...Political Economy of Fiscal Policy: A Look into Bangladesh Case Content * Aim of the Paper * Concepts on Fiscal Policy * Fiscal Policy: Definition and its Role in the Economy * Fiscal Policy in the Developing World * A Brief Overview of Political Economy * Approaches to Fiscal Politics * Characteristics of Fiscal Policy in Bangladesh * Political Culture in Bangladesh and Effect on the Economy * References Aim of the Paper * To analyze how political variables affect the fiscal policy decision making process and study the political process and culture and the institutional constraints in context of Bangladesh to see the effect they have on the fiscal decision making * The research will be conducted through literature review and interview and based on the data between 1972 to 2012. Fiscal Policy: Definition and its Role on the Economy * Fiscal policy – essentially a budget policy encompassing all measures pertaining to the level and structure of government’s financial operations - public revenue, public borrowing and public expenditure . * It seeks to influence the aggregate demand curve through conscious setting of spending and taxation by government policymakers. Politics invariably affects the decision making process. * Basic goals of fiscal policy: * Attain full employment level of equilibrium * Maintain full employment once it is attained *...
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...Introduction The slow evolution of federal campaign finance regulations, beginning with the Tillman Act in 1907, undercuts dramatic proclamations that Citizens United indicates a privileged where corporate interests trump the public interest and politicians do the will of the highest bidder. Corporations in the early twentieth century not only faced scattered and weak enforcement of the Tillman Act's contribution ban and thus no great deterrent to violating the ban, but also exploited glaring legal loopholes that allowed them to bankroll their favored campaigns with relative ease. Even after the enactment of independent corporate expenditure restrictions, corporations faced minimal barriers to political spending on television or in other national media. Until the FEC's creation in 1974, the ban on independent corporate spending on elections was not rigorously enforced. The relevant time frame for evaluating the decision's practical consequences is, at the very longest, the period after Congress substantially amended FECA in 1974. Campaign contributions as emphasized here discusses the ways in which contributions are made to influence new or incumbent candidates to support a particular agenda based on factors that impact the candidate personally, such as the raising of significant funds to help a candidate be re-elected, or environmental issues to even social issues are of concern. Since the last decade, millions upon millions of dollars have been spent in state judicial...
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...a major role, influencing individual and collective opinion, in the political sphere, both nationally and internationally (Baban, 2014). Naveh (2002), posits that past studies of foreign policy decision-making described the media mainly as a channel for delivering messages during the process, but...
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...had an impact on them from a social, political, and economic perspective. During the late part of the 20th century, the International Monetary Fund and other organizations collaborated with countries that were struggling economically and offered financial assistance and the creation and implementation of policies. Globalization has had a significant impact on countries around the world; both positive and negative outcomes have resulted from various factors pertaining to globalization. Revolutions such as the Arab Spring uprisings have been influenced by aspects of globalization, such as the changing political sphere and the unstable economic market. Furthermore, the revolutions are more successful in contemporary times as opposed to fifty or one hundred years ago because globalization has provided the world with many comforts, such as the convenience individuals possess in the usage of technology—namely social networking websites. Therefore, it is important to analyze and examine the social, political, and economic changes that have been brought about by globalization, the changing global-politics, as well as social and economic issues that may have caused by or formed after military conflict. India and Vietnam are two countries that are quite similar in terms of GPD per capita rates, life expectancy, and other factors and are a perfect set of nations to examine and analyze in terms of the impact globalization has had on them from a political, economic, and social perspective. ...
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...analyze systematically the national and international environments in which they operate. This note presents a framework to help them do this. Since government actions shape business environments, that is the starting point for country analysis. In this view, nations have strategic purposes, the capacity to mobilize resources, and the power to affect their economies. The country analysis framework has three interrelated components: strategy, performance, and context. Each of these has economic, political, and social dimensions. All governments have a national strategy composed of explicit or implicit goals and a set of policies to achieve those goals. These lead to performance, which can be judged by assessing how well the country is doing economically, politically, and socially. These outcomes also depend on a country’s context, which has domestic aspects (economic, political, social, institutional, and ideological) and international aspects (trading relationships, political links, multilateral institutions, global industries). In turn, the outcomes affect the context for future strategies. Thus, strategy, performance, and context are interdependent. Country analysis can therefore begin with any of the three components, but requires examining all of them. Country analysis is not a mechanistic or deterministic process; it requires critically interpreting data, analyzing causal relationships, and assessing options. One can begin with the descriptive question: What...
