... Inflation is a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. Unemployment rate refers to the number of people actively looking for a job but unable to find one (Colander, 2013, p. 5). Business cycle is a cycle or series of cycles of economic expansion and contraction (Colander, 2013, p. 5). Economist analyzes each of these factors to determine the state of the economy. We live in an environment that is constantly changing. There are a number of factors, behaviors and trends that affect the economy. One event can caused a domino effect. This paper will outline how scenarios such as purchasing groceries, massive layoffs, and a decrease in taxes affects government, households, and businesses. PURCHASING GROCERIES As simple as it seems, the task of buying groceries can be very difficult during harsh economic times. During these times, families must decide what foods are needed and what items can they do without. Consumers may opt to purchase foods that can make multiple meals such as rice or chicken. When the economy is struggling, consumers become more cost conscience and are more likely to monitor their spending habits. This can also have a negative effect on the government, and business. A large percentage of food sold in the United States is imported from other countries. For examples, bananas are widely produced in countries such as Columbia, Costa Rica, and Ecuador. If the sales of bananas are reduced significantly, it could spark changes in the...
Words: 728 - Pages: 3
...With the help of this money, they are planning to spread this project in different forest areas of the world. The next project of the RFCx is likely Ecuador, which will begin in summer 2016. Also the RFCx team has been invited to Philippines by the Filipino government. They have also partnered with Orangutan Outreach, and are currently working in threatened areas of Borneo and Sumatra, with an emphasis to protect the orangutans. The RFCx team is planning to support the Tembe population in Brazil. In recent times, the land owned by this Tembe population is being massively deforested by illegal loggers. Reports show that the logging has risen about 151% between 2011 and 2012. The RFCx team plans to install their devices at every key access point where cellphone services already exist. This could help the RFCx devices to register sounds...
Words: 1004 - Pages: 5
...Advertisement."" tabindex="-1"> Skip Article Header. Skip to: Start of Article.AUTHOR: JULIA GREENBERG.JULIA GREENBERG DATE OF PUBLICATION: 06.15.15.06.15.15 TIME OF PUBLICATION: 7:00 AM.7:00 AM THE WEB WILL EITHER KILL SCIENCE JOURNALS OR SAVE THEM GETTY IMAGESSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IS awesome—we read it, we build upon it, we innovate with it, and we love it.But the process of getting research from the scientists who spend months or years with their data to the academics who want to read it can be messy. It takes a long time. It’s expensive. And the researchers involved give their work away for free—as do the peer-reviewers who approve it. Many researchers have long believed publishing power has evolved to lie in the hands of a few big companies, like, say, Reed-Elsevier and Springer. But none had ever done a study to see if that was true.Vincent Larivière, a researcher at the University of Montreal’s School of Library and Information Science, decided to do what any good scientist does: Test the hypothesis. Turns out the hunch was right. “In fact, we did not think things would be this bad,” he says.In a study published last week, Larivière, along with his co-authors Stefanie Haustein and Philippe Mongeon, found that in the natural and medical sciences as well as the social sciences and humanities, five major publishers “account for more than 50 percent of all papers published in 2013.” Those publishers include Reed-Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, and Taylor & Francis...
Words: 2098 - Pages: 9
...According to the United Nations (UN) a developing country is a country with a relatively low standard of living, underdeveloped industrialized base, and moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI). This index is a comparative measure of poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy and other factors for countries worldwide. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani and economist Mahbub ul Haq, and has been used since 1993 by the United Nations development program. In order for a country to become a developed nation, it would involve a modern infrastructure, (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction. Developed countries usually have economic systems based on continuous self-sustaining economic growth and high standards of living unlike that of a developing country. Policies that make an economy open to trade and investment with the rest of the world are needed to sustain economic growth, especially for developing nations. No country in recent decades has achieved economic success in terms of significant increases in living standards for its people, without being opened to the rest of the world. In contrast, trade opening, (along with opening to foreign direct investment), has been an important element for economic success. Opening up their economies to the global economy has been essential in assisting many developing countries to develop comparative advantages in the manufacture of...
Words: 1122 - Pages: 5
...the Democratic Change is the political party in power. Founded in the World Fact Book, major products that are exported are gold, bananas, shrimp sugar, iron, steel waste, pineapples, and watermelons and the top exporters are the United States, Canada, Costa Rica, Netherlands, Sweden and China. The major imports are fuel products, medicines, vehicles, iron & steel rods, and cellular phones. The major countries imported are United States, China, Costa Rico, and Mexico. The Panama’s currency is the Panamanian Balboa (PAB) and the currency is freely exchanged. (The World Fact Book) Panama was discovered by the Spanish in the 16th century, and moved from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia - which included Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. With help from the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia and signed a treaty with the United States allowing for the construction of the Panama Canal, and US sovereignty over a strip of land on any side of the structure. The project that started in 2007, and could double the capacity of the Canal, is to be completed in 2015. (The World Facts Book) According to BBC News, “Lying at the crossroads of the North and...
