...The main objectives in this lab included: determining the relationship between the energy, frequency, and the wavelength of waves, identifying line and band spectra, determining the relationship between the colors of the visible light spectrum and their corresponding wavelengths and frequencies, determining an unknown element and the measurement of its emission spectrum, and lastly understanding the difference between frequency, wavelength, velocity, and interference. To properly understand the frequency, wavelength, and interference a slinky was used to show the different variations. When the slinky was moved very quickly in short strokes, this resulted in a high frequency with shorter wavelengths. When the slinky was moved with huge, slow strokes, there was low frequency and long wavelength. Constructive interference was illustrated when both people on either side of the slinky sent their waves at the same time, and on the same side. They constructed together and the wave continued. Deconstructive interference...
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...“ATOMIC ABSORPTION 1” VARIAN SPECTRA AA200 EXPERIMENTS ANALYSIS OF MULTIVITAMINE TABLETS. Experiment # 1 Analysis of multivitamin tablets for copper and iron Instructor: Gregg Taylor Student: Martin Tadros ID#: 100288670 Date Perform: October 9, 2013 Lab Partner: N/A Note: This lab I did last semester Note 2: The lab done this semester the dilution I did was the problem. Will send this one as a reference that I understand the concept and calculation of the lab and will send another lab explaining the errors. AA1 - Varian Spectra AA 200 Experiments INTRODUCTION Concept: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectra analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements employing the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms. It is capable of measuring the concentrations of a wide variety of element in sample. In AAS method measures the light absorbed by the very large proportion of atoms in the ground state. It is a widely used technique due to its simplicity, effectiveness, and relatively low cost. Atomic-absorption (AA) spectroscopy uses the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. Since samples are usually liquids or solids, the analyses atoms or ions must be vaporized in a flame or graphite furnace. The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and make transitions to higher electronic energy levels. The analyse concentration is determined from the...
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...Fluorescein has a maximum absorption wavelength at (486±2) nm and maximum fluorescence emission at (517±2) nm. The cause in the shift of the wavelength between the absorbed and the emitted photons, known as the stroke’s shift, was caused by the collisional and vibrational non-radioactive decay in which some of the energy from the absorbed photon is converted into heat to the surrounding molecules. Hence the emitted photons have less energy and longer wavelength as: E=hv (1) These processes occur before the fluorescence because they have a much shorter lifetime (10-12 s) compared to the lifetime of the fluorescence (10-8 s) and thus competes effectively with fluorescence. Introduction: The aim of this experiment is to obtain the absorption and fluorescence spectrum in the organic dye molecule, Fluorescein. First, the spectrum of a xenon lamp was obtained using a monochromator combined with a photomultiplier tube detector. Then a fluorescence dye was inserted between the xenon lamp and the detector in order to obtain the absorption spectrum of the fluorescein dye. The equipment set up was then altered to investigate the fluorescence spectrum of the dye. The absorption spectrum and the fluorescence spectrum was plotted and compared. Theory: Fluorescence corresponds to the relaxation of the molecule from the singlet excited state to the singlet ground state with emission of light.1 In this experiment, the Fluorescence spectrum of a synthetic organic dye...
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...Diffraction Grating Lab 11 Possible Sources of Error: 1) Select this If measurements are used, Most measurements require you to estimate one significant figure. This estimation is frequently different if done repeatedly, especially if done by different people, and introduces "random error". Systematic error will come from an error in your measuring apparatus. Maybe your vernier is not zeroed. Maybe the diffraction grating is cheap and the lines/cm is not accurate, etc.So every measurement will be in error because of inaccurate instruments 2) Misreading the vernier scale. Not seeing the maximum left angle or right angle spectra, thus the average angle calculation doesn't match with the right wavelength for mercury. Difficulty in seeing the lines through the telescope. 3) Error in the number of slits per meter: the error in slit width is what causes the error in the number of slits per metre, so the proportional errors are the same. 4) Distance between light source and the surface Size of the light source Attenuation as it passes through air 5) If The measurement of the grating constant from relection off the meter scale was slightly more error-prone use this: Factors that might account for the error are irregularities in the grating, mistakes in the calibration, or similar systematic flaws. In this section you can include general statements saying: * Whether your measurements confirm the stated objectives. * What fundamental physical laws...
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...he discovered the Sun and most stars are primarily composed of hydrogen gases. By using the spectroscopy technique it was discovered that different objects give off and absorb different spectrums of light. Where the object falls in the spectrum of light can be determined by examining its peak intensity at each wave length of light. The light helps us to determine an objects composition, temperature, and rotation. There are three types of spectra used to evaluate light. Objects which absorb light at different wavelengths are referred to as absorption spectrum. The intensity of light drops in objects which absorb light and therefore appear as dark lines on a rainbow of colors. Objects such are stars, planets with atmospheres, and galaxies absorb light and are plotted in the absorption spectra. (Col, 2010) Emission spectrum gives off light at different wavelengths. The atoms and molecules in the hot gases create extra light and produce bright lines on a black background. Comets, nebula and certain types of stars fall in these spectra. (Col, 2010) Objects whose light gives off a rainbow of colors without interruption fall within the...
