...Stephen Gardiner, a British architect, once said, “The Industrial Revolution was another of those extraordinary jumps forward in the story of civilization.” In the early 1800’s, Europe began utilizing their natural resources, expanding economy, political stability, new technology, and growth from the agricultural revolution to aid in the modernization of their society. As various European nations and cities started to industrialize, the people started to experience changes such as, the hardships of poor health and working conditions, both the negative and positive outcomes of infrastructure, and an overall positive impact from the advancements of industrialization.The Industrial Revolution caused extremely miserable working conditions for...
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...GSICS Working Paper Series Infrastructure Development for the Economic Development in Developing Countries: Lessons from Korea and Japan Byoungki KIM No. 11 November 2006 Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies Kobe University Infrastructure Development for the Economic Development in Developing Countries: Lessons from Korea and Japan Byoungki KIM Abstract Infrastructure is indispensable to achieve the main development targets in developing countries, such as urbanization, industrialization, export promotion, equitable income distribution, and sustainable economic development. Late developing countries can benefit from previous development experience provided they choose the right model1. However, the relationship between infrastructure and economic growth is still frequently debated. This paper will examine the experience of Korea and Japan in infrastructure development for economic growth to acquire some valuable lessons that infrastructure development contributes to economic development in developing countries. 1. Introduction The lack of infrastructure is hindering the economic growth in many developing countries2. Infrastructure investment has the effects of contributing to increase the productivity and it is expected to contribute to future economic growth in developing countries where infrastructure is still insufficient. Therefore, infrastructure development is one of the most integral parts of the public policies in developing countries...
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...government have earned the confidence of the investors and an ambience of rapid industrial development has been created in the state. The chambers of commerce and industries, big industrial houses, foreign and domestic investors and even the die-hard critics of the Left have been appreciating the role of the state government and its policy framework. It needs to be mentioned that the process of industrial development of West Bengal has its own history. From the colonial days to the period prior to the country’s independence, the state occupied a pre-eminent position in the manufacturing, iron & steel, textile, jute, tea and other sectors. Its growth in the cottage & small scale sector was equally impressive in first decades in the post independence period. However, the development process had to face many problems in the years that followed for a variety of reasons. Among them the policies of the successive central governments like freight equalisation and manifest bias through licensing system were crucial. These, along with lack of policies of the then Congress government in the state, led to the sluggish industrial growth. The socio-political unrest from the 60s also negatively impacted on the investment climate of the state as well as engineered the flight of capital to other regions. The negative perception that had developed among the industrialists also hindered the process of the state’s industrial development. It also needs to be recognised that the western part of Bengal...
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...Professor Nerove Strayer 7-20-2014 Week 3 Case Study 2 Submission A critical infrastructure is defined as any facility, system, or function which provides the foundation for national security, governance, economic vitality, reputation, and way of life. (http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_InfoSharing.pdf)In short, critical infrastructure is by definition essential for the survival of the nation. The USA PATRIOT Act specifically defines critical infrastructure as "systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, (Jena Baker McNeill and Richard Weitz, 2010) so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters." FEMA defines critical infrastructure as "personnel, physical assets, and communication (cyber) systems that must be intact and operational 24x7x365 in order to ensure survivability, continuity of operations, and mission success, or in other words, the essential people, equipment, and systems needed to deter or mitigate the catastrophic results of disasters." (http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_InfoSharing.pdf) The DHS Daily Open Source Infrastructure Reports specify the following sectors as part of critical infrastructure: Energy, Chemicals, Nuclear Reactors, Materials and Waste, Defense Industrial Base, Dams; Banking and Finance, Transportation, Postal and Shipping, Information...
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...people and infrastructure. My discussion will include how individuals in private and public security can attribute to the prevention of terrorism within the U.S. terrorism is a threat that does not recognize borders and may affect states and peoples irrespective of their geographical location. Individuals and groups who believe that they can advance their political aims by using terror pose a serious threat to the democratic values of our societies and to the rights and freedoms of our citizens, especially by indiscriminately targeting innocent people. Acts of terrorism are criminal and unjustifiable, and must be treated as such under all circumstances (Hoffman, 1988). Terrorism as a threat to people and infrastructure is considered to be very critical. Much of the United States critical infrastructure is potentially vulnerable to cyber attack. Industrial control computer systems involved in this infrastructure are specific points of vulnerability, as cyber security for these systems has not been perceived as a high priority. Industries potent ally affected by a cyber attack on industrial control systems include the electrical, telephone, water, chemical and energy sectors (Naumann, 2008). Terrorism is considered to be one of the oldest forms of human conflict. Although, the FBI and the U.S customs service have made terrorism their top priority, they cannot fight this war alone. It is said that the private sector owns and protects 85% of the nation’s infrastructure, while local...
