...Black infants have a higher infant mortality rate than whites approximately 2.4 times higher, in the United States, this as a result of low birth weight (The office of Minority Health, 2011.)Women from East Asia typically have low preterm birth, and Hispanic women. Women from South Asia and Indians have high rates of low birth weight infants, but is higher in black mothers among all groups living in the United States. It is suggested that environmental factors can could contributed to this such as exposure to smoking during pregnancy, also poor maternal care during pregnancy, lack of proper nutrition, uterine infections due to bacteria. Effects of extremely low birth babies on the family and society, can be difficult as these infants require a lot of time and care, the emotional stress on the immediate family can be devastating as they are not sure what the outcome or quality of life their child may have. Preterm babies are at risk for developmental problems as learning disorders and sensor and motor deficits. It can be very expensive for the family, initially NICU care is required and that is costly. According to the IOM approximately 26.2billionUSD or 51,600USD was spent annually on infants born preterm in 2005.Also cost of caregivers, special rehabilitation needs that be necessary in long-term care, future loss of productivity in the family. The community I’m from there are organizations such as Texas Department of State Health Services, Rehabilitation Services at University...
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...International Conference on Technology and Business Management March 28-30, 2011 India’s Demographic Dividend - Issues and Challenges Arun Ingle P B Suryawanshi inglearun@gmail.com pbsurya@gmail.com Pad. Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Institute of Business Management and Rural Development, Ahmednagar 1. Introduction India is transforming demographically, in which the population of a nation slows down and life expectancy increases, participation of women in labor force and rate of saving increases. India has its own issues like illiteracy, income disparity, gap between haves and have-nots; etc. This study explores demographic dividend in case of India by studying issues and challenges, the policies to be implemented and lessons to be learned from countries like Japan, Ireland and Thailand. By 2025, India will have over 65% population under working class. This is a unique window of opportunity for deploying resources. This study explores the benefits to be realized and the policies to be implemented; now India is well poised for becoming a super economic power. As all developed nations will have older population by 2026, as their population is aging. It means if India can take the advantage of this situation, by proper deployment of resources, by converting the human potential in to engine of economic growth. This period of demographic dividend is an opportunity for overall growth; it’s not the guarantee for improving the standard of living. This window of opportunity...
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...Harvard School of Public Health January 2011 Keywords: Age structure China-India comparison Conditional convergence Demographic dividend Demographic transition Economic growth Economic growth in India Policy reform Population health Population of India Abstract Demographic change in India is opening up new economic opportunities. As in many countries, declining infant and child mortality helped to spark lower fertility, effectively resulting in a temporary baby boom. As this cohort moves into working ages, India finds itself with a potentially higher share of workers as compared with dependents. If working-age people can be productively employed, India’s economic growth stands to accelerate. Theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of demographics on labor supply, savings, and economic growth underpins this effort to understand and forecast economic growth in India. Policy choices can potentiate India’s realization of economic benefits stemming from demographic change. Failure to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in demographic change can lead to economic stagnation. 1 This chapter has been prepared for The Handbook of the Indian Economy (Chetan Ghate, Ed., Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2011). An earlier version of this chapter was presented at...
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...Nutrition is a process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for ones growth and replacement of tissues. Many common health problems can be prevented by the intake of healthy diet. On the contrary, a poor diet may have injurious health effects such as obesity, kwashiorkor, etc. Asia is home to a more diversified community in comparison to any other part of the world. Like its diversified nations and peoples, the climate and geography of Asia are also diverse. From the lush rice paddies of the Philippines to the tropical rainforests of Indonesia, there is a huge variety of spices, food and fruit in this part of the world. During the last decade, the South-East Asian countries have shown a general uptrend in the food production. Despite a marked increase in population in many of the South-East Asian countries, there was a significantly higher production per capita in 1988-90 especially in Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia and Vietnam. But, no evident uptrend has been seen in respect to milk, pulses, horticultural products, meat or poultry production. An unfortunate feature of nutrition is the prevailing high incidence of the birth of low birth weight babies which reflects the state of maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. There is a considerable decline in the florid nutritional deficiency diseases over the last decade, but iron deficiency anemia and goiter are still the major health problems amongst people. With the changing trends and cultures among the middle...
