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Elements

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>Canlı-cansız bütün varlıkların, sadece 109 adet elementin çeşitli biçimlerde birleşmeleriyle oluştuğunu biliyor muydunuz? >Tüm elementler birbirinin benzeri atomlardan; atomlar da birbirinin aynı olan parçacıklardan oluşur; Burada akla şöyle bir soru gelmektedir: Elementleri meydana getiren bütün atomlar aynı parçacıklardan oluşuyorsa, o halde elementleri farklı kılan, var olan sonsuz çeşitlilikte maddeyi oluşturan nedir? >Elementleri temelde birbirlerinden farklı kılan, atomlarının çekirdeklerindeki proton sayılarıdır. En hafif element olan hidrojen atomunda bir proton, ikinci en hafif element olan helyum atomunda iki proton, altın atomunda 79 proton, oksijen atomunda 8 proton, demir atomunda 26 proton vardır. İşte altını demirden, demiri oksijenden ayıran özellik, yalnızca atomlarının proton sayılarındaki bu farklılıktır. >Soluduğumuz hava, vücudumuz, herhangi bir bitki veya bir hayvan ya da uzaydaki bir gezegen, canlı-cansız, acı-tatlı, katı-sıvı herşey... Bunların hepsi, sonuçta aynı yapıdaki ancak farklı sayıdaki proton-nötron-elektronlardan meydana gelmiştir. Evrenin her parçasında kusursuz bir uyum ve denge vardır. Maddenin hangi özelliğini incelersek inceleyelim, maddeyi yoktan yaratmış olan Allahın sonsuz bilgi, akıl ve kudretini görürüz. Herşey Onun iradesine boyun eğmiştir ve dolayısıyla herşey kusursuz bir uyum içindedir. >Arabalar, bilgisayarlar, televizyonlar, evlerimizdeki fırınlar, kullandığımız telefonlar... Bu ürünlerin hepsi, demir, bakır, çinko, alüminyum gibi metallerden ve petrolün bir yan ürünü olan plastikten oluşur. Yani bu hammaddeler, özellikle de metaller dünya üzerinde bulunmasaydı ya da insanoğlunun bu maddeleri kullanma imkanı olmasaydı, hayatımızı bu denli kolaylaştıran teknolojiden söz etmek de mümkün olmayacaktı. >Karbon, canlılar için en hayati elementtir. Çünkü bütün canlı maddeler karbon bileşiklerinden oluşmuşlardır. Hücre zarından ağaç kabuğuna, göz merceğinden bir geyiğin boynuzlarına, yumurta beyazından yılan zehirine kadar son derece farklı organik yapıların hepsi, karbon temelli bileşiklerden oluşur. Karbon; hidrojen, oksijen ve azot atomlarıyla çok farklı geometrik şekil ve sıralamalarda birleşerek, son derece farklı maddeler meydana getirir. Peki karbonun yaklaşık olarak 1.7 milyon kadar bileşik yapabilmesinin sebebi nedir? >Karbonun en önemli özelliklerinden biri, birbiri ardınca dizilerek çok kolay zincir oluşturabilmesidir. En kısa karbon zinciri 2 karbon atomundan oluşur. En uzun zincirin kaç karbon atomundan oluştuğu konusunda ise kesin bir rakam verilememekle birlikte, yaklaşık olarak 70 halkalı bir zincirden bahsedilebilir. >İçinde sadece 6 proton, 6 nötron ve 6 elektron bulunduran bu atomun gücünü tam anlayabilme konusunda insan aklı yetersiz kalmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu atomun canlılık için önemli olan herhangi bir özelliğinin dahi evrimcilerin iddia ettiği gibi tesadüfen oluşması imkansızdır. Kısacası diğer herşey gibi karbon atomu da Allah tarafından, canlıların bedenlerine uygun bir biçimde yaratılmıştır.