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...Trends and phases Industrialization In this section we will discuss different industrialization trend effects on GDP. ⦁ 1947-50 ⦁ At the time of participation out of 955 industries Pakistan got only 34 industries the rest were located in India. Pakistan got only small scale industries .In 1947 suggested that for growth and development of country there were need to establish new industries for that purpose Govt. establish industrial finance corporation& industrial credit corporation in1948 at that time investor invest in these industries which show the highest profit. The contribution in GDP 6.9% ⦁ 1950s ⦁ In1960s there were shifted consumer goods industries to heavy machines such as steel, petro chemical steel. The industrial performance in...
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...The Ethics of Design The industrial revolution was a period between 18th and 19th centuries in which the world transitioned from a more natural environment, to heavy industry and infrastructure. During the industrial revolution, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban through advancements in technology and manufacturing processes. Growth in industrialism in combination with an anthropocentric world view, brought with it a lack of sentiment for the environment, health risks, and resource depletion. Naturally, as ideologies have shifted to a more basic biocentric point of view, people have sought out to replace the design and production methods of industrial environmentally hurtful materials with more sustainable methods. Among these people are William McDonough, and American architect, and Michael Braungart, a German chemist. Based on the idea that nature is a designer and that human industrial structure works in contrast to the natural environment, McDonough and Braungart have pioneered “cradle to cradle” design which attempts to imitate nature’s structural design that produces without pollution. Additionally, David R. Keller and E. Charles Brummer, professors and directors of studies, have developed postmechanistic agricultural ideas to humane and environmentally conscious food production. To offer a greater philosophical view, Aldo Leopold’s, “The Land Ethic” reorients ethics to view human beings as members of a much larger biotic community...
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...applications. Obtaining theoretical knowledge is only a halfway to reach the target because implementation of theories is the ultimate goal of it. Being a very practical course “Economic Conditions Analysis” requires a large extent of implementation of its theories and procedures in the real life. To meet up this requirement I have prepared the report titled “Investment climate in Bangladesh”. c. Objectives: 1. Broad Objective: The broad objective is to examine investment climate in Bangladesh over years and what should be done for better performance in the upcoming years. 2. Specific Objectives: The specific objectives of preparing the report are as follows: i. To present historical data regarding industrial policy, obstacles to implement and what should be done to create proper investment climate in Bangladesh. ii. To meet up the requirement of “Economic Conditions Analysis” course. iii. To get familiar with the...
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...a malicious software program known as Stuxnet infected computer systems that were used to control the functioning of a nuclear power plant. Once inside the system, Stuxnet had the ability to degrade or destroy the software on which it operated. Although early reports focused on the impact on facilities in Iran, researchers discovered that the program had spread throughout multiple countries worldwide. From the perspective of many national security and technology observers, the emergence of the Stuxnet worm is the type of risk that threatens to cause harm to many activities deemed critical to the basic functioning of modern society. The Stuxnet worm covertly attempts to identify and exploit equipment that controls a nation’s critical infrastructure. A successful attack by a software application such as the Stuxnet worm could result in manipulation of control system code to the point of inoperability or long-term damage. Should such an incident occur, recovery from the damage to the computer systems programmed to monitor and manage a facility and the physical equipment producing goods or services could be significantly delayed. Depending on the...
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...November Exam 2013 Compulsory Essay Question 50 Marks Question: How do you think South Africa could grow faster, create more jobs and reduce inequality? In your answer explain how your policy objectives would achieve their intended objective. CORRECTING SOUTH AFRICA’S STRUCTURAL FAULTS FOR INCREASED ECONOMIC GROWTH (Mentionsomething about GEAR and RDP) Introduction Economic growth has been handicapped by high levels of unemployment, poverty and inequality, which continue to plague society today. Since 1994 South Africa has achieved an average growth rate of 3 %, a level that is mediocre by international standards and is still below what is deemed necessary for supporting a lasting transition to democracy and correcting the historical injustices of apartheid. Numerous policies have been implemented to correct these faults and increase growth but have seen little success. A combination of poor economic reasoning and implementation may account for this. But a recurring problem with historical and current policies is that they are contradictory and at times conflicting. The 2008 OECD report highlighted this in AsgiSA, which focuses on employee training but offers little to improve basic education. Therefore, correcting these faults and achieving increased growth calls for complementary policies to create a virtuous cycle for success. The following essay looks at the labour market, industry, trade and public-private partnerships as areas of focus for constructing...
