...The Roaring Twenties (1920s) was a decade of distinct, cultural change during a period of sustained economic prosperity around the world. Although the 1920s included the progressive, independent influence of the “Flappers”, the period certainly witnessed more intolerance and conservatism through its many social complications. Throughout the 1920s, conservatism was evident in the midst of prohibition, the courtroom, and nativism. Prohibition began on January 16, 1920, when the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect (Doc. C). The problem though was that Prohibition had only banned the manufacturing, sale, and transport of alcohol, but not the possession or consummation of it. Due to this failure to clarify the intended, alcoholic policy, beverages still remained widely available within illegal speakeasies and secret, underground drinking establishments (Doc. B). Prohibition, first intended to reduce crime among the immigrant community, was now well on its way to contributing to the emergence of numerous issues. For example, the issue of organized crime; gang lords such as Al Capone dominated the illegal industry of alcohol, distributing to even individuals who admitted to having held some sort of political significance. Throughout the decade, support for the repeal of such a limitation continued to rise as the government presented the incapability to enforce such a law upon such stubborn citizens. This complication presents just one of the many factors of why social advancement...
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...Washington Disarmament Conference – 2 November 1921, an international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets. America First Committee – AFC was established September 4, 1940, by Yale Law School student R. Douglas Stuart, Jr., along with other students, including future President Gerald Ford, future Peace Corps director Sargent Shriver, and future U.S. Supreme Court justice Potter Stewart.[The America First Committee (AFC) was the foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II. Peaking at 800,000 paid members in 650 chapters, it was one of the largest anti-war organization in American history.[1][2] Started in 1940, it shut down after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Recent organizations with similar names are not in any way connected to this historic group. The “Black Market” – The Nye Committee – officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a committee of the United States Senate which studied the causes of United States' involvement in World War I. It was a significant factor in heightening public and political support for neutrality in the early stages of World War II. Nye created headlines by drawing connections...
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...The Mafia in America began during the times of Prohibition as the more moneyed and more violent successor to local city and street gangs involved in illegal activities like gambling and prostitution. They thrived in big cities like New York and Chicago. Initially, they were a big supplier of liquor which was bootlegged, and that made it necessary for them to have beneficial connections within the local police departments and with political officials. Bribing the police to look the other way as they conducted their illegal operations was very common practice in the Mafia. Nowadays, the Mafia is in decline due to the increased efforts of police departments in major cities, effective mayors anxious to ‘clean up’ their cities, the FBI, and other law enforcement agencies that prevent their illegal activities from continuing with any great success. Evidence of this, is the amount of increased arrests, Mafia members turning informants and supplying important information regarding mafia ‘family’ operations, and less Mafia activity occurring in the big cities. In my opinion, the future of organized crime not favorable due to all the safeguards and effective operations law enforcement agencies currently have in place. While I don’t believe organized crime and Mafia ‘families’ will ever cease to exist completely, great strides have been made in eradicating and suppressing current activities and discovering any new involvements due to advances in criminological technology and effective...
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...understand why they happen and better the future. In the United States in the early 1920s, a new stage appeared with different movements in the areas of politics, economics, society, culture, and foreign policy. By the events that led to the 1930s, new crazes had developed in many of these areas, while other areas remained in continuity. From the 1920s to the 1930, there were several factors that contributed to the changes in American society. The 1920s began shortly after in World War I when the United States and the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918. Many Americans were fed up with Woodrow Wilson, the 28th president from 1913 to 1921. The first election of the 1920s scoured Republican Warren G. Harding against Democrat James M. Cox. Cox supported Wilson and the League of Nations in the election. However, Harding won the election in a landslide, which was a sign of America¡¦s frustration with Wilson and his optimistic and liberal policies. The start of the new conservative era restored the power to the Republicans after the presidential election of the 1920. Harding made quite a few excellent appointments to his cabinet although he failed to demonstrate to have much intelligence. Charles Evans Hughes was appointed to be the Secretary of State, Andrew W. Mellon appointed as the Secretary of the Treasury and as leader of the Commerce Department, and Herbert Hoover bumped up the 1920s to a new level. On the other hand, Harding also appointed some of the worst positions...
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...| US | JAPAN | CHINA | GERMANY | NETHERLAND | FRANCE | PROFESSIONALISM | Regulation environment:1. accounting is regulated by private-sector body(FASB), but government underpins the authority of its standards. 2. no legal requirement for the publication of FS3. each state has its own corporate statutes and not rigorously enforced. Reports rendered to local agencies are often unavailable to the public4. only listed companies have compulsory requrirements for FR at the federal level as specified by the SEC. | | | | Regulation environment:1. Dutch accounting presents several interesting paradoxes. The Dutch have relatively permissive statutory accounting and financial reporting requirements but very high professional practice stds. The Netherlands is a code law country, yet accounting is oriented toward fair presentation.2. Accounting and tax separate3. Dutch Civil Code includes 1970 Act of Annual Accounts. True and fair view required. | | STATUTORY CONTROL | | Regulatory environment:1. traditional society with strong cultural and religious roots.2. interdependence in personal and corporate relationships. (Low individualism)3. companies hold equity interest in each other, and often jointly own other firms. Eg. Keiretsu.4. Banks are often part of these industrial groups, there is a high degree of debt finance. Therefore, corporate managers must primary answer to banks and other financial institutions rather than shareholders.5. a strong bureaucratic control over business...