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...1. Introduction Extensive research has been conducted on the topic of how media circulation affects political accountability and government policy. Theory predicts that for a higher share of media receivers, political accountability and hence government expenditures increase. Besley & Burgess (2002) give additional insight into this topic by analyzing the impact of media circulation on government responsiveness to falls in food production and crop flood damage in Indian states. The authors use the extent of public food distribution and calamity relief as proxies for government responsiveness. In addition to media factors, political and economic factors are introduced as potential determinants of policies. The predictions of the theory are underlined by the results of the paper: Government responsiveness increases with a higher amount of media users within a state. Further, political factors are also relevant determinants, whereas, economic factors are of low importance. In the following, the paper will be critically assessed within these sections. First, the theory, the propositions as well as the empirical strategy are introduced and compared to discussions in class. Second, the results of the paper are outlined. Third, the empirical strategy as well as the results will be analyzed and compared to prior research and theory. Finally, a short conclusion and outlook will be given. 2. Theory, Propositions and Empirical Strategy The theoretical two-period model of Besley & Burgess...
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...Perspectives on EU Competition Policy Table of Contents Introduction 1 The 1989 Merger Regulation, Neofunctionalism and Spillover 2 M&As at the National and EC level 1983-1990 5 The Need for an Additional Approach: Regulation 1/2003 and New Institutionalism 6 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 Introduction Competition policy is a major policy area within the European Union (EU), and it has been a core executive function for the European Commission since 1962. Being an area of exclusive competence of the EU and with the Directorate-General of Competition (DG Competition) firmly in power, it constitutes an interesting case for understanding the European integration process and the contemporary consequences for business. Two major policy changes, in 1989 and in 2003, make it possible to investigate how to accurately explain the development in the area. I argue that until 2003, neofunctionalism offers the best analytical tools for understanding the process, as it accurately explains and predicts the expansion of the policy competences of the DG Competition through a variety of spillover-effects, mainly from the Single Market. But while neofunctionalism is analytically advantageous at the macro-level, it is applicable only to a point, as it cannot explain the apparent decentralization of executive power taking place with the introduction of Regulation 1/2003. Here more power was delegated to the national competition authorities (NCAs) at the surface, but at the same time...
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...The crisis of money in politics is one which has only recently come to light in the wake of an abrupt shift to an anti-establishment political culture. The modern phenomena of financial influence on public policy is the single most important aspect of our political system present in this country and thus dictates the social, cultural, and political well-being of each individual citizen. Any other serious issue that needs immediate addressing – such as climate change or income inequality – rests upon this one element of public policy. If Congress is full of members who take campaign contributions from big oil corporations regulation of that particular industry is hardly going to be one of their concerns for fear of losing a large donor...
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...according to international encyclopedia of social science "is a rapid sustained rise in real output per head and attendant shift in technological, economical and demographic characteristic of a society together with the more concept of social development and political development". Walter Rodney opined that "Development in human society is a many sided process. At the individual level it implies increased skill and capability, greater freedom, creativity, self discipline, responsibility and material well being". Amaucheaz, in his submission stated that, development is a multi-dimensional process involving the totality of man in his political,, economical, psychological, social relations among others. Development as a concept is multi-dimensional phenomenon that embraces economics, political and socio-cultural aspect of a nation. When the political, social and economic conditions of a state are in good shape, that state qualifies to be termed developed or developing state. 3.2 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, NEED AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. The national development strategy is a means, way, and plan in which the government formulates and implements its policies in order to accelerate the rate of development in the policy. Obasanjo administration made series of efforts to lay a solid foundation for the socio-economic growth of the country. This he did through the National Economic Empowerment and development Strategy (NEEDS) and economic diplomacy. NEEDS is a development strategy...