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...1 PED401. Applications and Cases in International Development Teaching Notes 1 The Big Push: what does it mean, and does it make sense for Ethiopia? The idea of the Big Push is one of the earliest in development economics, coined by Rosenstein-Rodan over 60 years ago in the context of a classic work on “the problem of industrialization of eastern and south-eastern Europe”. The core argument is that coordination problems, in the context of increasing returns, create the possibility of multiple equilibria. A poor country can be caught in a low-equilibrium “poverty trap”, government intervention can potentially solve the coordination problem, and “push” the economic into the better equilibrium allowing a “take-off” into sustained growth. The Big Push idea has returned to the center of development policy in the recent past. William Easterly (2006) described 2005 as the Year of the Big Push. It has done so in particular in the context of debates over Africa: the compelling normative case to transform development possibilities of Africans, has been associated with renewed emphasis on the positive case for a Big Push. This has been linked to the case for a major expansion in aid, notably in the work of the Commission for Africa and the Millennium Development Goals; Jeffrey Sachs has been a vigorous exponent of this linkage. This case concerns the analytics of the Big Push, the evidence and its applicability to a poor African country. It bridges issues of growth (from macro)...
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...Bill, 2015 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 replaced the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 which was a general law relating to acquisition of land for public purposes and also for determining the amount for compensation to be made on account of such acquisition. The 2013 Act addressed the shortcomings of the previous Act by including provisions relating to just and fair compensation and rehabilitation and resettlement for the affected persons and their families. Some of the provisions incorporated under the Act are as follows: i. The definition of “Public Purpose” was restricted to the acquisition of the land for strategic purposes vital to the State and for infrastructure projects where the benefits accrue to the general public. ii. Additional benefits beyond the monetary compensation were provided to families affected adversely by involuntary displacement. iii. A mechanism for careful assessment of the economic disadvantages and the social impact arising out of displacement was discussed. iv. To ensure food security, multi-crop irrigated land had to be acquired only as a last resort measure. v. A scientific method for the calculation of the market value of the land for providing comprehensive compensation to the land owners had been devised. vi. Subsistence allowance, jobs, house, land in case of irrigation projects, transportation allowance and resettlement allowance had been proposed...
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...A Port is a geographical area where ships are bought alongside land to load and unload cargo – usually a sheltered deep water area such as a bay, or river mouth. The Port Authority is the organization responsible for providing the various maritime services required to bring ships alongside land. Terminal is a section of the port consisting of one or more berths devoted to a particular type of cargo handling. • Infrastructure for ship berth; • Sea/ river and land access; - Road/Rail/IWT access • Industrial area. [pic] Ports - nodes to link with other inland transport modes such as highways, railways, and inland waterway systems. Ports not only act as gateways for trade, but also attract agents of commercial infrastructure such as banks and insurance agents, as well as industrial activities. Ideal port or harbor ← Adequate Depth Of Water within the harbour, the approaches, and the entrance channels to accommodate safely the largest vessels expected to use the harbour, at the same time providing adequate protection from the open sea; ← Minimum Interference from tides and currents or, alternatively, structures and facilities designed to compensate for or overcome disadvantageous tides and currents; ← Freedom from fog and ice, or adaptation, such as ice-breaking technology; ← Bottom Characteristics that provide suitable anchorage for vessels within the harbour; ← Adequate Adjacent Land with physical characteristics...
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...ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES United Nations Distr. GENERAL E/ESCWA/SDPD/2007/7 11 December 2007 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ESCWA) IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES United Nations New York, 2007 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. References have, wherever possible, been verified. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. 07-0488 Preface This study has been prepared by the secretariat of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) as part of its regular programme of work for the 2006-2007 biennium. The study draws upon work that ESCWA is implementing within the framework of harnessing technology and enterprise development for the improved productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises, with a view to...
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...22.1 July 2009 Indian Infrastructure : Role of RITES Introduction Much of the industrialized world is currently in the grip of recession due to the ongoing global financial crises (GFC) – allegedly triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis of USA in 2007. According to some analysts the recession is the worst since the great depression of 1930s. The world output and trade is forecast to shrink in 2009 – the first such contraction since the end of World War II. The recession is inflicting job losses and wealth loss on an unprecedented scale. In an era of globalization, the GFC has impacted the economies of practically all countries in varying degrees and India is no exception. After a long spell of growth, the Indian economy is experiencing a downturn. Industrial growth is faltering, the current account deficit is widening, foreign exchange reserves are depleting and the Rupee is depreciating. There is gloom in the job market and stock markets have registered a sharp downward spiral. RITES - the Infrastructure People. The Company has come a long way from its inception in 1974 and, apart from India, has operated in 62 countries. The Authors, who have a wide experience in international consultancy, have forcefully brought out the present spread of its consultancy areas and as also its road map for the future. RITES’ contribution in the infrastructure sector has also been highlighted. A must read for all interested in infrastructure consultancy both in India ...
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