...Section | Sub-section | Topic | Study | Aim of Research/Findings | Method Used | Evaluation Points | After a Guilty Verdict | Imprisonment | Planner Behaviour once freed from jail | Gillis and Nafekh (2005) | Aim: To investigate the effect of planning employment on recidivism.Results: Those on employment programmes were more likely to remain on conditional release and less likely to reoffend. | Content Analysis | * No cause and effect. * Reoffending figures will not include “hidden crime”. * Strength of matched pairs design. | | | Depression/ Suicide Risk | Dooley (1990) | Aim: To examine the characteristics and motivations for suicides.Results: Characteristics – more suicides in those serving longer sentences and those convicted of violent/sexual offences. Motivations – Intolerable prison situation, guilt for the offence and mental disorders were found to be significant motivations. | Content Analysis | * Reliability of the sources used in analysis (e.g. other inmates) * No cause and effect. * Subjective interpretation of notes * Individual/situational explanations | | | Prison situation and roles | Haney and Zimbardo (1998) | Aim: To describe the past and present of the US prison system.Results: Original experiment found that the prison situation changes behaviour – ‘normal’ people became aggressive. The journal article states that prison situations are damaging, so alternatives should be considered. | Journal article (linked to their previous 1973...
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...on the most successful ways to prevent offenders from reoffending and to stop offending in the first place. Many criminological researchers have closely studied the lives of former criminals after their sentences, and with inconsistent research resulting and the failure of policies put into place, it could be said that the prevention of reoffending or initial offending by the criminal justice system is not currently in reach. Through evidence from examinations and surveys on offenders, it can be seen that no criminal thinks alike, and that because of this it is not profitable to put general policies into place, for results will be minimal. When initially considering offending reduction strategies, it is assumed that crime prevention measures will include the use of disciplinary action. Although this is accurate, it has become more apparent to some scholars over the latest decades that the use of punitive measures against offenders has just made the probability of reoffending worse. (McGuire, 4) There is incessant debate on whether the use of punishment on offenders will decrease the likelihood of reoffending. One of the most popular debate on this subject is the “what works” argument. The “what works” debate focuses on whether authoritative reaction on criminal offenses will have an influence on the rate of the criminal reoffending. This argument proposes that while it is achievable to reduce the rate of reoffending, it isn’t probable with the use of penalizing measures...
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...The Colorado Department of Corrections Sex Offender Treatment and Monitoring Program (SOTMP), was developed to reduce recidivism rates of sex offenders, as well as re-enter sex offenders back into the community. The program has been in place for over ten years (D'Orazio, D. M., Thornton, D., & Beech, A. R., 2013). As described by Beech et al. the program is meant to be a “relapse prevention oriented cognitive-behavioral treatment program”, (Beech et al., 2013). This means that the program is meant to reduce relapse among sex offenders by adopting the program to the specific needs of that particular offender. The STOMP program uses therapeutic treatments as one of the forms to help sex offenders from reoffending. There are several problems...
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...To the attention of the Prison Governor North of England Sir, Following are some national scale statistics related to prisons’ performance and associated costs as issued by the Center for Social Justice in March 2009A. which I would like to use as argument in reply to your statement on Total Quality. - Prisons population has increased dramatically in the last decade, counting as of today about 83000 people; - Approximately three quarters of young prisoners under 25 and two thirds of all adult prisoners are reconvicted within two years of release; - Today, the annual public expenditure costs of running prisons and managing offenders is over £5 billion, which combined with £11 billion costs of re-offending as estimated by Social Exclusion Unit (in 2002), amount to an annual total of £16 billion. Relating statistics to your statements, I agree with you, “Total Quality is a myth” but I add “because people in charge fail to commit to it” Although not directly related to our business, I want to use these statistics as a means to show the impact of Total Quality culture as compared to traditional management style of prisons. A critical analysis instead, leads to the conclusion that prisons management and the correctional system is stuck in a closed cycle between overcrowding and failure to rehabilitate. This is part of a traditional prison management where more of the same, brings in turn more of the same, resulting in long term progressive loss, both financial...
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...or category in which the offender is placed” (Megan’s Law, 1996, p. 1). There are three categories: low or Tier One, moderate or Tier Two, and maximum or Tier Three. Tier One offenders are those who are at a low risk for reoffending. Based on certain factors such as “the type of crime committed, the lack of violence in the act, lack of criminal history, and the amount of community ties, these offenders have a low risk of harm to the community. Tier One offenders are required to register with the local police department but no public notification is required. However, all law enforcement agencies that are likely to encounter the offender must be notified” (Whitman & Farmer, 2000, p. 18). Tier Two offenders are those who are at a moderate risk for reoffending. This tier requires “limited notification to law enforcement agencies and to places in the community in which it is likely that there will be an encounter between the community and the offender. This includes places in the community such as schools, community organizations in the community such as youth organizations, day care centers, summer camps, and other places where children and women gather” (Whitman & Farmer, 2000, p. 18-19). Tier Three offenders are those who are a high risk for reoffending. “When an offender is deemed a Tier Three, in a addition to community organizations and law enforcement agencies, the Prosecutor must notify members of the public who are likely to encounter the offender. People who live within...