>Periyodik tablonun en sonunda yer alan radyoaktif elementler daha dolaylı da olsa, yine insan yaşamına hizmet ederler. Michael Dentonın Natures Destiny (Doğanın Kaderi) adlı kitabında ayrıntılı olarak anlattığı gibi, söz konusu radyoaktif elementler (örneğin uranyum), Dünyanın jeolojik yapısının şekillenmesinde büyük rol oynamışlardır. Dünyanın çekirdeğindeki ısının saklanmasının radyoaktivite ile yakından ilişkisi vardır. Bu ısı sayesinde Dünyanın çekirdeğinde sıvı demir birikimi vardır ve Dünyanın manyetik alanı bu sayede korunmaktadır. >Periyodik tablo içinde yaşam için etkisiz gibi görünen ancak önemli işlevleri bulunan asal gazlar ve nadir toprak metalleri ise, atom üretme işleminin uranyuma kadar uzanabilmesi için geçilmesi gereken zorunlu basamaklardır. >Görüldüğü gibi, evrenin her parçasında insan yaşamını gözeten bir amaç ve bu amaca yönelik kusursuz bir uyum ve denge vardır. Maddenin hangi özelliğini incelersek inceleyelim, maddeyi yoktan yaratmış olan Yüce Allahın sonsuz bilgi, akıl ve kudretini görürüz. Herşey Onun iradesine boyun eğmiştir ve dolayısıyla herşey kusursuz bir uyum içindedir. >20. yüzyıl biliminin varmış olduğu bu sonuç ise, insanlara Kuranda bildirilmiş olan bir gerçeğin teyididir. Herşeyin Yaratıcısı olan Yüce Allah, evrenin her detayının Kendi yaratışının mükemmelliğini gösterdiğini, Kuranda insanlara şu şekilde bildirmiştir: <"O, biri diğeriyle tam bir uyum içinde yedi gök yaratmış olandır. Rahmanın yaratmasında hiçbir çelişki ve uygunsuzluk göremezsin. İşte gözü(nü) çevirip-gezdir; herhangi bir çatlaklık (bozukluk ve çarpıklık) görüyor musun? Sonra gözünü iki kere daha çevirip-gezdir; o göz umudunu kesmiş bir halde bitkin olarak sana dönecektir." (Mülk Suresi, 3-4) > >Elementlerle ilgili detay bilgiler: >Periyodik tabloda bulunan tüm elementlere, yaşama destek olmak üzere özel görevler verilmiştir. >Periyodik tabloda hidrojenden uranyuma kadar 92 tane element bulunur. Uranyum sonrası elementler, doğada bulunmazlar. Bu nedenle çağımızda laboratuvarlarda üretilmektedirler. >Periyodik tabloda bulunan 92 elementin 25 tanesi, yaşam için doğrudan gereklidir. Bunların 11 tanesi, yani; hidrojen, karbon, oksijen, azot, sodyum, magnezyum, fosfor, kükürt, klor, potasyum ve kalsiyum, canlı organizmaların yaklaşık %99.9unu oluşturan temel elementlerdir. Bunların dışındaki 14 element, yani; vanadyum, krom, mangan, demir, kobalt, nikel, bakır, çinko, molibden, bor, silikon, selenyum, flor ve iyot ise canlı bedenlerinde çok az miktarda bulunur, ama önemli işlevler üstlenirler. >Bu geniş yelpaze, periyodik tablonun farklı gruplarına bağlı atomları içermektedir. (Periyodik tabloda atomları özelliklerine göre ayıran gruplar vardır.) Bu durum ise, periyodik tablodaki farklı element gruplarının hepsinin bir şekilde yaşam için kullanıldığını göstermektedir. J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva ve R. J. P. Williams, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements (Elementlerin Biyolojik Kimyası) adlı kitaplarında şöyle yazarlar: "Biyolojik elementler, periyodik tablonun her grubundan ve alt grubundan özenle seçilmiş gibi görünmektedirler ve bu da her türlü kimyasal özelliğin, çevre şartlarının koyduğu sınırlar içinde, yaşam işlevleriyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir."

>Elementler, aynı cins atomlardan meydana gelirler. Genel özellikleri: * Saf maddelerdir. * En küçük yapı taşları atomdur. * Kimyasal ve fiziksel yollarla daha basit parçalara ayrıştırılamazlar. * Belirli erime ve kaynama noktaları vardır. * Sabit öz kütleleri vardır. * Homojendirler. * Sembollerle gösterilirler. * Doğada oda sıcaklığında katı, sıvı ve gaz halde bulunurlar.

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