...Leewenhoek first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed Is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of microbial life possible? Francesco Redi set out in 1668 to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. Proved flies had to lay eggs for larvae to appear (2 experiments) John Needham found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms. Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from fluids. Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Rudolf Virchow challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter- on solid, in liquids, and in the air. (proved that spontaneous generation was false) He demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques – techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms ) 1st vaccine – Edward Jenner...
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...University of Santo Tomas College of Science Isolation of Microorganisms from Environmental Samples Experiment 6 (Group 6) JALIPA, Jomari T. JAVIER, Rhea A. JIMENEZ, Ma. Mikaela P. JURILLA, Joaquim Gerardo L. March 2016 ABSTRACT The exercise aims to enumerate the various microbial species that are present in a particular environment by collecting different substances such as pond water and soil that will be the source of microorganisms to be isolated and identified. Moreover, this exercise also aims to isolate microorganisms from the environment. This will be done by exposing half-strength Nutrient Agar plates to a specific site the experimenters chose. After which, the Agar plate will be incubated and the colonies formed were observed in the laboratory. INTRODUCTION There are approximately 10,000 named species of microorganisms. It is estimated that there are between 10,000 and 100,000 more unidentified species for every identified one (Truckee Meadows Community College, n.d.). Upon appearance, these microbes have evolved, diversified and virtually occupied every habitat possible on earth; from extreme environments to the corners of our nails, or from the deepest parts of the ocean to the tip of the high mountains. The ubiquity of these microorganisms causes them to populate in natural environments whether suspended in air, in water or associated with other organisms (ie: humans). Different surfaces whether inside or outside...
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...Feeding Operations (CAFO). A CAFO functions as an industrial plant and its only purpose is to produce meat products as rapidly and as lucratively as they possibly can. A CAFO is an agricultural operation that congregates animals, feed, manure, urine, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. The production methods used in these operations is the cause for measurable damages across a wide range of environmental, biological, and economic factors. (Institute of Science, Technology, and Public Policy, 2008) One of these factors is a public health one. The extensive use of antibiotics in livestock CAFO’s, especially for non-therapeutic uses such as growth promotion contributes to the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that are more difficult to treat and are causing food-borne diseases in humans. It is important to identify and reduce the unnecessary use of antibiotics on these animals in order to prevent the creation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Some of the Difficulties For decades, antibiotics such as Tylosin and Monensin have been used for the treatment of diseases in animals and humans. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved in the 1950’s their use in animal feed as long as they are given “in low doses to help animals grow faster, produce more meat, and avoid illness.” (Food Market Institute, n.d., p. 1) According to Tam & Willson, (2011) “antibiotics are also routinely placed in livestock feed and water to increase...
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...Week 1 Assignment 1 – Writing Assignment 1: Science in the media Date of assignment: 12/18/2013 Date turned in: 12/18/2013 Unit 1: writing Assignment 1. Science in the Media Title 1: Kids' Reading Success Boosted by Long-Term Individualized Instruction Results were based on studies and research carried out by scientists and psychologists, and teachers and it has been scientifically proven that students who receive consistent individualized instruction during their early stages of education particularly from grades 1 through 3 are most likely to be better readers than those who don’t. Also, according to psychological scientist, Carol McDonald Connor of Arizona State University, "Our results show that children need sustained, effective instruction...
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...What is a Microbiologist? If you become a microbiologist, you may isolate organism cultures and classify the types of organisms found in soil, water and living hosts. You might also observe how organisms interact with each other and with living plant and animal tissue, as well as analyze the relationship between organisms and disease. Some of your duties could include preparing technical reports and research papers detailing your findings and making recommendations based on your research. You might also supervise lab workers and technicians and perform lab experiments for government health departments and physicians. A microbiologist is a scientist who studies the properties of fungi, algae, bacteria and other microscopic organisms. Areas of specialization include virology, immunology or bioinformatics. The following chart provides an overview about this career. Degree Required Bachelor's degree Field of Study Microbiology, biochemistry or cell biology BS Biology is the course needed to take Microbiology. Microbiology Training For over 80 years we have been training the food industry and we pride ourselves on the quality and content of our training portfolio. We offer a range of microbiology training to the food and drinks industry from standard courses on HACCP (RSPH), shelf-life and auditing to food microbiology and tailored confidential training. In partnership with Skill gate we have developed an online microbiology course that covers eight basic modules...
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..."How are scientists using bacteria to create antibodies that fight drug-resistant bacteria strains?" Bacteria, the plural form of bacterium, can be defined as the members of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease. With regards to the bacteria that cause disease, they have been followed up by indiscriminate use of anti bacteria drugs to fight common diseases. These include but are not limited to: the common cold, cough, and other forms of diseases. This extensive use has created bacteria which are able to resist the efficacy of the anti bacteria drugs, thus rendering them ineffective in their intended use of curing diseases. As such,...
