...in this picture are mating • Each worm produces both sperm and eggs, which will fertilize – And in a few weeks, new worms will hatch Asexual And Sexual Reproduction • Both occur in the animal kingdom • Asexual reproduction is the creation of new individuals – Whose genes all come from one parent • Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring – By the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by fission – The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately the same size Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction • Budding – In which two new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones • A two-step process – Fragmentation • The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults – Regeneration • Follows fragmentation • the regrowth of lost body parts • Some animals reproduce by parthenogenesis – A process in which an egg develops without being fertilized • Among vertebrates, several genera of fishes, amphibians, and lizards, including whiptail lizards – Reproduce exclusively by a complex form of parthenogenesis Ovary size (a) Both lizards in this photograph are C. uniparens females. The one on top is playing the role of a male. Every two or three weeks during the breeding season, individuals switch sex roles. Hormones Ovulation Estrogen Ovulation Progesterone Behavior ...
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...CONTENTS Task 1- 1.1 | The male reproductive system | | 1.1 | The female reproductive system | | 1.2 | The function of Testosterone, Oestrogen, Progesterone | | 1.3 | The human menstrual cycle | | Task 2 – 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of the sperm cell for fertilization | | 2.1 | The diagram of the journey of egg cell for fertilization | | 2.2 | The process of fertilization and implantation | | 2.3 | Diagram of the early stages of a developing embryo | | 2.4 | The importance of the placenta | | 2.5 | The role of the following hormone during birth and lactation | | | Reference | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sexual Reproduction Like all living things, humans have to reproduce to ensure the survival of the species. Reproduction is the role of the reproductive system. The female reproductive system lies mainly inside the body, whereas much of the male system is outside the body. Each reproductive system produce special cells, the sex cells called gametes (sperms and eggs). From these gametes, the typical traits of the parents are conveyed to their brood. The genes are the one that stored the hereditary information on the chromosomes inside the nucleus of a sex cell. The gametes are haploid cells produced by sexually reproducing male and female brought together following sexual...
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...The Sperm and the Egg Danyell Daniel Psy/265 October 9, 2015 Frank Brusinski The Sperm and the Egg Trace the movements of the sperm and the egg from their development to fertilization. While a man (John) and women (Nancy) comment the act of sexual affairs, the women has to be in a productive state and her body will discharge one egg for the sperm to residence. John will discharge anywhere from 100 million to 300 million sperms in one conference of intercourse, His sperm must first make their way thru the cervix into the uterus then on to the fallopian tube, the liquid portion of the semen not only provide the sperm but is also use as a nourishment for the journey into the and then swim thru the fallopian tube. As the sperm make it journey they will start to die off, not all sperm will make it to the egg there can only be one victor in this story. There will be a few thousand that will get close during the trip and as they get close the will start to change their patterns with alteration of their heads. The liquid portion of the semen also provides directions for the sperm so they will not wander too far off the path. Any sperm that has not successfully made it thru the cervix is not going to make the complete journey and will release out of the Nancy body after the sex act. For the sperm that make it thru the cervical canal it is greatly welcomed environment the sperm will find that there is an abundance of cervical mucus, the mucus will transport the sperm when...
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...mini pills, or plan B. Also there are different kinds of devices that can be put in you like NuvaRing, IUD’s, and Depo-Provera. Other methods you can use that don’t involve hormone doses are abstinence, condoms, and Spermicides. Abstinence is when you don’t have sex at all. If the sperm is never entering the vigina then there is no chance for it to fertilize the egg. Spermicides work differently. There is sexual intercourse and the spermicides are a lube like substance that is supposes to kill any sperm it comes in contact with. So if used as lube the sperm comes out of the urethra and in to a pool of spermicides and dies on contact. Condoms work as a trapper. They cover the penis during intercourse and when the man ejaculates the latex casing catches all the sperm and keeps it from entering the vigina. These are all forms of birth control that don’t deal with hormones. The next set of birth control deals with the releasing of hormones to keep you from becoming pregnant. Combination pills contain a combination of the hormones estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation, the release of an egg during the monthly cycle. A woman cannot get pregnant if she doesn't ovulate because there is no egg to be fertilized. The Pill also works by thickening the mucus around the cervix, which makes it difficult for sperm to enter...
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...because sperm have to be at a different temperature than the rest of the body. Being on the outside provides the distance from the body to be provided by the outside world and it natural temperature. Tubes on the inside are placed like hoses in a lawn that have specific areas that require watering. Each one is placed in it own area to provide its own function without disrupting the functions of the reproductive system all together....
