...Income elasticity of demand measures the relationship between a change in quantity demanded for good X and a change in real income. The formula for calculating income elasticity is: % change in demand divided by the % change in income Normal Goods Normal goods have a positive income elasticity of demand so as consumers’ income rises more is demanded at each price i.e. there is an outward shift of the demand curve Normal necessities have an income elasticity of demand of between 0 and +1 for example, if income increases by 10% and the demand for fresh fruit increases by 4% then the income elasticity is +0.4. Demand is rising less than proportionately to income. Luxury goods and services have an income elasticity of demand > +1 i.e. demand rises more than proportionate to a change in income – for example a 8% increase in income might lead to a 10% rise in the demand for new kitchens. The income elasticity of demand in this example is +1.25. Inferior Goods Inferior goods have a negative income elasticity of demand meaning that demand falls as income rises. Typically inferior goods or services exist where superior goods are available if the consumer has the money to be able to buy it. Examples include the demand for cigarettes, low-priced own label foods in supermarkets and the demand for council-owned properties. The income elasticity of demand is usually strongly positive for • Fine wines and spirits, high quality chocolates and luxury holidays overseas. • Sports...
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...Price Elasticity of Demand Register for FREE to remove ads and unlock more features! Learn more A good's price elasticity of demand is largely determined by the availability of substitute goods. Learning Objectives • Explain how a good's price elasticity of demand may be different in the short term than in the long term. • Relate the existence of close substitutes to a good's price elasticity of demand. ________________________________________ Key Points o A good with more close substitutes will likely have a higher elasticity. o The higher the percentage of a consumer's income used to pay for the product, the higher the elasticity tends to be. o For non-durable goods, the longer a price change holds, the higher the elasticity is likely to be. o The more necessary a good is, the lower the price elasticity of demand. ________________________________________ Term • Substitute Good A good that fulfills a consumer need in a way that is similar to another good. Register for FREE to remove ads and unlock more features! Learn more Full Text The price elasticity of demand (PED) is a measure of how much the quantity demanded changes with a change in price. The PED for a given good is determined by one or a combination of the following factors: • Availability of substitute goods: The more possible substitutes there are for a given good or service, the greater the elasticity. When several close substitutes are available, consumers can easily switch from one good to another...
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...Elasticity of demand is the degree to which demand for a good or service varies with its price. Elasticity of demand is seen most with confectionary and other non-essentials such as cars and appliances. Sales go up as prices go down and as prices go up sales go down. Cross-price elasticity measures the responsiveness of demand for a good that occurs in response to a percentage change in the price of another good. Complements are goods with a negative cross of elasticity demand. These goods are normally used with each other such as cars and gas. As the price of gasoline goes up the sale for cars goes down. In contrast, substitutes are goods with a positive cross elasticity demand. As the price of one good increases the demand for another good will also increase. As the price of butter increases consumers will buy more margarine. Income elasticity measures the change in quantity demanded of a good and the change in income for the people using that good. If income is increased by 20% and the demand for a good is increased by 30%, the income elasticity would be 1.5. When there is negative income elasticity, the increase in income will cause a decrease in inferior goods, and possible the increase in luxury substitutes. As income increases, the demand for inexpensive cars will fall and the demand for higher-end models increases. The inexpensive car is considered an inferior good . The opposite of inferior goods is normal goods. Normal goods have positive income elasticity...
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... 1. Elasticity of demand measures the change in the quantity demanded due to the price changes in the market. This can also be characterized as a change in percentage to both the quantity demanded and the price. Durable items, such as appliances or automobiles, show elasticity of demand because these products can be bought infrequently and are not a consumer necessity. These durables can be purchased at leisure or when the prices are low. Elasticity of demand is measured by the number of substitutes available, the degree of necessity, and the price of a good as a proportion of income. Cross-price elasticity is a measure between the price changes or demand for one good affects the change in the price of another good. When the cross-price elasticity is negative, goods are referred to as complements. If there is an increase in price of a good that results in the decrease of the quantity demanded of another product, then both products are considered to be complements of each other. When the cross-price elasticity is positive, goods are called substitutes. If there is an increase in the price of one product that results in the increase of the quantity demanded of another product, then both products are seen as substitutes. Because of cross-price elasticity, goods that compete with one another are often paired together in the market (economics.about.com). Income elasticity measures the change between the quantity of a good demanded and a change in income. Income elasticity is the...