Words: 1458 - Pages: 6
...International Management, 7e (Deresky) Chapter 1: Assessing the Environment Political, Economic, Legal, Technological 1) Which of the following is characterized by networks of international linkages that bind countries, institutions, and people in an interdependent global economy? D) globalization 2) All of the following factors contribute to globalization EXCEPT ________. C) higher number of trade restrictions 3) Which of the following is the most highly globalized in regards to economic integration, technological connectivity, personal contact, and political engagement? A) Singapore 4) Most small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are ________. C) contributing to their national economies through exporting 5) Gayle Warwick Fine Linen owes its success as a global business primarily to the firm's ________. B) labor outsourcing in Vietnam 6) Which of the following are the three dominant currencies in the world today? C) Euro, Japanese yen, U.S. dollar 7) Most of today's world trade takes place in which three trade blocs? C) European Union, Asia, and the Americas 8) The European Union currently consists of how many nations? B) 27 9) Which of the following is NOT one of the Four Tigers? D) Thailand 10) Which of the following best explains China's success in exporting? A) low costs and steady stream of capital 11) Which of the following is NOT a true statement about India? A) India's biggest contributor to growth is its excellent infrastructure. 12) India's economic boom is most likely...
Words: 4511 - Pages: 19
...CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS A World Bank Policy Research Report CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS REDUCING PRESENT AND FUTURE POVERTY Ariel Fiszbein and Norbert Schady with Francisco H.G. Ferreira, Margaret Grosh, Nial Kelleher, Pedro Olinto, and Emmanuel Skoufias ©2009 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 12 11 10 09 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions...
Words: 55566 - Pages: 223
...The pursuit of financial stability* It gives me great pleasure to address this gathering at the 7th Annual Conference on Money and Finance in the Indian economy organised by the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR). Issues related to monetary policy and financial sector continue to attract a lot of research interest all over the world and this is all the more true for emerging economies like India which are gradually integrating with the rest of the world. Accordingly, the initiatives taken by the IGIDR to hold annual conferences on the topic of Money and Finance to bring together researchers and policymakers are indeed welcome. 2. With growing financial openness, globalisation and liberalisation, financial stability issues have come to the forefront. These issues have ranged from discussions on basic issues of the definition of financial stability itself to issues of measurement, issues of choice of instruments to achieve the objective of financial stability and even issues on the degree of activism that central banks should adopt in pursuing this objective. 3. Traditionally, it has been believed that monetary stability leads to financial stability. However, as the events of the 1990s show, it need not necessarily be the case. While there are complementarities between these two objectives, especially in the long run, the same need not hold in the short-run. A stable macroeconomic environment - low and stable inflation, sustained growth and low interest...
Words: 3379 - Pages: 14
...CHAPTER 2 THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT SUMMARY A. The economic environment is a major determinant of global market potential and opportunity. In today’s global economy, capital movements are the driving force, production is uncoupled from employment, and capitalism has vanquished communism. Based on patterns of resource allocation and ownership, the world's economies can be categorized as market capitalism, centrally-planned capitalism, centrally-planned socialism, and market socialism. The final years of the twentieth century were marked by transitions toward market capitalism in many countries that had been centrally controlled. However, great disparity still exists among the nations of the world in terms of economic freedom. B. Countries can be categorized in terms of their stage of economic development: low income, lower middle income, upper middle income, and high income. Gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income (GNI) are commonly used measures of economic development. The 50 poorest countries in the low-income category are sometimes referred to as least-developed countries (LDCs). Upper middle-income countries with high growth are often called newly industrializing economies (NIEs). Several of the world’s economies are notable for their fast growth; the BRIC nations include Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The Group of Seven (G7), Group of Eight (G-8), and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) represent...
Words: 8143 - Pages: 33
...CASE: OB-72 DATE: 3/16/09 KIMBERLY-CLARK ANDEAN REGION: CREATING A WINNING CULTURE The culture is innocent. It is really difficult when you are a grown-up to be a kid again. —Sandra Benavides, Peru The new generations have different expectations, they have been exposed to new information and trends; they are more inclined to think in terms of people than the generation we grew up in. —Sergio Nacach, Head of Kimberly-Clark, Andean Region Sergio not only has done a terrific job in his own region, he became the evangelist, if you will, the missionary for the remaining countries and sub-regions in Latin American Operations. —Ramiro Garces, Vice President for Human Resources, LAO In the summer of 2008, Ramiro Garces, vice president of human resources for the Latin American region of Kimberly-Clark, the large consumer products company, was thinking about the many management changes spreading through the company almost like a virus. Less than a decade earlier, Kimberly-Clark had hired an Argentinean, Sergio Nacach, from Unilever. Nacach’s first job had been to run Kimberly-Clark’s operations in the small Central American country of El Salvador. Now, Nacach was running the Andean region for K-C and producing impressive business results. Because of his outstanding results, outgoing personality and willingness to talk to others about what he and his colleagues were doing, his management approach was generating interest throughout the company and particularly influencing its operations...
