...EMULSION SURFACTANT FOR DETERGENTS ____________________ A Research Project Presented to the Faculty of the Science Technology and Engineering Batasan Hills National High School IBP Road, Batasan Hills, Quezon City ____________________ In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Research III ____________________ by Borromeo, Kristine Joy R. March 2016 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Background of the Study Almost every human uses detergents everyday, the problem is we had gone too far in using detergents. Detergents are for cleansing that are daily in use. They are becoming more and more expensive and on demand because of their increasing purposes. In this modern age, detergents are not as effective as what like they said in ads and commercials because sometimes too much chemicals re used which can affect its effectivity. The research is done to find out an alternative solution for the problem said in detergents using cassava leaves. Cassava leaves is common inside the community. The solution aims to produce the as an potential emulsion surfactant for detergents using the cassava leaves. The product does the same job as others but is more natural because an organic specimen is added. It contains less harmful chemicals. The said product will perform important functions in detergents cleaning such as loosening emulsifying and holding suspension until it can be rinsed (Healthy Cleaning 101, 2010 ) . Detergents are a surfactant or a mixture...
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...See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/223357366 Cloud-point extraction of lead in saliva via use of non-ionic PONPE 7.5 without added chelating agent ARTICLE in TALANTA · FEBRUARY 2000 Impact Factor: 3.51 · DOI: 10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00252-0 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS DOWNLOADS VIEWS 77 369 333 4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Maria Fernanda Silva Liliana P Fernández National University of Cuyo Universidad Nacional de San Luis 17 PUBLICATIONS 363 CITATIONS 43 PUBLICATIONS 540 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Maria Fernanda Silva Retrieved on: 08 September 2015 Talanta 51 (2000) 123 – 129 www.elsevier.com/locate/talanta Cloud point extraction of lead in saliva via use of nonionic PONPE 7.5 without added chelating agents Marta O. Luconi, M. Fernanda Silva, Roberto A. Olsina, Liliana P. Fernandez * ´ Area of Analytical Chemistry, National Uni6ersity of San Luis, CONICET, San Luis 5700, Argentina Received 4 March 1999; received in revised form 13 August 1999; accepted 16 August 1999 Abstract A new micelle-mediated phase separation of metal ions to preconcentrate trace levels of lead as a prior step to its determination by flame atomic spectroscopy has been developed. The methodology is based on the cloud point extraction of lead with PONPE 7.5 in the absence of chelating agent. The chemical variables affecting the sensitivity ...
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...1455±1476 Printed in UK ± all rights reserved Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 1999 European Respiratory Journal ISSN 0903-1936 REVIEW Pulmonary surfactant in health and human lung diseases: state of the art M. Griese Pulmonary surfactant in health and human lung diseases: state of the art. M. Griese. #ERS Journals Ltd 1999. ABSTRACT: Pulmonary surfactant is a complex and highly surface active material composed of lipids and proteins which is found in the fluid lining the alveolar surface of the lungs. Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse at low lung volume, and preserves bronchiolar patency during normal and forced respiration (biophysical functions). In addition, it is involved in the protection of the lungs from injuries and infections caused by inhaled particles and micro-organisms (immunological, non-biophysical functions). Pulmonary surfactant can only be harvested by lavage procedures, which may disrupt its pre-existing biophysical and biochemical micro-organization. These limitations must always be considered when interpreting ex vivo studies of pulmonary surfactant. A pathophysiological role for surfactant was first appreciated in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome and hyaline membrane disease, a condition which is nowadays routinely treated with exogenous surfactant replacement. Biochemical surfactant abnormalities of varying degrees have been described in obstructive lung diseases (asthma, bronchiolitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and...
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...administration of natural surfactant vs synthetic surfactant in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a deficiency, dysfunction, or inactivation of pulmonary surfactant and is a significant cause of morbidity or mortality of preterm infants. The literature reviewed, highlights the differences in extracted natural surfactants and synthetic surfactants and whether one proves to be more beneficial over the other. Pfister RH, Soll R, Wiswell TE. Protein-containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006180. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006180.pub2. In the above article the use of synthetic surfactant is discussed with regards to protein containing or non-protein containing synthetics. The synthetics that contain proteins have shown a higher efficacy in preventing respiratory distress syndrome than those without. The research suggests the reasoning for this is due to the synthetic containing proteins acting like naturally occurring surfactant proteins. This research lends to the rationale that the synthetic containing protein surfactants effectiveness being like that of a natural surfactant could be more readily available than natural surfactant. (Pfister RH, Soll R, Wiswell TE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4) Soll R, Blanco F. Natural surfactant extract versus synthetic...