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...1. Elasticity of Demand measures sensitivity of the demand for a good to a price change. If the price of a good matters little, a change in the price of that good will have a small impact on one’s willingness to sell or buy and this would indicate an inelastic situation. However, if a small change in prices causes substantial changes in one’s willingness to buy or sell, the good is said to be elastic. McConnell, Brue, and Flynn (2012) note that when demand is elastic a decrease in price will increase total revenue because even though the price is less the additional goods sold make up the difference. Conversely, if the demand is inelastic, price decreases reduce total revenue. When the percent of increase or decrease in the price of a good is equal to the demand percentage the case is unit elastic. 2. Cross-price elasticity of demand measures the sensitivity of quantity demanded of a good when the price changes on another good. When two goods are substitutes, the price of one good increases the demand for another good. Airlines A and B have routes that are the same. As airline, A raises the price of their tickets consumers will likely change to airline B. This is a simple explanation of substitution. A good is considered a complement to another when the demand of product A is increased after the price of product B is decreased. 3. Income elasticity measures the relationship between a change in demand for a good and the change in income. Income elasticity is calculated...
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...Correct : Producer surplus is the difference between the minimum price the producer is willing to receive and what they actually receive. The surplus is their profit, and the larger the surplus, the greater their profit on the good. When it decreases, the producer receives a price closer to the minimum acceptable. The consumer surplus measures what the consumer is willing to pay and that price’s difference from the market price. The closer to the market price, the higher the consumer surplus, as consumers are spending less than they are willing to, and the less spent, the lower the revenue will be for the good. Materials • Producer Surplus 2 . An increase in the price of an inelastic goods • C. increases revenues Correct : Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers continue to purchase even when the price increases. This increases the revenue, as more is paid for each good. The percentage change in price increases faster than the change in quantity, which may remain constant. When more is paid for a good or a service, revenue increases. Materials • Price Elasticity and the Total-Revenue Curve • Inelastic Demand 3 . Price elasticity of Demand increases whe • C. people become more price sensitive over time Correct : Price elasticity of demand measures the percentage...
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...Definitions Elasticity of Demand Elasticity of Demand was developed by Alfred Marshall for measuring consumer’s reaction to demand of a change in price of goods or services. It is measured in percentages of demand requirements of a product after a price has changed even slightly. Cross-price Elasticity Cross – Price Elasticity occurs when the price change of a product affects the consumer demand of a completely different product. In the case of substitute products, cross-price elasticity happens when a substitute product is entered in to the market at a higher price than the original product and consumers continue to purchase the lower priced product. If the products are complements of each other, the rise in price of one of the products will cause both products demand to fall. For example, if the price of eggs rises the demand for bacon will decrease because of the association of eggs and bacon. Income Elasticity Income Elasticity measures the response of quantity demand of consumers as their incomes either rise or fall. Normal goods are products where demand increases with the increase of consumer income and decreasing demand when income levels fall while prices stay the same. Income elasticity is positive when associated with normal goods. Normal goods are classified as either necessity goods (food, power, and housing) or superior goods (caviar, luxury cars). Inferior goods are associated with a negative elasticity of demand because when consumers’ incomes increase...
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...Consumers [Consumer Choice & Elasticities] (Section 6) I. Definitions Utility [Felicity] (Satisfaction)- The benefit or satisfaction a person gets from a choice or action Marginal Utility (MU)- The additional utility someone gets from consuming an additional unit of a good. Marginal Utility Formula = ∆ Total Utility ∆ Quantity Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility- As someone consumes more of a good marginal utility will eventually decline (as consume more the increase in utility will be smaller each time) ExsMarginal Benefit (MB)- Maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for an additional unit of a product. The dollar value of a consumer’s utility of consuming an additional unit: So it f______ as consumption increases 1 II. The individual: Demand curve & consumer choice Marginal Benefit reexamined What does it really mean if a consumer is willing to pay up to (at most) $10 for an additional unit of the product. Marginal Utility per $ spent: MU Good A Price of good A Interpret: MU A P A Ex: Buying one more burrito (from 1 to 2) gives you an ↑ in utility of 10 & costs $5 2 A. Deriving a demand curve for slices of pizza for Carlos Slices 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Utility 0 200 390 570 740 900 1030 1130 1200 1240 MU if P MU X 200 P=$2 MU if P P=$1 MU if P P=$0.50 10 Cheeseburgers That cost $0.50 Total Utility 130 240 340 430 505 555 580 595 605 610 Slices 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MU 130 MU P Carlos’...