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...Advantageous in environments that don’t change much over time. EX. Include aphids, some types of lizards SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – requires genetic info from two parents. Advantageous in changing environments. GAMETES – products of meiosis, haploid sex cells that carry genetic info from each parent (sperm/eggs) ZYGOTE – diploid product of fertilization, new offspring. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION – males and females release gametes into the same environment and fertilization occurs outside the body. Especially common in aquatic animals. Unique “recognition” proteins on the surface of gametes keep sperm cells from fertilizing eggs of the wrong species. EX. Salmon, sponges, corals, sea urchins, some amphibians INTERNAL FERTILIZATION – a male deposits sperm inside a female’s body, where fertilization occurs. After copulation, animals may lay hard-shelled eggs or bear live young. B. DEVELOPMENT IS INDIRECT OR DIRECT DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS – study the stages of an animal’s growth as cells specialize and interact to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Differentiation and pattern formation involve complex interactions between the DNA inside cells and external signals such as hormones, interactions regulate formation of each structure. Homeotic Genes- develop control development in humans and all other animal species. DIFFERENTIATION – the process by which cells in organs activate unique combinations of genes to acquire their specialized functions. PATTERN FORMATION – process...
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...MAJOR PARTS OF OB/GYN The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization.the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle. What Parts Make up the Female Anatomy? The female reproductive anatomy includes parts inside and outside the body. The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genitals) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: • Labia majora: enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. translated as "large lips," are relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. It contain sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair. • Labia minora: translated as "small lips," can be very small or up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora...
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...fertilization starts with the reproductive organs. First the sperm cells are created within a man's testicles and a woman's egg is matured and produced by her ovary. All of our cells have 46 chromosomes, but sperm and egg cells have 23 each. When they meet and fertilize, you will have combined 46 chromosomes. Each sperm and egg cell carries different genetic info, therefore producing different individuals. Each has their own unique DNA, which is why a person looks different from their siblings, etc. When sperm is deposited into the vagina, it swims to the woman's reproductive tract to the fallopian tubes and awaits the release of her egg. Once the egg is released (ovulation) the sperm cells try to fertilize it and only one succeeds. The fertilized egg then travels down to the uterus and implants into the uterine lining. Once implantation happens, a woman's body produces a hormone known as HCG, implicating she is pregnant. The function of each of the male and female internal and external sex organs in relation to the sperm and the egg start from the outside, the male has two visible sex organs, the testes and penis. The testes are the primary male sexual organs in that they make sperm and produce testosterone. The sperm cell is the male sex cell gamete. Testosterone is the hormone that causes male secondary sex characteristics such as facial and pubic hair, thickened vocal cords and developed muscles. While in the process the sperm travel from each testis to a coiled tube on the outer...
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...with the various methods. The different methods of contraception include:1,2 Barrier methods Hormonal methods Emergency contraception Intrauterine methods Sterilization Barrier Methods Designed to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, barrier methods are removable and may be an option for women who cannot use hormonal methods of contraception. Types of barrier methods include: Male condoms. This condom is a thin sheath that covers the penis to collect sperm and prevent it from entering the woman's body. Male condoms are generally made of latex or polyurethane, but a natural alternative is lambskin (made from the intestinal membrane of lambs). Latex or polyurethane condoms reduce the risk of spreading sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Lambskin condoms do not prevent STDs. Male condoms are disposable after a single use. Female condoms. These are thin, flexible plastic pouches. A portion of the condom is inserted into a woman's vagina before intercourse to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. The female condom also reduces the risk of STDs. Female condoms are disposed of after a single use. Diaphragms. Each diaphragm is a shallow, flexible cup made of latex or soft rubber that is inserted into the vagina before intercourse, blocking sperm from entering the uterus. Spermicidal cream or jelly should be used with a...
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...male sex cells. (sperm cells) 2.Epididymis-stores the sperms produced by the testes. 3.Scrotum/Scrotal Sac-is the skin that protects the testes. -it holds the testicles. 4.Penis-is the part of the organ that hangs in front of the scrotum. -it deposits the sperm cells into the vagina. 5.Urethra-is a tube where the sperm and the urine pass through. 6.Vas Deferens-where the sperms travel. 7.Prostate Gland-The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. Female Reproductive System 1.Fallopian Tube-It is where the egg cell travels from the ovary and where fertilization takes place. 2.Ovaries-produces thousand of eggs. 3.Uterus-It is where the fetus develops into a baby. 4.Fimbriae-fringe of tissue around the Fallopian tube in the direction of the ovary. 5.Cervix-It stretches open wide enough for the baby to pass through during delivery. 6.Vagina-It is an elastic vascular muscle of female reproductive Organ that expands during giving birth. *The Male Hormones(Testosterone) *The Female Hormones(Estrogen and Progesterone) *The Male Reproductive System is designed for the reproduction and transportation of sperm cells which are needed for fertilization. *The Female Reproductive System is Designed for conception,pregnancy and childbirth. Fertilization Fertilization is the union of a sperm cell and an egg cell resulting to a start of a new life. The Fertilized Egg The Fertilized Egg is also called zygote...
