...Italian Fascism vs. German Nazism By Christina Dixon HIS306: Twentieth-Century Europe (BPI1434A) Instructor: Max Fassnacht May 4, 2015 Fascism and Nazism came during a time when there was an economic crisis that was sweeping through Europe. Fascism and Nazism was two familiar totalitarian regimes that was able to arise from Germany and Italy. In Germany, the National socialist party was conducted by Adolf Hitler, while Benito Mussolini conducted the fascist party in Italy. Italy and Germany’s future was based on the education in the schools, since education played an important role between these two nations. The people’s image of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as two leaders was profoundly the important factors to their popularity. The most essential tool that was allowed in both countries and played a very important role in both political parties was propaganda, which gave both parties the ability to influence the perspectives of the people to their partiality. Italy and Germany are two natural allies, but however they are both different from each other and can be connected in many salutations. “Largo ai Giovani”, Italian for "make way for the young" (Clayton, 2009) was just one of the mottos that was used by Benito Mussolini’s regime. Mussolini’s saying highlights one of the most important aspects during the Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’s education system. The education system in both countries was not just used for learning but also was the...
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...The Nazis did the worst in the west catholic areas such as Cologne. And it was at its highest in areas such as Pomerania. Class Nazi voters reflected the rural/urban division in terms of their social groupings. They gained the most support from peasants and farmers, the mittlestand (lower and middle class shop keepers), established ,idle class- teachers and white collar workers. High proportion of the middle class supported the party, but although the working class did join the Nazis in smaller proportions it was the largest section in the NSDAP. Peasants voted for the Nazis but did not join the NSDAP. Appeal of Nazism Protestants and middle class voted for Nazism more than the rest of the German society. But catholics and socialists weren’t due to the fact they both were well represented with well established ideologies in their own right and opposed Nazism on an intellectual level. Also the...
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...205). Adolph Hitler is the main reason why the world has National Socialism. National Socialism is a form of racism, or most commonly called Nazism (Tonser, page 15). To understand National Socialism, you first need to be aware of the history of it. The first origins of National Socialism came from the after effects of World War I. Hitler was a fierce fighter in the fighting of World War I and played a big part in the war (Encarta Encyclopedia). After the war, Germany was charged with the sole responsibility for the war. Germany’s political and economical life was seriously disrupted as a result of this. Then in 1919 the German Workers’ Party was formed. Hitler did not found the party, but did join it shortly after it started. He joined the party with the aspect of making it his party. This did not take long becauseAdolph Hitler once said to his chief of staff Otto Wagener, “Jewish Volk is the parasitic race among the human races. Jewry always marches as those who live as parasites-that is, who are intent on having others work for them, so that they can lead a carefree existence. This is why we must discard of them as quickly as we can, so they do not feed off of us any more” (Turner, page 205). Adolph Hitler is the main reason why the world has National Socialism. National Socialism is a form of racism, or most commonly called Nazism (Tonser, page 15). To understand National Socialism, you first need to be aware of the history of it. The first origins of National Socialism...
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...Fascism in the Twentieth Century; Hitler and Nazism ‘Fascism’ is one of the most controversial political terms in modern history. The lack of a universally accepted definition for the term has meant that it can and has been applied to a wide variety of political contexts. Fascism developed from the destruction caused by the First World War. Its origins can be traced, however, to the intellectual revolt against liberalism in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century. While there was a revolutionary reaction against the ideals of the French Revolution before 1914, it was the First World War which acted as a real catalyst for the emergence of fascism. The war swept away the Hohenzellern, Halsburg and Romanov dynasties in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia respectively and sharpened class-consciousness (the idea of lower, middle and upper classes) and increased ethnic tensions, severely weakening the social fabric of many nations. Fascism, in part, was also the result of a reaction by the middle classes against the perceived communist threat caused by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917. Fascism was the most severe reaction to the post-war political, social and national crisis. The First World War also had a positive significance on the rise of fascism. The survivors of the ‘lost generation,’ (the survivors of the First World War) had become disillusioned and embittered, and were attracted to the direct-action approach of fascist paramilitary organisations. This increased...
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...The Irgun Zvai Leumi, or National Military Organization, were a Jewish underground movement operating from 1931 to 1948 in Palestine; founded because of varying ideals from the passive stance taken up by the main military force of the Jews, the Haganah. The Irgun were extremely well organized and disciplined, adopting intensive recruitment techniques, military training, and military rankings. They not only fought Arab’s, but also the occupying British largely for their publishing of White Papers of 1939 which in the eyes of the Irgun had adverse effects on Jewish settlement in Palestine. An exception being during some of World War II when the Irgun called a ceasefire with the British in order to fight the biggest threat to the Jewish people,...