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...applications of economic tools and analysis. To analyse the market, we will examine the price elasticity demand and income elasticity demand of tobacco products the factors affecting each of these and the externalities caused by this product. Further, to explore further into the tobacco market, this blog post will discuss the theory of Rational Addiction, which contributes greatly to tobacco consumption. A. Elasticity of tobacco products Before analysing the elasticity of the tobacco market, it is important to know the fundamentals of elasticity. To start, elasticity refers to the degree of change of the demand or supply of a product in response to change in price of the product. The elasticity of products varies because consumers may find some products more essential than others. A good or service is considered to be highly price elastic if a price increase leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded or supplied. Conversely, the demand and supply of price inelastic goods or services sees modest changes with any change in price. In most countries, the price elasticity of demand for tobacco products is fairly inelastic. This will be discussed further below. I. Calculating price demand elasticity To determine the price demand elasticity of a product’s demand curve, the following equation can be used. Elasticity, Ped = (% change in quantity / % change in price) If the elasticity value we obtain from the above formula is greater than or equal to 1, the demand curve...
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...2 A Define the following three terms A1. Elasticity of Demand is the consumers response or sensitivity to a change in price. It is classified as elastic, inelastic, or unit elasticity. Elastic demand is when a specific percentage change in price results in a larger percentage change in quantity demand. Inelastic demand is when a specific change in price produces a smaller percentage change in quantity demand, Unit elasticity is when the percentage in change in price is the same as the percentage change in demand. A2. Cross Elasticity of Demand is the ratio of percentage change in quantity demand of one good to the percentage in the price of some other good. A positive coefficient indicates the tho products are substitutes a negative coefficient indicates the two products are complementary. A zero or near zero cross elasticity means the products are considered independent. A3.Income Elasticity of Demand is the ratio of the percentage change in the quantity demand of a good to a percentage change in consumer income; it measures the responsiveness of consumer purchases to income changes. A positive coefficient means more of the product is in demand as income rises, they are known as normal goods. A negative coefficient mean purchasing of a product decreases as income rises means the product is an inferior good. B. Explain the elasticity coefficients for each of the three terms defined in part A. B1. Elasticity of Demand. If the coefficient is greater then 1...
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...Pepsi, A reflection on its price & income elasticity Laura-Ashley Williams Colorado Technical University Author Note This paper was prepared for [ECON212], [CS13-01], taught by [Professor James Pirner] on [July 23, 2014]. Introduction The product chosen was Pepsi. It is a product produced by PepsiCo, which is one of the world's top marketer of premium juices and soft drinks. PepsiCo offers products to over 200 countries and territories, and our Global Brands are our biggest sellers. Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines internationally. Pepsi-Cola was created in the late 1890s by Caleb Bradham, a New Bern, N.C. pharmacist. Pepsi is one of the world’s most iconic and recognized consumer brands globally. Today, the Pepsi portfolio includes three products - Pepsi, Diet Pepsi and Pepsi MAX — that each generates more than $1 billion in annual retail sales. Today, more than ever, consumers are seeking new options for their snacking and beverage occasions. And now, more than ever, PepsiCo is strongly committed to providing a wide range of foods and beverages, from treats to healthy eats. In order to understand how Pepsi remains a product that meets or exceeds the customers’ expectations, I will describe the price and income elasticity of the product. Also, explaining any cross-elasticities that are involved. Pepsi's Price Elasticity The elasticity of demand for a commodity is the rate at which...