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...Coli has several useful traits that help us to live and make our lives better. E. Coli can produce sugar-modified proteins (glycoproteins) which allow pharmaceutical drugs to be produced cheaper and faster. This means that new drugs will be cheaper to create and drugs can be more easily spread around the world, because they can be spread in higher portions and will be cheaper. Several types of E. Coli that exist in the human gut help to digest our food as well as producing vitamin K and B12 which are highly important for our health. One of these, Nissle 1917, is able to annihilate salmonella as well as combat diarrhoea. This is because both Nissle 1917 and salmonella require large stores of iron to make energy yet Nissle 1917 is far more effective at taking in the material and monopolises all available iron. Without large stores of iron Salmonella is unable to replicate to high volumes reducing its ability to colonize our gut. In one study on Nissle 1917s effects, salmonella levels were reduced by more than 100 fold. This is promising because it is an area in which antibiotics don’t help very well because they kill the good bacteria too. This shows a particularly important job of E. Coli in our immune system. In addition to the other things it is doing in our gut, E. Coli takes up space in a moist, warm environment that could otherwise be populated by harmful microbes and prevents them from growing there. It also has the ability unlike many other microbes in our gut to grow in the...
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...introduced agriculturally, clinically or otherwise in practice. The underlying paper discusses antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, background of bacteria resistance, families of bacteria, Mechanism of antibiotic and major antibiotic bacteria. What is Antibiotic? Antibiotics also termed as antimicrobial drugs are those drugs that fight with bacterial infections. The first antibiotic known as penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1927. After initial antibiotic use in 1940’s, medical care was transformed and death and illness caused by infectious diseases was dramatically reduced. Originally term antibiotic refers to natural compound that is produced by microorganisms that kills bacteria that cause diseases in animals or humans. Some of the antibiotics may be synthetic that are not produced by microorganisms which can inhibit or kill microbes growth. Tern antimicrobial agent, technically refer to both synthetic and natural compounds but frequently antibiotic is used to refer to both. "An antibiotic is a substance which is produced by one type of micro-organism which kills or stops the growth of another" (Indge, 2003) Antibiotics have many beneficial effects and their use has much contributed to antibiotic problem Antibiotics have saved billions of lives since 1940’s as they are almost harmless for humans as biochemical reactions that are targeted by antibiotics in bacteria are different to that in animals. However antibiotics has played significant role in destroying...
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...disease or spoilage of beverages and food, but it is now recognized that many microbes have essential roles in our ecosystem or can be used to accomplish beneficial tasks. Human history is full of examples of major devastations caused by bacteria and viruses. Some of these historically important diseases still occur, such tuberculosis and yellow fever. Microorganisms are evolving to cause new infectious disease problems such as Lyme disease and AIDS, which capture public attention. Control and eradication of infectious diseases remain important goals of many microbiologists. The recognition that microorganisms were responsible for what was earlier thought to be "spontaneous generation" opened the door to industrial (pharmaceutical, chemical, energy) and food microbiology, technologies which contribute substantially to today's way of life. Microorganisms in soil and water are essential in the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron to products needed by plants and animals. In various ways, microbes participate in environmental cycling and degradation and global change. In the last few decades, microorganisms have been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of basic biological processes. More recently, microbiologists have brought an exciting dimension to the study of biology through the use of genetic engineering techniques and highly specific protein (antibody) molecules. Accomplishments in these areas already have led to enormous benefits for the...
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...use of these drugs, especially when withdraw periods are not observed, may result in the presence of their residues in edible animal tissues, especially when withdraw periods are not observed [8]., which These rasidues can be toxic and dangerous to human health. and potentially cause allergic reactions such as rash [9], and long consumptions can lead to . Consumption of animal products containing residual antibiotics for long period can also lead to drug resistant microorganisms [10], tissue damage, toxic effects, gastrointestinal disturbance, carcinogenicity and neurological disorder [5, 11]. In order to protect the health of consumers, maximum residue levels (MRLs) for tetracyclines residues in animal derivatives food has been established by Codex Alimentarius Commission [12]. The levels are 1200ng/g in kidney, 600ng/g in liver and 200ng/g in muscle [10, 12??? 13]. These Codex levels are currently adopted at national level in Tanzania. For effective implementation of these standards, a sensitive and effective method for determining residues levels in poultry meat is needed. There are several methods available for tetracycline residues determination in food of animal origin which has been reported in literature. This method includes screening tests for qualitative determination[4] and those for quantification determination [14, 15]. The available screening test such as agar well diffusion, delvotest SP assay and Four Plate Test (FPT) [4, 11] can only give qualitative results...
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...Anna Anderson PTLW CSUEB July 2011 Activity 1.1.2 MICROBIOLOGIST * Microbiologist Microbiologists study microscopic bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses. Many of these organisms cause disease (pathogens) and many can provide useful products such as penicillin (antibiotic). * Education and/or Training Required In order to work in this field you must have at least an undergraduate degree in microbiology. Further training with a Masters or Doctorate would be required to do anything other than entry level positions. Excellent microscopy skills and training in aseptic techniques are a must. * Responsibilities and Daily Activities This job requires a strong academic background with a lot of math, chemistry, and biology. Computer and lab skills are essential. Microbiologists grow cultures of bacteria (and other organisms) in medium for study. Using aseptic technique, they grow cultures to measure and calculate the rate of growth and how it grows. They learn what can and cannot kill their organisms and if it is a pathogen, they study ways to stop or slow its growth. In the lab, they work with microscopes, grow cultures, measure the rate of growth, and perform experiments with these organisms. Lab safety is very important in their work. They would NEVER eat or drink in the lab because this could cause contamination or could infect the food they are eating. * Salary Range Microbiologists can work in the academic community, industry or government...
