...1500; 500 000; ACCEPT 1400 and 300,000 for 1 max only [2] 2. ability to see (two) objects (that are close together) as separate objects / AW; ACCEPT ability to distinguish two objects see detail; IGNORE clarity / clear [2] 3. (i) transports water (up plant); ACCEPT alternative wording for transport e.g. movement DO NOT ACCEPT up and down DO NOT ACCEPT water and sugars transports, minerals / ions, (up plant); ACCEPT alternative wording for transport IGNORE ref nutrients / solutes DO NOT ACCEPT sugars support (plant / stem / shoot); ACCEPT keeps plant upright 1 max (ii) Functions: F1 (lignin), strengthens / thickens, the (xylem) wall; ACCEPT support only if in specific context of supporting the xylem wall F2 waterproofing (wall) / AW; ACCEPT waterproofs cell F3 (improving) adhesion of water (molecules); DO NOT ACCEPT adhesion and cohesion when used together F4 (spiral) pattern allows flexibility / stretching / movement; Flexibility / stretching must ref, pattern of lignin laid down i.e. spirals ...
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...Bio 156 – Midterm Study Guide Lesson One I. Characteristics of Life • List four main characteristics of all living things II. Diversity and Organizing Life • Describe three ways of classifying, or ordering, life on earth. • Given a random ordering of the levels of organization of life, rearrange them into the proper sequence. • Describe the concept "an organism is more than the sum of its parts." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem:...
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...8 Cell Biology Studies VIII Practical 5 Cell Biology Studies V Practical 6 Cell Biology Studies VI Practical 7 Cell Biology Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual...
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...8 Cell Biology Studies VIII Practical 5 Cell Biology Studies V Practical 6 Cell Biology Studies VI Practical 7 Cell Biology Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual...
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...UTAR FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell Biology Trimester 1 How YOU can do well in BIOLOGY Follow the 4A’s and you can expect A’s. A ttitude • Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student:...
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...MicroBiology- MLT1 LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A Laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the Independent Study of Microbiology 50-0222-MB-01 LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed...
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...common types Starch: alpha 1,4 & 1,6 bonds btwn glucoses. amylose and amylopectin Glycogen: different branching than starch. Found in animals Cellulose: beta glucose polymer. Plant cell walls Chitin: similar to cellulose with extra nitrogen containing group. Fungus cell wall and exoskeleton Lipids Triglyceride 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol. Phospholipid One fatty acid in triglyceride replaced with a R containing phosphate group Steroids 4 carbon rings. 3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane Proteins Primary structure AA sequence Secondary 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding btwn amino and carboxyl group. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets Tertiary Hydrogen bonding btwn R groups Ionic bonding btwn R groups Hydrophobic and hydrophilic effects Disulfide bonds btwn Cysteine Quaternary Multiple tertiary structures come together. H-bond, disulfide bond, hydrophilic/phobic interactions Nucleic acids Polymer of what? nucleotides Parts of DNA Nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group Structure 1' attached to base, 5' attached to phosphate group, 3' attached to another nucleotide, antiparallel Base types & number of H-bonds A-G: Purine - two rings C-T: Pyrimidine - one ring C-G: 3 h-bonds A-T: 2 h-bonds RNA vs DNA 2' extra OH in RNA; Single stranded; U instead of T Chemical reactions in metabolic processes Breakdown/synthesis of products is called Catabolism/anabolism(synthesis) ************************************* CELLS ************************************* Structure and functions...
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...Cells, Exchange and Transport Cells (a) state the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope; Resolution Magnification Light microscope 200nm x1,500 Transmission Electron Microscope 0.1nm x500,000 Scanning Electron Microscope 0.1nm X100,000 (b) explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Magnification is the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the image itself. Resolution is the degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together. (c) explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; A lot of biological material inside a cell isn’t coloured, so it might be difficult to distinguish between different features. Coloured stains are used to stain specimens for use with the light microscope. Chemicals which bind to other chemicals on, or in, the specimen, which allows the specimen be to seen. Some chemicals bind to specific structures, such as Acetic orcein staining DNA red. Electron micrographs start off black and white, with the colour being added by a specialised computer program afterwards. (d) calculate the linear magnification of an image; Image size =Actual size x Magnification (e) describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: ...
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...AS Biology Unit 1 page 1 AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Contents Specification Biological Molecules Chemical bonds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Biochemical Tests Enzymes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Cell Fractionation Microscopy The Cell Membrane Movement across Cell Membranes Exchange The Gas Exchange System Lung Diseases The Heart Coronary Heart Disease The Digestive System Cholera Lifestyle and Disease Defence against Disease Immunisation Monoclonal Antibodies 1 – Mathematical Requirements 2– The Unit 1 Exam 2 4 6 8 10 16 17 24 28 30 31 35 37 44 46 50 54 58 60 67 68 72 80 81 83 86 Cells Human Physiology Disease Appendices These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH July 2011 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM/7/11 AS Biology Unit 1 page 2 Biology Unit 1 Specification Biochemistry Biological Molecules Biological molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins are often polymers and are based on a small number of chemical elements. • Proteins have a variety of functions within all living organisms. The general structure of an amino acid. Condensation and the formation of peptide bonds linking together amino acids to form polypeptides. The relationship...