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...Policy Development Natausha Crespin CJA/464 November 3, 2014 Kim Chapman Policy Development Domestic violence can be described as any form of deliberate coercion, bodily harm, sexual assault, or any other form of violent behavior committed by an intimate partner. Domestic violence has plagued all walks of life despite the age, race, religion, or background. Violence against an intimate partner is frequently followed by psychological abuse and controlling behavior relating to the methodical blueprint of power and control. Domestic violence comes in many forms but not always seen by the naked eye. Domestic violence constitutes forms of physical abuse, psychological abuse or even death that can be seen by other family members possibly causing a continuous cycle of abuse for generations to come. Facts and Statistics It is hard to grasp the notion that somewhere in the world every nine seconds a woman is being beaten or assaulted. On average, 85% of victims of domestic violence are women and 1 in every three women will endure some form of domestic violence in their natural life. Sadly enough only one fourth of all victims who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner will actually report it to the police, implying that official statistics will never justify the full scope of the problem. The average age of a female victim who is at the greatest risk of harm by an intimate partner is between 20 to 24 years old. Domestic violence is...
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...Juvenile Delinquency and Recidivism TaShara Smith A00338366 Master of Science in Criminal Justice General Walden University August 20, 2012 Criminal justice is a broad category; there are many issues within criminal justice that can definitely use adjustments just as with any other subject in society. The increasing amount of crime in the United States has become unbearable for those who are living within the country. Juvenile delinquency and juvenile recidivism is at an all-time high; there is a vast amount of society that participates in juvenile crime prevention while others pretend like it is not their job. In order for anything to be successful everyone involved must put forth a joint effort. This paper will focus on a targeted population of juveniles African Americans and those of low economic status along with delinquency and recidivism, who commits juvenile crimes, why do juveniles reoffend. Juvenile delinquency is of great importance; and juvenile recidivism is even more important everyone should take the time to participate in some way in order to prevent it. Often time’s society questions why there is so much juvenile crime and recidivism that exist, but reality is until everyone works as a team instead of in separation juvenile crime and recidivism will stand just as it did the first day it started. The best research methods to use to retrieve credible and somewhat accurate information would definitely have to be both quantitative and qualitative research...
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...Those inmates who participated in the program had recidivism rates of 46.7% over the period of 15 years, the control group had higher recidivism rates of 66.7% over the same time period (Rainforth, Alexander, Cavanaugh 2008). The findings provided by this study were considered to be statistically important to the support of this programs benefits. According to the study the Transcendental Meditation has proven to be more than a mere program to offset reoffending to a later time, but it has actually helped some inmates in permanent rehabilitation. A combination of both Transcendental Meditation and group therapy has proven to have an even greater positive impact on recidivism, than providing inmates with Transcendental Meditation alone. The benefits of the effectiveness of other programs in prison such as education and drug rehabilitation programs can be enhanced when they are combined with Transcendental Meditation therapy (Rainforth et al.,...
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...Crime Causation and Diversion When a child commits a crime they are usually referred to the juvenile court system. The juvenile will go through the court system and sometimes they are placed in programs designed to help the juvenile to get their life back on track. While there are not many programs in the state of Mississippi for the juvenile offenders there is a few that are in place. Juvenile Detention Center In Tupelo, Mississippi, there is a program that it used to house a juvenile once they have been through the court system and it is determined that they will be detained. The program is the Juvenile Detention Center of Lee County. The mission of the juvenile center is to help the juveniles learn how to interact in a social and working environment. The center has set rules that the juvenile must follow and obey. The juvenile can have contact with the outside world such as family and friends but only on specific days of the week and during specified times. This program is kind of like a prison setting, during their stay the juvenile is allowed to make collect phone calls to people outside of the facility. The juvenile is limited on the property that they are allowed to possess while in the care of the facility. Juveniles are provided the necessary products such as; clothes, hygiene products and etc ("Juvenile Detention Center", 1997-2012). During their time at the Juvenile Detention Center the juveniles work in an environment as if they were on a full time job...
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...A Life Given Back Beneath the truly horrible statistics for rates of reoffending there lies a discourse that society refuses to engage in – how do we welcome ex-cons back into our daily lives? Unfortunately, this is a question not many people want to answer. We need to not turn our back on these human beings, but give them a chance; an equal opportunity to live their life free and among the people, while feeling a positive presence that they too can be normal, law abiding citizens. We all, broadly, detest those who hurt us or the things that are important to us. Prisoners are accepting of the fact, that as a group they are never going to be popular or even regarded valuable among the general population. That they can arouse such strong feelings is occasionally surprising to me, given that most people only know prisoners through the medium of media stereotypes or what the read about in the newspaper. With a growing majority of states now making a criminal record public information, ex-convicts are effectively being branded for life. This information is made public, and not much thought is given to what this may mean to the ex-convicts. Also, the negative effect this can have on their lives really isn’t fair; especially if they are living as law abiding citizens now. Much of this information is easily accessible through the internet or from a number of private services. Politicians point to the cases of murderers, terrorists and serial rapists as the frightening menace that such...