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...The Effect of Propaganda on World War II The countries associated with World War II suffered through the hardships of fear among citizens, deficient number of soldiers, and financial depression. In order to involve entire countries in the war effort, propaganda spawned in the forms of movies, posters, and even postcards and appealed to the viewers’ emotions. Movies and cartoons gave people a serious message about the war while simultaneously making the audience laugh, which was commonly lacking during the war years. Not only does the cartoon provide comic relief, but also gives subliminal messages of national pride to the spectators. In the Allied countries, propaganda often was used to belittle the power and prowess of the Axis powers, specifically the Nazis. Visual Propaganda from the United States, Great Britain, and...
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...democracy in general and American democracy in particular by unfolding the paradoxes entailed to whittle a credible conclusion. It attempts to explore contradictions of democracy whether democracy is a best system of governance? Is true democracy possible? Has it to be moral in character? Why other systems of governance tend to challenge the basic fabrics of democracy? Why democracy has turned out to be more productive than other forms of government? Then focus shifts to paradoxes entailed in self evident truth of American democracy. Is American democracy a representative of a true democracy? Does it cater the smaller factions of society? Has the democratic system fostered the rights of liberty, justice, life and pursuit of happiness to good effect for masses once challenged by terrorism, racism, poverty and recession? What good it has brought to its people? Why does America deserve to lead world community? Finally, conclusion is inquired about by addressing the question that How American dream can be pursued in its true democratic meaning? Isn’t it strange that few render democracy as the bludgeoning of the people, by the people, for the people? On the other hand, for some, it is a government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people; a government after the principles of eternal justice, the unchanging law of God; the idea of freedom. Idea of democracy as rule of people traces its expression from Athens in ancient Greek. From a philosophical stand point doctrines...
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...F.A. Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom was written under the shadow of war in 1944. While the outcome of World War II was still in doubt, Hayek noticed a troubling trend in Western society. Lingering fears of the economic crash from 1929 couple with the rise of fascism and Nazism in Germany were leading people to embrace the philosophy of communism. Capitalism and free markets were viewed to be in the service of Germany’s fascism, leading to the rise of the Nazis. Central planning was seen as a remedy for the chaos of the free markets, which had recently plunged the world into the Great Depression. The ideals of free market capitalism were pit against those of fascism, socialism, and communism, and World War II became not just a war of nations, but also a war of political philosophy. Hayek set out to tout the virtues of freedom and classical liberal democracy, warning that all other roads only led to some form of slavery to the state. In the Road to Serfdom, Hayek links the different form of freedom together, arguing that the loss of freedom in either the personal, political, or economic realm inevitably leads to a loss of freedom in the others. A cascade effect occurs as more power is transferred to the government. For example, in a system such as communism, economic freedom is eschewed in favor of central planning. Difficult problems in society may be turned over to “experts” to solve rapidly rather than waiting for the consensus of elected officials, thus resulting in...
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...to describe the circumstances Americans have been living in since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. In the novel, as well as in the film, Bradbury presents the reader with his viewpoints on censorship which provide a parallel perspective comparing how American citizens have lived prior to and after the 9/11 attacks. Bradbury’s novel begins with explicit details describing the burning of books. The opening is somewhat alarming because burning books is not what a normal person would consider to be the duty of a firefighter. The government has made it forbidden and unlawful to read books. As a reader, I could not help myself from thinking back to the times of Communism in the Soviet Union and Nazism in Hitler’s Germany. During the 1950s, in protest to Communism and Nazism, many of the same token books were being burned here in the US. In the film a symbolic relationship between black, evil, Communism, and death is painted by the firefighters jet-black hardened helmets and their jet black flameproof jackets. The color black seems to symbolize the coming of death. The firefighters wore all black uniforms and they rode on a very red box-like shaped vehicle filled with petrol. The red could symbolize blood and the vehicle seems shaped like a casket. Another scene in the film, when the firefighters responded to a call at an apartment complex, seems to portray white supremacy. After the books were found and collected, they were taken outside to be burned so that people...
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...Spencer Davison European Politics The Demand and Supply Side Causes of the Austrian Radical Right The 2008 Austrian Parliamentary elections followed an increasingly familiar pattern. Two far right political parties received a combined 29.1% of the votes which translated to 52 seats of the 183 seat legislature, only 30,000 votes away from the leading party. For the past twenty years the Freedom Party of Austria (FPO) has become one of Austria’s most influential, and controversial, political parties. Its strong anti-immigration stance, xenophobic rhetoric, and suspected anti-Semitism have garnered international attention since its creation. Even though this right-wing populism phenomenon of Austria has become one of many cases in Europe, the sheer scale of FPO involvement in the country makes it a unique study. Ruud Koopmans explored the emergence of the extreme right in an attempt to define the causes of it. He compared two contrasting theories in his analysis. Grievance, demand side, theories suggest that growing rightist populism is a direct result of an increasing discontent and xenophobia within a country due to immigration and the consequences of it. Opportunity, supply side, theories focus on the institutional attributes of a particular polity, and how these arrangements make it possible for the right-wing movement to not only start, but flourish as well. He concluded that opportunity theories best explain the rightist movement. However, others believe...