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...Pareto was born of an exiled noble Genoese[->0] family in 1848 in Paris, the centre of the popular revolutions of that year. His father, Raffaele Pareto (1812–1882), was an Italian civil engineer and Ligurian marchese who had left Italy much like Mazzini and other Italian nationalists.[3] His mother, Marie Metenier, was a French woman. Enthusiastic about the 1848 German revolution[->1], his parents named him Fritz Wilfried, which became Vilfredo Federico upon his family's move back to Italy in 1858.[4] In his childhood, Pareto lived in a middle-class environment, receiving a high standard of education. In 1869, he earned a doctor's degree in engineering from what is now the Polytechnic University of Turin[->2].[3] His dissertation was entitled "The Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium in Solid Bodies". His later interest in equilibrium analysis in economics[->3] and sociology[->4] can be traced back to this paper. From Civil engineer to liberal, and then to economist[edit[->5]] For some years after graduation, he worked as a civil engineer[->6], first for the state-owned Italian Railway Company and later in private industry. He was manager of the Iron Works of San Giovanni Valdarno and later general manager of Italian Iron Works.[3] He did not begin serious work in economics until his mid-forties. He started his career a fiery liberal[->7], besting the most ardent British liberals with his attacks on any form of government intervention in the free market[->8]. In 1886 he became...
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...sociologist and anthropologist whose work attempted to deal with how people contribute to their own domination. Developing the concepts of ‘habitus’, ‘cultural capital’, and ‘field’, Bourdieu examined processes of subordination and resistance in a number of areas of social life, including education, art, literature, language, television, and the globalised economy. Bourdieu’s most famous book is Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1984). Globalised economy, subordination and resistance in social life. ‘Culture capital’ Burke, Edmund (1729–97) An English politician and writer, often seen as the father of modern conservatism for his hostile reaction to the chaos and violence of the French Revolution. For many, his defence of tradition and individual liberty is still highly relevant to today’s world. Father of modern conservatism Durkheim, Emile (1858–1917) A French sociologist who argued that sociology should see social phenomena as ‘social facts’ that cannot be reduced to biological or psychological explanation. Such social facts endure over time—while particular individuals die and are replaced by others—and they have a coercive power that...
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...History Exam Notes WW1: Causes and Start of War (4): Industrialism: * As European countries increased production by using machines, they needed to sell these goods outside there own countries because there were now able to produce more then their own people could consume * The economic competition led the European people to look for colonies Imperialism: * The desire to control colonies around the world * Colonies were important to Europe because they provided natural resources and markets for export * Main two areas of the world Europeans competed for colonies were Africa and the Middle East Nationalism: * Belief that your country is the best and deserves more then other countries * Natural extension of the economic competition created by imperialism and industrialism * People in each country were willing to go to war to prove that there country was superior Militarism: * Increase in a countries armed forces to intimidate its rivals Unification of Italy and Germany: * Several short war’s fought * Never existed before 1870s as unified states * Italy unified by Kingdom of Piedmont, Germany unified by Kingdom of Prussia * Happened during industrial revolution Germany and France Rivalry: * Unification of Italy and Germany created a rivalry between Germany and France * In wars France was defeated and became Germany What is a dreadnought? - A ship that impressed people and was used in...
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...Social Work and Social Reform: An Arena of Struggle Mimi Abramovitz The profession of social work has the potential both to meet individual needs and to engage in social change. However, the profession’s position between the individual and society often forces practitioners to choose between adjusting people and programs to circumstances or challenging the status quo. The twin pressures of containment and change have made social work an arena of struggle since its origins in the late 19th century. In honor of social work’s centennial, this article examines the sources of the profession’s prochange mandate and the structural factors that limit social work’s ability to pledge itself to this stance permanently and recommends some steps social workers can take to recommit the profession to greater activism. Special attention is given to documenting the long but largely ignored history of social work activism. Key words: activism; history; professionalism; social reform; social work T he twin pressures of containment and change have plagued social work since its origins in the late 19th century. The profession can boast of a long history of progressive activism directed to individual and social change. At the same time, observers within and outside social work have often accused the profession of serving as a handmaiden of the status quo. This contradiction has made the social work profession a site of ongoing struggle. Although often difficult, the battles...