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...offender has changed and now you can be given the title ‘Sex Offender’ if you have been cautioned with a sex offence but were found not guilty or committed a sex offence outside of the UK, also the rules have changed with giving an ASBO or a Parenting order. To give someone an ASBO now they must carry out anti-social behaviour and harassment to another person, an ASBO is given to protect people of the community, whereas a Parenting order can be issued when a child has been given an ASBO or a warning about their behaviour and they do not stick to the rules or conditions. The reason the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 effect these types of criminals is because they are put into categories, this categorisation then warns people in the future for example in job interviews what crime they committed. The main aim is to protect the public and to stop the offenders from reoffending. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 also have an impact on individuals this is because the act targets crime and unsuitable behaviour including sex offences, anti-social behaviour, drug offences, violent offences and many more. These offences and the way the offences are dealt with LOOK ON...
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...juveniles from participating in criminal activities before the crime happens. Making it so difficult that it would not be even worth to try. According to Siegel (2005), general deterrence holds that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment. Finding ways to convince adolescents that if they participate in any criminal activities they will be punished is the key to deter crime. Juveniles decide to commit crime because they feel like they can get away and nothing will happen. Specific deterrence holds that if young offenders are punished severely the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts. Although this strategies seems to have a negative effect, most juveniles that are severely punished end up reoffending. It seems like the experience of punishment motivate some adolescent to reoffend. (Siegel, 2005). Situational crime prevention suggest that by convincing juveniles that their illegal activities are risky, that the gain is minimal and there are no chances of success they will choose not to commit crime. Basically, this means that juveniles commit crime because they find an opportunity to do so. I think that juveniles know the type of punishment that they can received for committing a crime, still they continue to break the law. The ones that are punished are not afraid anymore and continue to break the law. I think situational crime prevention is the best method for controlling juvenile...
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...Megan’s Law and Sexual Offender Registration Although I found both questions quite interesting, I chose to reply about the “community rights” of both the offender and community to respond to. However, because this chapter is so enlightening (for personal retention of the information), I had to also address Megan’s (and others) law. Because to my surprise they have proven to be ineffective and don’t work! Laws aimed at people convicted of sex offenders may not protect children from sex crimes but do lead to harassment, ostracism and even violence against former offenders, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today (09/12/2007). Human Rights Watch urges the reform of state and federal registration and community notification laws, and the elimination of residency restrictions, because they violate basic rights of former offenders. The Adam Walsh Act, passed in 2006, will exacerbate the problems with state sex offender laws. It forces states to either dramatically increase the scope and duration of registration and community notification restrictions-including requiring states to register youths as young as 14-or lose some federal law enforcement grant money. Compliance with the Adam Walsh Act will preclude states from adopting more carefully calibrated and cost-effective registration and community notification policies. At least some states are debating whether the costs of complying with the law faroutweighs the benefits. Human Rights Watch urges reform of the Adam...
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...The most evident scenario where education has proven to reduce crime and change the mind sets of criminals alike is the modern education programs established within the various prison systems globally. Throughout the history of the prison system there has been little focus placed on the rehabilitation and education of inmates at large, with a greater emphasis falling on punishment and forced isolation due to the dangers of working with such individuals. In recent years new strategies have been put forward and evidence has arisen around the impact of education upon prisoners within, and beyond the system itself. Studies conducted over the last two decades almost consistently indicate that higher education in prison programs reduces recidivism which translates into the reduction in crime, savings to taxpayers, and long-term contributions to the safety and well-being of the communities to which formerly incarcerated individuals return. Still the argument for and against prisoner’s education wages, Jody Lewen (2007) would suggest that not only can these practices be approached in a safe and cost effective manner, but the benefits can also drastically out way the drawbacks. As Lewen (2007) points out “In order to accomplish these changes, we’re going to have to adopt entirely unconventional, and some might even say revolutionary, ways of relating to each other as human beings”. In the United states the correctional education movement began with a clergyman named William Rodgers...
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...Principles of Effective Intervention Ladonna F. Manuel Ashford University CRJ: 201 Introduction to Criminal Justice Instructor: Michael Pozesny June 10, 2013 Principles of Effective Intervention Many years of scientific study there were psychologist that developed four principles of effect which were called Risk principles, Criminogenic need principles, Treatment principles, and Fidelity principles. The first of the four principles of effective intervention is risk principle. Risk principles means that offenders should be provided with supervision and the treatment levels and it also mean like the risk of crime they commit. According to (Lowenkamp & Latessa 2002) “For our purpose. “risk” refers to the probably of reoffending”. Which means that it targeted high risk offender to help them not to get reoffended. That like certain offense consider low and some high. According to (Latessa 2002)” For example, in the sense that a felon poses a higher risk than a misdemeanor. I actually agree with this system we need to pay a lot more attention to the offender that are more higher risk then all the others. Because to me I feel that they don’t get the help they will do it again. The second principle the criminogenic need principle are attributes of the offender that are directly link to criminal behavior. For example criminogenic is addiction to like alcohol or drug and if your caught drinking while driving they send you to jail but, when you get our...
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