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...BLOOD FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The term cardiovascular1 system refers only to the heart and vessels, which are the subject of chapters 19 and 20. The study of blood, specifically, is called hematology.2 The fundamental purpose of the circulatory system is to transport substances from place to place in the body. Blood is the liquid medium in which these materials travel, blood vessels ensure the proper routing of blood to its destinations, and the heart is the pump that keeps the blood flowing. More specifically, the functions of the circulatory system are as follows: Transport * The blood carries oxygen from the lungs to all of the body's tissues, while it picks up carbon dioxide from those tissues and carries it to the lungs to be removed from the body. * It picks up nutrients from the digestive tract and delivers them to all of the body's tissues. * It carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys for removal. * It carries hormones from endocrine cells to their target organs. * It transports a variety of stem cells from the bone marrow and other origins to the tissues where they lodge and mature. Protection * The blood plays several roles in inflammation, a mechanism for limiting the spread of infection. * White blood cells destroy microorganisms and cancer cells. * Antibodies and other blood proteins neutralize toxins and help to destroy pathogens. * Platelets...
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...Lab Manual Introductory Biology (Version 1.4) © 2013 eScience Labs, LLC All rights reserved www.esciencelabs.com • 888.375.5487 2 Table of Contents: Introduc on: Lab 1: Lab 2: Lab 3: Lab 4: The Scien fic Method Wri ng a Lab Report Data Measurement Introduc on to the Microscope Biological Processes: Lab 5: Lab 6: Lab 7: Lab 8: Lab 9: The Chemistry of Life Diffusion Osmosis Respira on Enzymes The Cell: Lab 10: Lab 11: Lab 12: Lab 13: Lab 14: Lab 15: Cell Structure & Func on Mitosis Meiosis DNA & RNA Mendelian Gene cs Popula on Gene cs 3 4 Lab Safety Always follow the instruc ons in your laboratory manual and these general rules: eScience Labs, LLC. designs every kit with safety as our top priority. Nonetheless, these are science kits and contain items which must be handled with care. Safety in the laboratory always comes first! Lab Prepara on • • Please thoroughly read the lab exercise before star ng! If you have any doubt as to what you are supposed to be doing and how to do it safely, please STOP and then: Double-check the manual instruc ons. Check www.esciencelabs.com for updates and ps. Contact us for technical support by phone at 1-888-ESL-Kits (1-888-375-5487) or by email at Help@esciencelabs.com. • Read and understand all labels on chemicals. If you have any ques ons or concerns, refer to the Material Safely Data Sheets (MSDS) available at www.esciencelabs.com. The MSDS lists the dangers, storage requirements, exposure treatment...
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...Molecules, Biodiversity, Food and Health Biological Molecules Biological Molecules (a) describe how hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules, and relate this, and other properties of water, to the roles of water in living organisms; Water is a polar molecule. This is because the oxygen atom pulls the shared electrons towards it, meaning that water is slightly negatively charged at the oxygen and positively charged at the hydrogen ends, so they can form hydrogen bonds with each other. This are continuing breaking and reforming, so the molecules can move around. Property of water Solvent Importance Metabolic processes in all organisms rely on chemicals being able to react together in solution Examples 70-95% of cytoplasm is water. Dissolved chemicals take part in processes such as respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms Liquid The movement of materials around organisms, both in cells and on a large scale in multicellular organisms requires a liquid transport medium Water molecules stick to each other creating surface tension at the water surface. Cohesion also makes long, thin water columns very strong and difficult to break Blood in animals and the vascular tissue in plants use water as a liquid transport medium Cohesion Freezing Water freezes, forming ice on the surface. Water beneath the surface becomes insulated and less likely to freeze Thermal stability Large bodies of water have fairly...
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...MULTIPLECHOICE SECTION INSTRUCTIONS: Read all instructions carefully. Please answer all questions. Each question is worth 0.5 points. The Multiple Choice section is worth 40 points. **Do not enter your answers here.** Type in the letter you select as the best answer on the Answer Sheet provided by your instructor. 1. Which of these would be a valid hypothesis? A) Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events. B) Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species. C) Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding. D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code. 2. In the scientific method, a hypothesis . E) is a statement of fact F) can only be tested once G) is usually proven to be correct H) is a proposed explanation based on observations I) none of the above 3. What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method? I. State the problem II. Analyze and interpret the data III. Share the results with other scientists IV. Develop a hypothesis V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis A) I → II → III → IV → V B) III → I → V → II → IV C) V →IV → III → II → I D) I → IV → V → II → III E) V → II → I → III → IV 4. To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments...
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...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
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...Substances found in plant foods that are not essential nutrients but may have health-promoting properties are phytochemicals 2 Which is NOT an example of moderation in your diet and lifestyle? Going back for seconds on all dinner items, rather than just the item you like best 3 All of the following are macronutrients except vitamins 4 All of the following are macronutrients lipids carbohydrates protein 5 Which of the following statements about proteins is false? Proteins are made of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. 6 following statements about proteins are true Proteins differ based on the combinations of amino acids used in each type of protein. Proteins are composed of amino acids. Dietary protein from animal sources better matches the amino acid needs of humans compared to dietary protein derived from plants sources. 7 If you know you are going to order dessert at dinner tonight, which of these choices would illustrate the concept of balancing your choices? Choosing a salad with fat-free salad dressing for lunch 8 With the exception of _______, all the classes of nutrients are involved in forming and maintaining the body’s structure. vitamins 9 Gram per gram, ______ provide the most kcalories. lipids 10 A deficient intake of _______ is known to produce osteoporosis. calcium 11 Some nutrient deficiencies occur quickly, whereas others take more time to develop. Which of the following nutrient deficiencies are listed in the order...
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