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... Summary As the awareness of environmental problems increases so does the demands and guidelines from legislations and customers that deal with the environmental problems of the industries products and manufacturing processes. For a large international chemical company such as Akzo Nobel these increasing demands lead to costs for administrative work, taxes, testing, additional staff and investments. The aim of this study is to determine the properties of these “environmental costs” for the products of a chemical company. The study has focused on the production of two colorants. A surfactant (Berol 09), used in the older colorant formulation, contains nonyl phenol ethoxylate, a substance with potentially toxic properties. The newer colorant formulation contains another surfactant (Bermodol SPS 2532) that was developed as an environmentally favorable alternative to the other surfactant. Both surfactants are manufactured at the Akzo Nobel plant in Stenungsund, Sweden. This substitution is...
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...description……………………………………………………………….…...4 Macroemulsions and Microemulsions…………………………………………………….5 The Stability of emulsions………………………………………………………………...8 Foams “What is Foams?”…………………………………………………………………………9 The Stability of foams………………………………………………………………….….9 Interactions of surfactants and polymer with hair………………………………………..10 Adsorption………………………………………………………………………………..11 Types of hair conditioners “Detanglers”……………………………………………………………………………...11 “Reconstructor”…………………………………………………………………………..14 Making procedure for the emulsion products……………………………………………16 Packaging………………………………………………………………………………...17 “Moisturizer”…………………………………………………………………………….18 Process control…………………………………………………………………………...20 References………………………………………………………………………………..20 Introduction What is hair conditioner? Hair conditioners are basically designed to restore hair to its natural state rather than produce an artificial effect. Mostly, the hair conditions have treatments of washing to dyeing or to sustain permanent waving hair [7]. Hair conditioner has also the ability to undo the damage by giving a better look and feel to the hair fibers. However, hair conditioners are not meant to repair damaged hair. Most hair conditioner is basically compositions containing cationic surfactants in combination with long chain fatty alcohol and other lipid components [1]. Modern hair conditioners are actually derived from old-age practices. For example, anointing the head with polar...
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...1 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) TWA = Time-Weighted Average Volatile Organic Compounds = (VOCs) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC). WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System MSDS stands for: Material Safety Data Sheet IRPTC stands for: International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals HAART = Highly active antiretroviral therapy = three-drug cocktail treatment for AIDS OTC means over the counter SSRI = Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors CFC = Chlorofluorocarbon 1% = 104 ppm = 107 ppb conversion N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH) = 46.06 g/mol d= st m/s km/hr 1 cm3 =1 ml Micro =1 µ g = 1 x 10 -6 g NANO =1 n g = 1 x 10 -9 g The largest vol of these is 1.0 L 1000 mL 1.0 × 106 µL >>1.0 × 104 cm3 Chemicals causing malformation in newborns are: Teratogenic Chemicals causing changes in DNA are known as: Mutagens A concentration of 21.0 ppm for a gas in air is equal: 2.10 × 10-3 % A concentration of 51.0 ppb for a gas in air is equal: 5.10 × 10-2 ppm Based upon TLV-TWA which poses the most risk: ( answer is the least) Sulfur dioxide (2 ppm) Carbon monoxide (2.5 × 104 ppb) >>Ozone (100 ppb) Nitrogen dioxide (3.0 × 10-4 %) A worker is repeatedly exposed to a concentration of 2.50 × 10...