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...understanding of the basics of reproduction can make the job easy. As you weigh your options, whether to encourage pregnancy or forestall it, your best resource is a working knowledge of the organs, glands, and hormones that prepare your body for motherhood. The reproductive system begins at the external genital area or vulva, which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum. Two folds of fatty, fleshy tissue surround the entrance to the vagina and the urinary opening: the labia majora, or outer folds, and the labia minora, or inner folds, located under the labia majora (Thibodeau and Patton, 2008.) The clitoris, is a relatively short organ (less than one inch long), shielded by a hood of flesh (Reproductive System, 2009.) When stimulated sexually, the clitoris can become erect like a man's penis. The hymen, a thin membrane protecting the entrance of the vagina, stretches when you insert a tampon or have intercourse. From this point onward, the reproductive system leads deeper and deeper into the body. The vagina is a muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external genitals to the uterus, where the embryo grows into a fetus during pregnancy (Reproductive System, 2009.) In the reproductive process, the vagina functions as a two-way street, accepting the penis and sperm during intercourse, and roughly nine months later, and...
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...options for everyone. The IUD, Intrauterine Device, is inserted into the uterus of a female by her clinician. The IUD contains copper that keep sperm from joining the egg. However, not affective against sexually transmitted infection, it is considered 99.2-99.8% effective against pregnancy. There are currently two different IUD’s available at Planned Parenthood, one is ParaGard (copper IUD) that can be left in place for up to 12 years, the other is Mirena (hormone based IUD) which can be left in place for five years. Progestin-only methods use a hormone similar to the progesterone made by a woman’s ovaries to prevent ovulation, thicken the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from joining an egg, and may also prevent a fertilized egg from attaching to...
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...Ovaries: Each month, the ovary releases 1 egg that contains genetic code b. Fallopian tubes: passageway to the uterus after fertilization 2. Describe what occurs in one of the phases of the ovarian cycle. a. Ovulation: LH spike occurs and the woman is fertile 3. Describe the function of one of the internal male reproductive organs. a. Epididymis transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes 4. Describe what occurs during an erection of the penis. a. Blood vessels of corpora cavernosa relax and dilate, blood rushes in through cavernosus arteries to fill them. Blood gets trapped under high pressure, causing an erection. 5. List two of the processes that occur with sexual stimulation of the female reproductive organs. a. The vagina elongates, expands, and becomes lubricated; Clitoral hood will retract during arousal before climax 6. The predominant anterior pituitary hormones that orchestrate the menstrual cycle include: a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) b. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) c. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) d. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 7. Which glands are located on either side of the female urethra and secrete mucus to keep the opening moist and lubricated for urination? a. Cowper's b. Bartholin's c. Skene's d. Seminal 8. The ovarian cycle comprises all of the following phases except: a. Secretory b. Follicular c. Ovulation d. Luteal 9. Which hormone is produced in high levels to prepare...
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...been born. In order to produce offspring, the male and female reproductive systems have to be different. Each system has different parts, problems and care. Each system have different purposes, the male reproductive system’s function is to produce sperm, while the female reproductive system’s function is to produce ova, store ova and house a fertilized egg. The male reproductive system is divided into two categories: internal and external reproductive organs. External organs are outside the body and internal organs are inside the body. The external reproductive organs are the penis, testes, scrotum, epididymis, and somniferous tubules, which are in the testes. The penis allows liquid waste and semen to leave the body. The testes, which are comprised of somniferous tubules, produce sperm. Sperm mixes with seminal fluids to produce semen. Semen is released through the penis and sperm in the seminal fluid has the ability to fertilize an egg. The scrotum protects and holds the testes and epididymis. The epididymis stores sperm. It also allows them to mature The internal reproductive organs are the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland, and the prostate gland. The vas deferens extends from each epididymis. They allow the sperm to leave the scrotum and mix with seminal fluids. The seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland, and the prostate gland have similar functions. They are located at the base of the penis and they produce and store seminal fluid. There are numerous problems...
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...Stimulating Hormone Releasing Factor (FSH-RF) to tell the pituitary to do its job. The pituitary then secretes FSH and LH into the bloodstream which causes the follicles to begin to mature. The follicles then release the hormone estrogen. As the follicles mature over the next several days more and more estrogen is released. LH causes the most mature follicle to release an egg (ovulation). Some women experience cramping during ovulation. Basal body temperature rises after ovulation. The follicle that released the egg becomes the corpus luteum which releases progesterone and estradiol. LH and FSH decline. Estrogen rebuilds the endometrial tissue and stratum functionalis. Progesterone causes the endometrium to thicken by being covered in mucous. The involution of corpus luteum causes the decline in progesterone. This decline causes tissue necrosis and the stratum functionalis sloughs off causing menstruation. This all happens if egg implantation in the endometrium does not occur. During menstruation blood, endometrial tissue, and serous fluid are discharged. 2. Barrier Methods include the female and male condom and diaphragm Female condom: Worn inside the vagina. Blocks sperm from reaching the women’s cervix Male condom: A thin sheath made from latex, polyurethane, or lamb’s skin. It covers the man’s erect penis and prevents sperm from entering a women Diaphragm: A shallow latex cup placed in the vagina. Before having sex, spermicide is added to the device to kill the sperm. The diaphragm...
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