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...CHAPTER 5 COMPARATIVE ACCOUNTING Chapter Outline China I. There are some unique features in the accounting profession in China. They include the following: A. Until the 1980s, those who carried out accounting work were not held in high regard in society, and this has had an adverse effect on the development of the accounting profession in China. B. Accounting and auditing in China have taken different paths in their development processes. Auditing firms audited mainly domestic companies, and were under the State Administration of Audit (SAA), whereas accounting firms focused on companies using foreign investments and were sponsored by the Ministry of Finance. C. Unlike in the U.K., where there was a good legislative and judicial environment during the early stages of the development of the profession, in China, a market-oriented legislative and judicial environment is still emerging. D. Unlike in the U.K., where auditors receive support from the established professional bodies, these support mechanisms are still lacking in China. II. The recent economic reform program stimulated the growth of the accounting profession in China. A. With the recognition by the State of joint stock company form, the demands for financial information from investors and other interested parties increased. B. The establishment of two stock exchanges helped rapid growth of the accounting activities. C. Various government regulations...
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...contaminates us all, then it is postmodernism. And yet, properly understood, postmodernism is playful, intelligent, funny and fascinating. From Grace Jones to Lady Gaga, from Andy Warhol to Gilbert and George, from Paul Auster to David Foster Wallace, its influence has been everywhere and continues. It has been the dominant idea of our age. So what was it? Well, the best way to begin to understand postmodernism is with reference to what went before: modernism. Unlike, say, the Enlightenment or Romanticism, postmodernism (even as a word) summons up the movement it intends to overturn. In this way, postmodernism might be seen as the delayed germination of an older seed, planted by artists like Marcel Duchamp, during modernism’s high noon of the 1920s and 1930s. (Seen in this light, the start-date that the V&A offers for postmodernism—1970—is quite late.) Thus, if modernists like Picasso and Cézanne focused on design,...
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...share and profitability Operational What changes should the company implement to improve its collection on receivables, manage inventories turnover, and marketing in order to increase profit III. Corporate Objective A. To be the market leader in grass, and farm seed industry B. To be able to implement effective marketing and sales programs through profitable product lines and effective distribution system C. To be able to effectively manage expenses in the distribution level IV. Areas of consideration Macro-Economic indicators Political The year 1950s was generally characterized as post World War II and The Cold War against Russia. Due to this it was a time where America’s norm was characterized by conformity and conservatism. It was during the period where America transitioned from the term of Harry Truman to Dwight Eisenhower. Eisenhower’s period, being a war veteran, was characterized by the war in Korea and a heavy gap versus Russia, which was dubbed the...
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...railroad mechanic who rose through the ranks of GM to lead the highly successful Buick Division. Chrysler did not get along well with William Durant, the founder and head of GM, and eventually left to form his own company (Braun).” “Always short of capital in this capital-intensive business, Chrysler was forced to build its cars largely of purchased parts. Despite this, the Chrysler Corporation became known for producing solid, well-engineered, but conservative cars (Braun).” In its early history as Chrysler’s reputation began to grow the company became very experimental in its design. Many successes came from the company’s new radical approach such as the expanding the company to take ownership of the Dodge Motor Company thus starting a 1920’s...
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...filtered down from above, with Joseph Stalin at the apex signing the executive command. Given the cult of personality, as well as the particular style of administrative bureaucracy, that had been fostered through the decades since the revolution it would not be unreasonable to conclude superficially that Stalin had orchestrated some grand, Machiavellian operation for the inculcation of his position at the head of the Communist hierarchy. However, to do so seems incongruous with the portrait of incompetence painted by his contemporaries (the Ryutin Platform and the general indictment by Lenin[1] springing immediately to mind) and the seemingly ad hoc nature of his policy decisions[2] (specifically, his situational swings between conservatism and radicalism in the 1920's that seemed to consider the ramifications of those policies as a secondary consideration to the quelling of political dissent[3]). While it seems probable that he was apt to consolidate his influence within the Party at any opportunity, the picture of Stalin-as-Cartoon-Villain interpretation tends to dehumanise the figure of Stalin to an extent that then obfuscates the culpability of all else involved (from the uncaring to the “over zealous[4]”). Stalin demonstrated gross personality flaws in his administration[5] and personally perpetrated various crimes against humanity[6], but it is hard to conclude that any of the other contenders for Party...
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...Albany-SUNY Robert D. Baller University of Iowa This article investigates the association between past lynchings (1882 to 1930) and contemporary law enforcement responses to hate crimes in the United States. While prior research indicates a positive correlation between past levels of lynching and current social control practices against minority groups, we posit an inverse relationship for facets of social control that are protective of minorities. Specifically, we hypothesize that contemporary hate crime policing and prosecution will be less vigorous where lynching was more prevalent prior to 1930. Analyses show that levels of past lynching are associated with three outcome variables germane to hate crime policing and prosecution, but the effect of lynching is partly contingent on the presence of a minority group threat. That is, past lynching combined with a sizeable black population largely suppresses (1) police compliance with federal hate crime law, (2) police reports of hate crimes that target blacks, and in some analyses (3) the likelihood of prosecuting a hate crime case. Our findings have implications for research on law and intergroup conflict, historical continuity in the exercise of state social control, and theories that emphasize minority group threat. Steven F. Messner University at Albany-SUNY onflict theories of crime and criminal law posit that the state largely serves the interests of dominant groups in society (Quinney 1974; Turk 1969; Vold 1958) and this...
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