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...Risk Assessment Hazard Identification Risk assessment begins with hazard identification. Malathion is a wide spectrum, non-systemic organophosphate insecticide commonly used to control ectoparasites, household insects, sucking and chewing insects in agriculture, and mosquito populations (Pmep.cce.cornell.edu 2012). It is also sold over the counter as a medicine used to kill lice and their eggs. Toxicity in animals depends on product purity and the method it is administered. Dose-Response Assessment Dose responses in humans and animals differ from species to species and according to dose concentration. Malathion exposure occurs through ingestion, inhalation, and absorption. Human exposure usually results in nausea, headache, and tightness in the chest. Although Malathion is classified as a slightly toxic, lethal doses have been recorded for humans. The lowest lethal dose of Malathion recorded is three times higher for men than women (Pmep.cce.cornell.edu 2012). Alergic reaction to Malathion causes severe dizziness and trouble breathing. Lab tests indicate that rats do not normally have adverse reproductive and development effects from Malathion exposure at low doses and prolonged exposure. High doses can cause teratogenic effects when fed to rats through a stomach tube. Malathion can, however, pass through the placenta of pregnant goats and cause birth defects and increased newborn mortality rates. Chronic toxicity may cause mutagenic risks to humans. Lab test results...
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