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...14 Lipid Emulsions D. Julian McClements and Jochen Weiss University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 1. INTRODUCTION Many natural and processed foods contain small droplets of oil dispersed in an aqueous medium (e.g., milk, cream, fruit beverages, soups, cake batters, mayonnaise, cream liqueurs, sauces, deserts, salad cream, and ice cream) or small droplets of water dispersed in a lipid medium (e.g., butter and margarine). Despite the considerable diversity of physicochemical and sensory characteristics exhibited by these foods, they can all be considered to fall into a class of material called ‘‘emulsions’’ and their properties can be understood using the concepts and techniques of ‘‘emulsion science’’ (1–4). Emulsion science is a multidisciplinary subject that combines chemistry, physics, and engineering (5–12). The objective of emulsion scientists working within the food industry is to use the principles and techniques of emulsion science to improve the quality of the food supply and the efficiency of food production. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the basic principles and techniques of emulsion science that are relevant for understanding, characterizing, and manipulating the properties of food products. The wide diversity of physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics exhibited by food emulsions is the result of product formulation and processing conditions used to create them. The manufacture of an emulsion-based food product with ...
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...FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TOPICAL GEL CONTAINING AZITHROMYCIN AND PREDNISOLONE VESICLES FOR TREATING PSORIASIS Sonia Tomar, Tinku Singhal, ABSTRACT Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease, associated with metabolic syndrome, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and many other diseases. There is various type of psoriasis but most common type of psoriasis is caused by Psoriasis vulgaris. It is characterized by rigid of skin due to increase in the level of cholesterol and fall in the level of ceramide. Apart from that it is associated with an immune system of the body means movement of immune cells from dermis to the epidermis, where they stimulate skin cells (keratinocytes) to proliferate. Various type of drug delivery system are used for the treatment of psoriasis including topical, oral or systemic but gels prepration of azithromycin and prednisolone are more effective in reduction of purities, scaling and hyperkeratosis of psoriasis plaque. Niosomal/Vesicular gel, has been explored extensively for topical application to enhance skin penetration as well as skin retention. Prednisolone and azithroycin together provide effective results in the treatment of psoriasis. Due to high entrapment efficiency and stability, gel prepration (Azithromycin & Prednisolone) reduce the scaly patches and suppression of humoral immunity. Keywords: Niosome, Immunity, Topical, Psoriasis, Gel, Azithromycin, Prednisolone. INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is recognized...
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...would come ashore, discussion remains on what effectiveness is required to significantly reduce the shoreline impact. A major issue is the actual effectiveness during spills so that these values can be used in estimates for the future. The second motivation for using dispersants is to reduce the impact on birds and mammals on the water surface. The benefits of using dispersants to reduce impacts on wildlife still remain unknown. The third motivation for using dispersants is to promote the biodegradation of oil in the water column. The effect of dispersants on biodegradation is still a matter of dispute. Some papers state that dispersants inhibit biodegradation others indicate that dispersants have little effect on biodegradation. The most recent papers, however, confirm that inhibition is a matter of the surfactant in the dispersant itself and the factors of environmental conditions. It is clear, on the basis of current literature that the surfactants in some of the current dispersant formulations can inhibit biodegradation. No...
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...maize milling machine is always used in cleaning for mild concentration and oil pollution. Neutral cleaning agent has no enough detergency to protein and carbohydrate sewage. Neutral cleaning agent is used for cleaning mild pollution, and for medium pollution, it needs to be heated first. Alkaline cleaning agent of MAIZE MILLING MACHINE is divided into NaOH, inorganic salt, organic chelating agent, surfactant, which mainly coordinate caustic alkali, and have bactericidal effect and condensation effect to protein decomposition and grease. They are suitable for serious inorganic and organic pollution. Usually they are used in automatic bottle washer, heat-treating equipments, and other equipments about dairy products, fermentation products, livestock products and aquatic products processing. The cleaning agent can remove scale cooperated with chelating agent. Acid-stage cleaning agent of maize milling machine is divided into organic acid and inorganic acid. Organic acid has citric acid, malic acid, gluconic acid and so on. Inorganic acid refers to phosphoric acid, which is the surfactant. They are used to remove the galalith of dairy products and fermentation products machines. They also can remove the serious rust and scale of maize milling machine. To protect the maize milling machine from microbial pollution, we can choose the most suitable cleaning agent...
