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Elles mesurent majoritairement moins de 5 mm et sont souvent inoffensives pour l’homme : sur le papier, les araignées n’ont rien d’inquiétant. Pourtant, elles seraient capables de faire paniquer dans la seconde 40% d’entre nous. Comment expliquer qu’elles nous effraient à ce point ? Comment se manifeste l’arachnophobie et à quoi est-elle due ? Retour sur une phobie banalisée mais parfois réellement handicapante.

Elyane Vignau

Sommaire
26 millions d’arachnophobes ?
Des difficultés au quotidien
De la peur à la phobie
Aux origines de l’arachnophobie
Mieux connaître les araignées
26 millions d’arachnophobes ?

De la petite peur à la grande phobie, nous serions 26 millions à redouter les araignées. Un chiffre fort mais impossible à vérifier, en réalité, tant cette phobie est courante. « Très peu de personnes consultent spécifiquement pour cela », reconnaît Christine Rollard, enseignante chercheuse au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle et spécialiste des araignées. « D’autres phobies, comme celle des oiseaux, sont beaucoup plus invalidantes : les personnes concernées ne peuvent quasiment plus sortir de chez elles et sont obligées de demander de l’aide. »

Si l’arachnophobie semble plus légère, presque normale, elle est aussi nettement moins prise au sérieux. Combien d’arachnophobes s’entendent opposer « ce n’est pas la petite bête qui va manger la grande » en réponse à leurs angoisses ? Une incompréhension qui rajoute encore à leur malaise, comme le raconte Sandra : « Beaucoup de mes proches rient de ma phobie et en profitent pour me faire peur. Evidemment cela me met dans une colère noire que l’on ne me prenne pas au sérieux. C’est une peur profonde que je ne maîtrise pas ! ».

Des difficultés au quotidien

L’exposition « Au fil des araignées » au Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, à partir du 5 octobre 2011. L’occasion de découvrir leur monde surprenant au gré d’un parcours poétique, ludique et scientifique. Que les plus sensibles se rassurent : toutes les zones qui pourraient être inquiétantes sont clairement identifiées. Plus d’infos sur http://araignees.mnhn.fr/
Alors les arachnophobes ont tendance à se taire, et à « faire avec ». Par habitude ou par honte, un peu, aussi. Pourtant, leur phobie peut se révéler réellement handicapante au quotidien. Isabelle, par exemple, est obligée de déserter sa chambre et son lit dès qu’elle a « le malheur d’en apercevoir une sur un mur avec personne pour l’écraser. ». Rakne, elle, est obligée de demander de l’aide dès qu’elle en croise une : « Un jour, j’ai dû appeler mon mari en plein milieu de son travail. Heureusement, il a pu quitter son poste pour me débarrasser d’une araignée devant laquelle j’étais complètement bloquée. Mais je n'étais pas très fière de l'avoir dérangé ». Quant à Axelle, les araignées lui « ont fait vivre un mois d'insomnie dans un appartement situé dans une vieille maison. J’ai dû appeler un copain en pleine nuit pour venir tuer une araignée, ou carrément aller dormir à l’hôtel en bas de chez moi pour passer une nuit tranquille. Je me suis même retrouvée sur le parking du travail à 4h du matin, parce que je ne supportais plus d'être chez moi. »

De la peur à la phobie

Toutes les araignées ne sont pas affreuses, noires et velues. Découvrez-les comme vous ne les avez jamais vues dans notre diaporama
Des réactions démesurées ? Seulement pour ceux qui ne souffrent pas d’arachnophobie ! « La phobie est une peur excessive et incontrôlable, explique la psychologue et psychothérapeute Manuela Tomba. La peur est une émotion très utile pour la survie de l’espèce, exactement comme la douleur. Mais elle est toujours une réponse adaptée à un stimulus donné alors que la phobie est une réaction démesurée face à un élément anodin. C’est un dérèglement du mécanisme de la peur. » Le processus classique ? La vue de l’araignée génère de l’anxiété, qui altère la respiration, qui dérègle à son tour le système neuro-végétatif. Avec comme conséquences possibles de la tachycardie, des vertiges, des maux de ventre, des crises de panique, voire des vomissements ou des évanouissements. Autant de symptômes sur lesquels la personne n’a aucune maîtrise. « Alors que la peur passe avec le temps, la phobie, elle, entraîne une réaction émotionnelle soudaine dont l’intensité ne diminue pas, poursuit Manuela Tomba. De la même manière, s’il existe dans la peur des éléments concrets qui peuvent nous rassurer (la distance, la présence d’un tiers, etc.), dans la phobie, rien ne rassure. Il n’y a qu’une option : la fuite. »

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