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...each generation they would be more distant from their forebears. This paper will seek to address some ethical considerations raised by the above article. There is no doubt that this technology could be extremely useful for preventing diseases such as cancer and others before we are even born. But, with this also comes the ability to give children genes before their born that will give them talent to run faster, jump higher, use more of their brain which will strictly discriminate them from the rest of society in a way where they will always stand out, the reason being is their extraordinary talents due to Eugenics. This is not exactly the way a child or adult in anyway stages of their life would be willing to experience. The tangible effects of Eugenics are "the science of improving the physical and mental qualities of human beings”, whereas...
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...The Austrian State Treaty 1955 and the Development of a New Austrian Nation Lindsay Young June 1, 2006 History 512.05 Europe since 1950 Prof. Carole Fink T.A. Amanda Rothey In terms of history, 25 years is the equivalent of nothing more than a fraction of a second. However this mere quarter century, since the signing of the Austrian State Treaty on May 15, 1955, may be the most influential period in shaping the Austrian nation which we are familiar with today. During this time the small alpine country was most recognized for their policy of active neutrality in foreign relations.[pic] With its flexibility and its initiatives in many fields of international politics, it can be regarded as one of the great successes in Austria’s rise in the international system. This positive evaluation of postwar foreign policy is widely shared by the Austrian people.[pic] The 1955 Austrian State Treaty and the policy of active neutrality as well as other factors were important in underpinning the strong popular allegiance to the principles of a new Austrian identity and to the establishment of Austria as an independent nation. A Decade of Negotiations for Austrian Independence With the Moscow Declaration of November 1, 1943, the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union declared that Austria, the first free country to fall victim to Hitlerite aggression, would be liberated from Germany and with that reestablished as a free and independent...
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...many nations without a state of its own.4 There was continuity in German policy between the periods 1914 to 1941. World War Two, was a continuation of the past 30 years war. Bell talked about the Thirty Years War thesis, the stable Europe of 1914, had an equal balance of power, but it did not prevent Germany’s dynamism and expansionism. It took four years of war, and with the help of powerful USA to defeat Germany. If Germany still had the same ideas, but was faced a weak Europe with no balance of power and without the interference of the USA, another world would be certainty.5 However, this is confronted by another equally powerful thesis, it was the effect of the war and instable peace settlement and the consequences of the great depression that made a war inevitable.6 Ideology was very important and powerful. Fascism, Nazism and communism provided an alternative to democracy. However, because of the different ideologies it made it much more difficult for governments to act base on power politics and material interests.7 There were several different ideologies. First Italian Fascism ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini. Mussolini and Italian Fascism were representing as lacking in consistency, depth, and seriousness. Mussolini was full of contradictions, brutal,...
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...George Orwell’s political views have been developed throughout his life based on personal experiences, although some may argue Orwell had no political label, due to his many different facets and aspects. Orwell witnessed Stalin’s Soviet Russia, the dictatorships of Mussolini and Hitler, the Spanish civil war and World War 2. Orwell’s literary works such as 1984 and many others, touch on aspects of imperialism, anarchism, socialism, Nazism, capitalism and totalitarianism. “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical” in 1984, is a text within a text that Winston reads to understand many things about the totalitarian world he lives in. The purpose of the text within a text is to parallel the corrupt socialist world of 1984 with that of Stalin’s USSR, expand on Orwell’s ideas of imperialism, and to sound an alarm to warn readers of what a worst case scenario totalitarian world could be like. Firstly, “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical” was to provide greater insight, for Winston and the reader. Goldstein’s text takes apart each section of the party’s slogan “War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is strength” (Orwell, 1), and explains what they mean to the party. After reading the text, Winston learned some new things, but the text mostly just reinforced things he already assumed or knew. Secondly, when thinking from a political standpoint, one could say that the point of this text within a text was to parallel the corrupt socialist world of 1984 with that of Stalin’s USSR...
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...field and change model Lewin’s contribution (force field, ice cube and action research models) Kurt Lewin was born in Germany of middle class Jewish extraction. Along with fellow co-founders of the Gestalt movement he migrated overseas (to the US) as Nazism took hold in Germany. The Gestalt School differentiated itself from others in psychology by its adherence to the principle of ’wholeness’. By way of example – an individual recognising a forest before they notice the trees and other components of which it is composed and which define it as a forest. This principle gave rise to familiar drawings of objects which could be perceived as two different things simultaneously, depending on the way an individual chose to perceive them. Gestaltism gained pre-eminence by virtue of its empirical tradition in studies of perception, which generated a series of perceptual organising rules still very much current today (for example in systems thinking). Lewin, like his colleagues, applied Gestalt principles to other areas in psychology – however it was his work in experimental social psychology, and especially with groups and their influence, which proved to be most his most notable achievement. Lewin developed ‘field theory’ to explain the effect that social (group) influence has on individuals. According to this theory, individuals live inside intangible ‘bubbles’ - a person’s goals could be disparate from what they think others expected. The resulting tension – forces which push and pull the...
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