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...From ancient times, chemical additives were used to facilitate the mechanical washing of clothing with water. The Italians used a mix of sulfur and water with charcoal to clean cloth. Egyptians added ashes and silicates to soften water. Soaps were the first detergents.[2] The detergent effects of certain synthetic surfactants were noted in Germany in 1917, in response to shortages of soap during World War I. In the 1930s, commercially viable routes to fatty alcohols were developed, and these new materials were converted to their sulfate esters, key ingredients in the commercially important German brand FEWA, produced by BASF, and Dreft, the US brand produced by Procter and Gamble. Such detergents were mainly used in industry until after World War II. By then, new developments and the later conversion of aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used inhousehold detergents, caused a fast growth of domestic use in the late 1940s.[3] The use of enzymes for laundry was introduced in the early part of the 1900s by Otto Rohm. Only in the latter part of the century with the availability of thermally robust bacterial enzymes did this technology become mainstream.[4] Soap is, by weight, relatively ineffective, and it is highly sensitive to deactivation by hard water. By the 1950s, soap had almost been completely replaced by branched alkylbenzenesulfonates, but these detergents were found to be poorly biodegradable. Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LABs), however, proved to be both...
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...Porosity Porosity is defined as the percentage or fraction of void space to bulk volume of rock. If the sedimentary particles of a rock were of uniform size and packing, as shown inFigure 1 , Figure 1 Figure 2 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 , the calculation of porosity would be a simple exercise in solid geometry. Of course, actual reservoir rock is a much more complicated mixture of particles, and its porosity must be measured directly from core samples or estimated by well log analysis. Figure 3 The proportion and distribution of void space in a reservoir rock can be modified by the processes of cementation, solution, fracturing, and recrystallization. In reservoir engineering, primary porosity refers to the void spaces remaining after the sedimentation of particles into the rock matrix. Secondary porosity is caused by solution channels, fractures, and vugs in the bulk volume of the matrix, and is developed subsequent to the deposition of the rock. Where both types of porosity exist, the system is referred to as a dual porosity system. The production sequence of a dual porosity system may be very different from that of a primary porosity system.Table 1 (below) gives a general range of reservoir rock matrix porosities. Generally, reservoir rock martix porosities in the lower ranges are of commercial interest only when a secondary porosity system is present. Table 1--Rock matrix porosities (after Levorsen, 1967) : Negligible 0-5 Poor 5-10 ...
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...concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? a. b. c. d. e. The membrane potential would become more negative. The membrane potential would become less negative. The membrane potential would remain the same. all of the above none of the above 3. Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach). What would you expect to happen if the acetylcholine is released in high concentrations and is not properly degraded after it binds the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane? a. b. c. d. e. paralysis of muscle tissue gradual loss of resting potential convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation decrease in the frequency of action potentials no effect 4. Compared to human eyes, the eyes of cephalopods (squid and octopus) ________. a. b. c. d. are extremely similar, with no significant differences are not camera eyes and do not have a single lens are inferior because they have few photoreceptors have an adaptive advantage because they do not have a blind spot e. none of the above Bio 253 Spring 2010 Exam 2 Version A 1 Please use Figure 1 to answer the following 3 questions. Figure 1 5. Which letter in Figure 1 corresponds to a large efflux of K+ ions from the cell? a. b. c. d. e. A B C D E 6. Which letter on Figure 1 corresponds to a hyperpolarization? a. b. c. d. e. A B C D E 7. Which letter on Figure 1 corresponds to the threshold potential? a. b. c. d. e. A B C...
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...the globe, our quality products are second to none. JEEN® International supplies innovative, patented, advanced specialty silicone, linear polyethylene and preservative lines as well as traditional surfactants, ethoxylates, lanolins quaternaries and fatty alcohols/acids/esters/amides. Our superior service is combined with multi-lingual capabilities, leaving nothing to chance. With state-of-the-art technology in inventory management, and full product technical support to meet your needs, our strategically located distribution centers make it quick and easy to fulfill your needs. In addition to our continuing development of innovative ingredients, Jeen International is also expanding its worldwide network of marketing, sales, distribution and support team personnel to further extend our global reach. Since its inception in 1996, JEEN continues to grow by listening to and partnering with our customers to develop the products and applications to meet the emerging needs of the markets we serve. http://www.jeen.com/company.htm MATERIAL Jeesilc DMC 19-3 Jeesilc DMC 19-3 is a low odor, low color cosmetic grade ethoxylated polydimethylsiloxane. It is a water-soluble silicone surfactant. This water-soluble silicone provides lubricity to fibers as well as conditioning effects for the hair and skin. It can be used in lotions, gels, creams, conditioners and shampoos with a typical...
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