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...which a country moves from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates with population growth in the interim. The demographic transition model is comprised of 5 stages. The Sub- Saharan African region is believed to be still in stage 1, which refers to having high death rates and high fertility rates (birth rates) although the condition is far better than it was just a few years back. The demographic transition started in European populations living in Europe and elsewhere around 1880 and at present, almost all developing countries have entered the demographic transformation, i.e. mortality rates are declining and fertility rates follow. It was believed that countries in Sub-Saharan Africa will also follow the same pattern. But the demographic transformation has taken the speed of a slug in this part of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa mostly consists of countries regarded as underdeveloped or developing and is part of the so-called Third World. Third World countries share many characteristics but at the continental level they are not the same. For instance, sub-Saharan Africa is sparsely populated, in contrast to South and East Asia, and it is much less urbanized than Latin America. It stands out amidst the other major regions of the Third World for having the slowest rate of economic growth in recent years: an average annual growth rate of gross domestic product of 4.3 per cent in the FY 2014-15 compared to 7.3 per cent in South Asia, 5.6 in Middle East and North...
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...spacing of conception of children according to the wishes of the parents rather than to chance. It is accomplished by practicing some form of birth control. Benefits of family planning Promotion of family planning and ensuring access to preferred contraceptive methods for women and couples is essential to securing the well-being and autonomy of women, while supporting the health and development of communities. These benefits include: Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women A woman’s ability to choose if and when to become pregnant has a direct impact on her health and well-being. Family planning allows spacing of pregnancies and can delay pregnancies in young women at increased risk of health problems and death from early childbearing, and can prevent pregnancies among older women who also face increased risks. Family planning enables women who wish to limit the size of their families to do so. Evidence suggests that women who have more than four children are at increased risk of maternal mortality. By reducing rates of unintended pregnancies, family planning also reduces the need for unsafe abortion. Reducing infant mortality Family planning can prevent closely spaced and ill-timed pregnancies and births, which contribute to some of the world’s highest infant mortality rates. Infants of mothers who die as a result of giving birth also have a greater risk of death and poor health. Helping to prevent HIV/AIDS Family planning reduces the risk of unintended pregnancies...
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...population is growing, declining or stable is affected by four factors: * Births and Immigration increases the population * Deaths and Emigration decreases the population • Natural change: is the number of births minus the number of deaths • Net migration: is the number immigrating into country minus the number emigrating from it • The UK’s population grew from 37mil in 1901 to 61mil today and should reach 71mil by 2031 • Growth has been mostly due to natural change rather than net migration Births There are two measures of births 1. Birth rate 2. Total fertility rate The birth rate • The birth rate: is the number of live births per 1,000 of the population per year • There has been a long-term decline in the birth rate • In 1900, it was almost 29 • By 2007, it had fallen by more than 60%, to under 11 • But there have been fluctuations • There were 3 ‘baby booms’: 1 after each war and another in the 1960’s • The rate fell sharply in the 1970’s, rose during the 1980’s and early 1990’s, and then fell until the recent increase since 2001 The total fertility rate • The total fertility rate: is the average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years (aged 15-44) • In the 1960’s baby boom, it reached an average of 2.95 children per woman, declining to an all-time low of 1.63 in 2001, before rising slightly to 1.84 in 2006 • The total fertility rate obviously affects family and household size – the more children a woman...
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...billion mark and hadthereforedoubled in size over the course of 27 years. It's now estimated that Africa has a population of 1.033 billion people in 2013. The Population Fund’s Director Thoraya Obeid spoke to the BBC at the time and underlined the reasons behind the growing population. "Africa countries are all growing fast... because there is large number of women who have no access to planning their families" she said. "It's an African phenomenon of a large growing population and a large percentage of young people in the population." Africa Population Growth and Life Expectancy 56countriesmake up thecontinentof Africa and while populationgrowth is relativelylow in someareas,countries such as Nigeria and Uganda are increasing at an advanced rate. In most countries in the...
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...RAPID INCREASE POPULATION INTRODUCTION: It is often suggested that rapid population growth, especially in developing countries, correspondingly intensifies environmental degradation, which must therefore be mitigated by reducing the rate of population growth. The validity of this assumption can be tested by means of an algebraic identity that relates the amount of a pollutant introduced into the environment to the product of three factors: population, "affluence" (the amount of goods produced per capita), and "technology" (the ratio of pollution generated to goods produced). For several forms of pollution that have a known origin in a specific production process (electricity production, use of motor vehicles, and consumption of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer), it is possible to compare the inferred rate of increase in pollution levels with the rate of population growth in developing countries. The results show that the rate of increase in pollution is largely determined by the technology factor, which governs the amount of pollution generated per unit of goods produced or consumed. This observation extends earlier evidence that both the increasing levels of pollution observed in developed countries and the results of efforts to reduce them support the view that the decisive factor determining environmental quality is the nature of the technology of production, rather than the size of the population. Body: Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million...