Words: 6660 - Pages: 27
...Foreign 99 Chapter III Direct investment by China in Latin America and the Caribbean A. Introduction Since 2008, China has become one of the world’s largest sources of direct investment. These flows first reached significant levels in Latin America in 2010, when it is estimated they surpassed US$ 15 billion. Chinese companies have in fact burst on the scene in the region so recently that several of the biggest projects were still being finalized in early 2011, or had only just been put into operation. Most investments have been made in natural resource extraction, but over the medium term this is expected to diversify into other sectors such as manufacturing and infrastructure construction. Paradoxically, there is a lack of data on this extremely important phenomenon, which poses a constant problem for policymakers and analysts studying Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI). Appraisals of the possible opportunities and challenges presented by this increased investment flow therefore tend to lack supporting empirical evidence. The aim of this chapter is to make some progress on this issue, at least as far as investment in the region is concerned. A variety of sources have been consulted, including investment announcements in the media and interviews with Chinese company managers and Latin American and Caribbean government authorities. Despite the evident limitations of this kind of material in terms of data quality and reliability, this course of action does provide...
Words: 20527 - Pages: 83
...Survey of Electronic Cash, Electronic Banking and Internet Gaming 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ..........................................................................................................................5 FOREWORD ..........................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 11 ELECTRONIC CASH .......................................................................................................... 15 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... SMART CARDS/STORED VALUE CARDS........................................................ The Basics ..................................................................................................... Stored-Value Card Issuers ............................................................................ COMPUTER E-CASH ............................................................................................ The Basics ..................................................................................................... E-Cash Issuers ............................................................................................... REGULATORY POLICY ......................................................................................... SUMMARY OF ELECTRONIC CASH IN...
Words: 39311 - Pages: 158
...The Process of Globalization, Deglobalization, and Reglobalization Lots of people questioning what had happened before, so then currently we come up with this kind of economic situation? What does it mean of globalization? When and how it is started? How does the process and its impact to the current world’s economic, politic, social, trade, technology, and culture dimension? How does the future of our world economic? And where are we now? In this essay I’m dividing the process of globalization into three stages which are globalization, deglobalization and reglobalization. Every stage on globalization process had caused many changes in global world. I’m going to explain when, why, and how each stage of globalization affect the world. Let me started with the first stage which is what we called as “Globalization”. We can describe Globalization as “A widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life such as economic, politic, and culture. It took place about a century ago between roughly 1850 and the start of World War I in 1914. We can defined "economic globalization" as the opening and deregulation of commodity, capital and labor markets which led to the present neoliberal globalization. "Political globalization" named the emergence of a transnational elite and the phasing out of the nation-state. "Cultural globalization" was the worldwide homogenization of culture. Globalization happened when transport costs rapidly...
Words: 3579 - Pages: 15
...This essay will first attempt to define globalisation and define neo-liberalism. There is a close interconnection between the two concepts, especially on an international level therefore their positive and negative impacts on crime and criminal justice will be discussed together and then a separate analysis of neo-liberalism and its effects on crime will be examined from a local perspective. Globalisation defined Globalisation is not static, but is rather a dynamic process which involves the growing interconnectedness of states and societies that enmesh human communities with each other, easy mobility of goods and services across countries, electronic communications transcending borders and creating independence from territorially confined units of political power (Massari 2003). These key tenets, which encompass the definition of globalisation, will be discussed with regard to their impacts on crime. Neo-liberalism defined Neo-liberalism can be defined as a set of political beliefs which include the idea that the role of the state in crime control should be minimal as the only legitimate purpose of the state is to protect the individual (O’Malley 2008). Neo-liberalism generally includes the belief that the most efficient way to organise all exchanges of goods and services in human society is through freely adopted market mechanisms leading to greater cost effectiveness, individual liberty and moral virtue (Thorsen & Lie 2000). Individuals in society are empowered...
Words: 3026 - Pages: 13
...North C arolin a Polic y Wa t c h Cru cial Co nv ersa tion The Trans-Pa cific Partnership: Worse than NAFTA? Septemb er 2013 Lori Walla ch Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch Outcomes of 20 Ye ars of NAFTA, WTO, FTAs… Crushing of Americ an Middle Class: more than 5 million US manufa cturing jobs (1 out of 4) & 60,000 US manufa cturing fa cilities gone. Millions of service sector jobs offshored: c all centers, computer, programming, engineering, a cc ounting. Wage “arbitrage” in a ra ce- to-the- bottom. U.S. re al median wages at ‘70s levels. Income inequality at Robb er-Baron-era levels. When manufa cturing, good jobs go tax bases shrink – and schools, public services, infrastructure cut, and construction sector unemployment soars. Floods of unsafe imported food, products. Financial deregulation, instability and repe ated financial crises. He alth, labor, land use, other public interest laws around world atta cked in foreign tribunals. Some dump ed. Initiatives chilled. Billions extra cted from taxpayers and paid to corporations for violations of new “rights.” Drug prices up. In poor nations, de adly cut in a cce ss to meds. Rich nation higher prices slam poor consumers, govt budg ets as Big PhRMA profits soar. U.S. loses 170,000 family farms. In ‘12, volume of U.S. food exports only 1% higher than ’95 (when NAFTA-WTO started). Imports of food now 97% above ‘95 level. Livelihoods of tens of millions of pe asant farmers destroyed, mass migrations...
Words: 4495 - Pages: 18