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...Infection control is very important to minimise cross infection of Micro-organisms. Many micro-organisms are good for us and are essential for life, such as bacteria in the intestine which helps break down food waste matter. However, when a micro-organism is capable of doing harm it is said to be pathogenic. There are four main micro -organisms that cause disease, these include, Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa. Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E) can act as a barrier to protect you against infectious material. P.P.E is also useful to protect not only you but also the recipient, especially if they have an immunity suppressed condition. P.P.E includes Gloves, Gowns, Aprons, Masks, Shoe covers and Eye goggles. Gloves should be used when handling and bodily fluids, Gowns and Aprons should be used when, for example cleaning a dog with an infectious disease, Masks and eye protection is useful during dentistry as you are using an instrument which excretes water under high pressure. Disposable shoe covers may be worn if you are cleaning up a contaminated spillage, or if you are working in an isolation unit. All of outerwear, including, Gloves, Gowns and Aprons and shoe covers are single use and should be disposed of after use. When cleaning a surface you must scrub it thoroughly with soap and water before repeating on that same surface with a branded disinfectant such as bleach. This extra barrier of protection is important because cleaning with soap and water is insufficient...
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...Do you think the social and cultural environments of the 18th and 19th centuries helped or hindered the study of microbiology in particular and science in general? Why? After reviewing all three videos I believe both the social and cultural environment of the 18th and 19th centuries both helped the study of microbiology and science. I feel this way because during this time, it was believed that illness were caused by outside influences like bad air, or divine punishment as stated in Pasteur and understanding Disease video section. These types of cultural no social beliefs in my option aided the scientist of the time to research the true cause of illness something that could be seen no proved. Do you think that microbiology and science are influenced by today’s social and cultural environments? Provide examples to support your statements. I do believe Microbiology and science are influenced by today’s social and cultural environment. Over the years with much trial no error science/microbiology has come to the level it is currently at. For example the try and see approach used by Jenner in regards to using the scraping from the lady with cowpox to inoculate against smallpox. Jenner didn't know if that would work he just reasoned since the milkmaids didn't contract smallpox then maybe since they were exposed to cowpox the had built an immunity. In today’s society the social cultural environment would not allow for a child to be subjected to this kind of testing. With modern...
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...Hhfghghkh hghjhjhj ghjugihjklhk fghjghkk gfjhyuihy jhjhgfhh. Hghy , hyjjngh hgjh\ Jghklhjlhj. Gjkgjkgjkgh Gfgghghkgk gkghklgnko giognkghmkl gfkbklg;klgbklklbnklgl One of the greatest concerns for the water consumers with respect to the quality of drinking water is contamination with pathogenic microorganisms. Certain microorganisms, including various bacteria, viruses, and parasites, are well-known water contaminants, of which several may lead to waterborne disease and epidemics. The aim of the present study the prevalence of bacterial contaminants from lake water in and around Ranipet, Vellore District and associated risk factors. The collected samples were processed for bacterial isolation using the nutrient agar, mac conkey agar, blood agar and EMB agar. The conventional methods of swabbing and streaking were used. Pure colonies of isolates organisms were identified and characterized using standard microbiological technique. The bacteria were isolated from water samples yielded 16 isolates representing 6 different types of bacterial species viz., E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae Proteus Sp, Pseuodomonas aeromonas and S.aureus. From this study it was concluded that the water is commonly contaminated with microbes. Samples were collected from different parts of BHEL, Ranipet, Vellore District, Tamilnadu, India during March 2012. The samples were collected from the different habitats like lake water and sediment soil at the depth of 10-25 cm. Samples were collected...
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...Introduction Microorganisms are all around us and we interact with them all the time every day. Everyday microorganisms spread or grow. Contaminants such as bacteria and fungi are ubiquitous, meaning they exist everywhere, and they are able to spread or grow as well. Epidemiology is the study of how, when, where, what, and who are involved in the spread and distribution of diseases. The experiment presented was designed to study the epidemic of microorganisms in or on an object of our everyday life. The fish tank in the biology lab is a piece of equipment that houses an environment inside an environment, thus it changes constantly and deals with infinite microorganisms. My group of amateur scientists predicted that there is more bacteria living and spreading in the inside of the tank than the outside of the tank due to its environment it houses inside. The goal of the experiment is to prove using samples from cotton swabs inside and outside the tank and observing those 3 days in algar plates after how there is more colonies of bacteria inside than outside. Materials and Methods Materials we used to execute the experiment were a fish tank, 4 cottons swabs or q-tips, and 4 agar plates to contain the samples from the cotton swabs. The first step in the procedure was to find the naturally contaminated fish tank in our everyday environment. Next you acquire 4 cotton swabs or samples inside and outside the fish tank environment using q- tips. This is done by wiping 2 q- tips...
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