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...risk of poverty and hardship, exposure to gender-specific negative impacts are particularly high in a subset of countries. These are countries where pre-existing high infant mortality rates and/or low rates of female schooling, combined with decelerating growth rates, substantially raise the vulnerability of women and girls to the deleterious effects of the crisis. Their situation is even more precarious in the sub-set of countries where limited fiscal resources constrain governments’ ability to cushion human impacts. If left unchecked, these crisis consequences on women will reverse progress in gender equality and women’s empowerment (and in meeting the MDGs), increase current poverty and imperil future development. Fortunately, policy responses which build on women’s roles as economic agents and their preference for investing resources in child well-being can go a long way towards mitigating these negative effects. These responses are good for women and for development– they yield high returns in terms of containing current and future poverty—and should be enacted quickly. Assessing women and girls’ vulnerability Women and girls in poor households in developing countries everywhere, but especially in 33 countries characterized by pre-existing high infant mortality rates and/or low female schooling and undergoing declining growth, are highly vulnerable to...
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...BIO 103 Module 53 Human Impact Quiz Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/bio-103-module-53-human-impact-quiz/ Attempt 2 of 2 Started: 02/25/2016 Score: 80% Points: 80 out of 100 Question 1 Points: 10 out of 10 The sea level is _________ as a consequence of climate warming. • increasing • decreasing Question 2 Points: 10 out of 10 As a result of anthropogenic climate change... • patterns of weather and climate stay the same but temperatures are always just slightly warmer than they would be otherwise. • patterns of weather and climate change in an unpredictable way over time and from place to place, sometimes leading to extreme weather events. Question 3 Points: 0 out of 10 Which two activities are the main human activities that have led to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)? • livestock production and rice paddy agriculture • breathing and decomposition • fertilizer use and natural gas extraction • burning fossil fuels and clearing forests Question 4 Points: 10 out of 10 Human activities are the only factors that can influence the Earth’s climate. • True • False Question 5 Points: 0 out of 10 Which best describes current trends and the likely future of the global economy in the next few decades? • Continued fast growth in populous developing nations like China and India, resulting in a major increase in overall affluence and consumption levels worldwide. • Continued growth in resource...
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...A. Terms of Trade The relative price of exports in terms of imports and is defined as the ratio of export prices to import prices. It can be interpreted as the amount of import goods an economy can purchase per unit of export goods. An improvement of a nation's terms of trade benefits that country in the sense that it can buy more imports for any given level of exports. A deteriorating TOT would mean import prices rise relative to export prices. Lower results generally indicate that there is more money going out of the economy than coming in thus resulting to lower GDP figures. B. Demographic Transition Model Birth and death rates are both low, leading to a total population which is high and stable. Death rates are low for a number of reasons, primarily lower rates of diseases and higher production of food. The birth rate is low because people have more opportunities to choose if they want children; this is made possible by improvements in contraception or women gaining more independence and work opportunities. C. Trade Account The trade balance/ trade account is the amount a country receives for the export of goods and services minus the amount it pays for its imports of goods and services. Current Account The difference between a nation’s savings and its investment. The current account is an important indicator about an economy's health. It is defined as the sum of the balance of trade (goods and services exports less imports), net income from abroad and net current...
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...aid, technology, diversification, corruption Table of Contents Abstract2 Introduction4 Brief history4 Classifications4 From Third World to First World6 Issues7 Population growth7 Foreign aid8 Information technology11 Economic diversification12 Corruption13 Conclusions16 References18 Economic Development of Third World Countries History The end of the World War II brought into being a number of new nations in Asia and Africa, which gained independence from colonial rule and were given a title of “Third World”. The term was created by French demographer Alfred Sauvy and was originally intended to distinguish newly emerged states from the Western industrialized nations and from those that formed the former Soviet bloc (Prachi, 2011). Today the designation is used to describe the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America, generally characterized as poor, heavily dependent on foreign aid, having unstable governments and the economies that rely on the exports of primary products in return of finished goods, also high rates of illiteracy, disease and population growth. The Third World nations can be categorized into various groups based on social, political and economic...
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...Myanmar in Transition Opportunities and Challenges Myanmar in Transition Opportunities and Challenges August 2012 © 2012 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2012. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9092-812-6 (Print), 978-92-9092-813-3 (PDF) Publication Stock No. RPT124850-2 Cataloging-in-Publication Data Asian Development Bank Myanmar in transition: Opportunities and challenges. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012. 1. Economic development. 2. Myanmar. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. In this report, “$” refers to US dollars unless otherwise specified. Asian Development...
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