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...University The Graduate School The Mary Jane and Frank P. Smeal College of Business ESSAYS IN POLITICAL MARKETING A Dissertation in Business Administration by David LeBaron 2008 David N. LeBaron Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2008 The thesis of David N. LeBaron was reviewed and approved* by the following: William T. Ross, Jr. Professor of Marketing Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee John C. Liechty Associate Professor of Marketing Dissertation Co-Advisor Co-Chair of Committee Peter Ebbes Assistant Professor of Marketing David J. Huff Clinical Assistant Professor of Supply Chain and Information Systems Johannes Baumgartner Professor of Marketing Head of the Department of Marketing *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Political marketing sits at the nexus of two disciplines, political science and marketing, but is not entirely accepted by either. The present research looks at the origin, development, and evolution of political marketing and examines how the adoption of a political marketing orientation is impacting the practice of political campaigns. The role of political marketing in actually changing voters’ preferences is also examined, showing that grassroots marketing efforts seem to have the greatest effect, especially with undecided voters. Finally, voter segments are derived for the last five presidential...
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...1. What is regionalism? How many forms of regionalism exist? Please, give explanation to each of them. Generally speaking, the idea if regionalism refers to political ideology that concerned about the interests of a particular region (group of regions). It is a political movement advocating greater control by regions over the political, economic and social subjects of their regions (ex.: by setting up political and administrative institutions with legislative powers). There are various forms of regionalism exist. Traditional (conservative) regionalism: demands the same treatment as the other regions of the state on the basis of equal rights (French Communist and Socialist parties in France in 1950s, they took the lead in regional coalitions demanding on the basis of their citizenship).Modernist (liberalist) regionalism: demands for control over the region’s affairs, usually on the basis of rights of an ethnic (linguistic) group. This form is closely allied to federalism in EU countries. Separatist (irredentist) regionalism: demands to set up an independent state on the basis of the principle of the right to the national self-determination. (ex.: may be found in Spain (Catalonia, Galicia, and Basque) and in UK (Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland)). 2. How can we explain the phenomenon of regionalism in EU? The “phenomenon of regionalism”, in short, is uneven development of the regions of the state. So, it can be explained by many casual factors which are more specifically...
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...Political parties are formed around a platform of their ideas, views and goals as a party. This paper is focused on Radical Right Parties; whose policies are considered extremist. According to Powell (1986, p. 359), an extremist party “represents a demand for major transformation of the society, either towards some future vision or back to an idealized past. Such demands diverge from the general, current policy consensus.” According to this definition, the new radical right can in most instances be considered examples of extremist parties. Radical right parties either focus on a change towards a future vision or backwards towards their idealized past. This type of party is defined by its development in response to supposed threats against...
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...Managing the migrant education problem with policies is the way towards integration, even though it is a long-term solution. Some of the migrants think that they will starting to lose their culture and will be assimilated in this purpose. That’s why it is a long-term strong decision policy to make. But as it is shown in some studies, the expectations are on its contrary that mostly they don’t neither their culture or their religion Traditional perspective related immigration policy making by demonstrating that policy making is not a void of international influences. On the contrary it is the external models that influence immigration policy making in different...
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...paying particular attention to any human resources management (HRM) issues that may arise under each heading. Overall, it is argued here that Nike has attempted to address various business and social challenges by harmonising its value proposition to ‘Consumers, shareholders, business partners, employees, and the community.’ There are many external environmental factors that can affect your business. It is common for managers to assess each of these factors closely. The aim is always to take better decisions for the firm’s progress. Some common factors are political, economic, social and technological (known as PEST analysis). The political factors affecting business are often given a lot of importance. Several aspects of government policy can affect business. The political environment can impact business organizations in many ways. It could add a risk factor and lead to a major loss. You should understand that the political factors have the power to change results. It can also affect...
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...Policy evaluation can be better defined as a process by which general judgments about quality, goal attainment, program effectiveness, impact, and costs can be determined. It is an assessment of whether a set of activities implemented under a specific policy has achieved a given set of objectives. Once public policy has been operationalized through the formal adoption of laws, rules, or regulations, and the bureaucracy has taken action to implement the policy, some form of evaluation needs to be accomplished to determine if the policy has achieved the desired outcome or impact. Public policy represents the expenditure of limited public resources and or restrictions on certain types of individual or organizational behavior. Consequently, the public has a right to expect that their government officials are accountable for the validity, efficiency, and effectiveness of those policies. Policy evaluation is therefore an absolutely critical stage in the policy process whereby we can determine whether a policy’s effects are intended or unintended and whether the results are positive or negative for the target population and society as a whole. In essence, policy evaluation is the process used to determine what the consequences of public policy are and what has and has not been achieved. Elected officials, policy makers, community leaders, bureaucrats, and the public want to know what policies work and what policies don't, and the purpose of evaluation is to determine whether an implemented...
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