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...Supply and Demand A. Elasticity of demand refers to the level of reaction that consumers will have to a change in price of a product. Elasticity of demand has 3 categories or results from the equation. The equation used to determine elasticity of demand is the percentage of change in quantity of demand divided by the percentage of change in price. After this equation is calculated you will need to compare the answer or coeeficient with the critical threshold. For elasticty of demand the critical threshold is 1. If the result is a number higher than the number one than the product will be said to be elastic. If the product is determined to be elastic than it is sensitive to price and consumers will react more by buying less of the product. Elastic products have a rate of more than one. If the result of the equation is lower than the number one than the product is said to be Inelastic. These products are considered less price sensitive than those that are elastic meaning that the reaction of less sales from consumers will be smaller than in a situation where a product is elastic. Finally, if the result of the equation is equal to the number one then the product is considered unit elastic. This occurs when any percentage change in price results in the exact same change in quantity demand. This is very rare and does not occur often. B. Another type of elasticity to measure is cross price elasticity. Cross price elasticity measures the consumer reaction or demand in...
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...EGT: Task 2 Elasticity of demand references the level of reaction that a consumer will display to a price change of a particular product. In general, this term describes a % change in the quantity demanded in response to % change in pricing. The general equation used to calculate elasticity of demand is defined as: (Gillespie, 2010). This number is then compared as a critical threshold. In the case of elasticity of demand, the critical threshold number is 1. If the result is greater than 1, the product is said to be elastic. Highly elastic products can offer a slight change in pricing and expect a sharp change in the demand for that product. If this number is less than 1, it is referenced as inelastic. These particular products are considered less price sensitive and can expect only slight demand for change in pricing, regardless of degree. In rare occasions, the elasticity of demand will be a perfect 1 and the unit will be considered unit elastic. Unit elastic essentially means that any change in price, whether large or small, triggers exactly the same percentage change in quantity (1- to -1 match). Cross price elasticity measures consumer responsiveness for the demand of a particular product to the change in price of a similar product. The equation for determining cross price elasticity is as follows: (Robert, 2008). Unlike elasticity of demand, this calculation is capable of producing negative results and the threshold number is 0. In the case of a positive...
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...A. 1. Elasticity of demand: According to McConnell, Elasticity of demand is the degree to which changes in prices and incomes affect the supply and demand,” (p 76). In other words elasticity tells us how much a price change effects sales or demand of a product. Elasticity can be measured and referred to as: elastic, unit elastic or inelastic. Elasticity of demand is measured: Ed=percentage change in quantity demanded of productpercentage change in price of product If the result is a coefficient greater than one the product price is elastic, if the result is equal to one it is considered unit elastic, and if the coefficient is less than one it is inelastic. 2. Cross-price elasticity: Cross-price elasticity refers to the elasticity of a product when there is a substitute, or compliment product to be considered. According to McConnell, (2012) “The cross elasticity of demand measures how sensitive consumer purchases of one product (say, X) are to a change in the price of some other product (say, Y). “ A substitute product is a product that can be used in place of the original product, at the consumer’s discretion. A compliment is a separate product that is generally purchased to be used with the original product, like peanut butter and jelly. E xy =percentage change in quantity demanded of product xpercentage change in price of product y If the coefficient results are more than zero, the product is considered a substitute product. If the result...
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...University Economics and Global Business Task 2 Egt1: Task 2 A) Elasticity of demand is describes as the degree of percentage change in demand for a good or service due to variation in price. Elasticity measurements can be expressed by three types of demand; inelastic demand, unit elastic demand, or relatively elastic demand. To determine the percentage of change in demand for a product or service the price elasticity equation and coefficient are used. The coefficient Ed is defined as “the percentage change in quantity demanded of product divided by the percentage change in price of product X” (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2012, pg. 76) The three expressions of Ed are Elastic, Inelastic, and Unit Elasticity. Elastic demand occurs “if a specific percentage change in price results in a larger percentage change in quantity demanded” (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2012, pg. 77). For a product with inelastic demand Ed < 1. An example of elastic demand is when there is a 2% decrease in the price of chocolate that results in a 6% increase in quantity. Ed= .06/.02 = 3 Inelastic demand occurs “if a specific percentage change in price produces a smaller percentage change in quantity demanded.”(McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2012, pg. 77) For products with inelastic demand Ed <1. An example of inelastic demand is when there’s a 2% decrease in the price of milk that results in a 1% increase of demand. Ed= .01/.02 = .5 Unit elasticity of demand occurs “where a percentage change in price and the resulting...
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