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...Study of Atomic Spectra using a Spectrometer Name: Steven Kenny Date: 10/11/2015 Lab Partner: Eóghan Fitzsimons Student Number: 14307559 Abstract The aim of this experiment is to investigate the atomic spectra of sodium and hydrogen and to accurately determine the wavelengths of the spectral lines in each case. This is done by using a spectrometer. The experiment was carried out in two parts. The first determining the wavelength of sodium spectral lines and the second investigating the spectrum of hydrogen. In part one, the separation of lines was 593.72. This allowed the wavelengths of each spectral line to be calculated. However, the spectrometer broke while carrying out part two of the experiment and values were calculated using values from literature. The Rydberg constant was calculated from the slope of a plotted graph and was 0.0000002. The value of no was 0.06131. Introduction and Theory The spectrometer is an instrument which tracks the angular separation of paths of light of different wavelengths from a discharge lamp passing through a dispersing element. A spectrum is produced. The wavelengths are produced when electron return from an excited state to a lower energy releasing light waves. The two diffracting gradients used in this experiment was 300 lines/mm and 600 lines/mm. The gratings behave like secondary waves when light is incident on them. The secondary waves will coincide. Where they collide is called the constructive interference. The condition for...
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...Gustav Kirchhoff Student: Austin Stilwell Class: PHY-151 Instructor: Prof. G.Camilo Lab Date: July 21, 2014 CVCC For my term paper I decided to research and write about Gustav Kirchhoff. Gustav was the son of a lawyer; he was born and educated in Königsberg, Prussia (now the Russian city Kaliningrad). He graduated from Albertus University in 1847 and soon after married Clara Richelot, the daughter of his mathematics professor. The couple immediately relocated to Berlin, where Kirchhoff had obtained an unpaid teaching position. In 1850, at the unusually young age of 26, he received an appointment as Professor Extraordinaire in Breslau (now Wroclaw), Poland (Gustav Robert Kirchhoff). Gustav is often referred to as the father of electrical currents. I chose to write my paper about Kirchhoff because; I am currently studying electrical engineering technology. A lot of the information that you learn freshman year is based around Kirchhoff’s Laws. In 1845, Kirchhoff became acquainted with Bunsen, who urged him to follow him to Heidelberg, Germany, which he did in 1854. As a professor of physics at the university there, Kirchhoff was very successful, but he did suffer personal adversity when his wife died in 1869, leaving him alone to finish raising their four children, a task made more difficult by a disability that often confined him to a wheelchair or to the use of crutches (Molecular Expressions). Gustav also announced his voltage laws at this...
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...What’s Way Out There? Big Idea: The Hubble Space Telescope image “Hubble Ultra Deep Field” shows a variety of objects in the very distant Universe that can be systematically and scientifically counted, organized, and classified. Computer Setup and/or Materials Needed: a) Access to the image at: http:// www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ That originated from http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0406.html b) Access to the SkyWalker website at: http://www.aip.de/groups/galaxies/sw/udf/swudfV1.0.html c) Note: There is no expectation that students have studied galaxies prior to completing this research project. Phase I: Exploration 1) Access the online Hubble Space Telescope Image at http:// www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0406a/ You might be able to make it larger and smaller by “left clicking” on the image with your mouse. Most of these objects are galaxies far, far from Earth. However, a few objects are nearby stars, as indicated by “four points” on the image, like shown at left. How many stars can you find? Seven 2) 2. Again, most of these objects are not individual stars, but actually distant galaxies—isolated collections of millions or billions of stars that look like a tiny dot or cloud. Determine how many galaxies are found in the image. One strategy to count the number of galaxies in the image is to just count the number of objects in ¼ of the image (the bottom left corner for example) and then multiply the...
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...Method Number: EPA 200.7 Revision Number: 3.0 Date: September 3, 2010 Clinical Laboratory of San Bernardino, Inc. Standard Operating Procedure for the Determination of Metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy 1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION: 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of dissolved elements in ground waters, surface waters, and drinking water supplies. It may also be used for the determination of total recoverable element concentrations in these waters and wastewaters. Dissolved elements can be determined after suitable filtration and acid preservation. Acid digestion procedures are required prior to the determination of total recoverable elements. To reduce potential interference, dissolved solids should be < 0.2% (w/v). Prepared samples may require dilution prior to analysis to avoid physical interferences. The method is applicable to the following analytes: Chemical Abstract Services Registry Numbers (CAS-No.) 7429-90-5 7440-39-3 7440-42-8 7440-70-2 7440-48-4 7440-50-8 7439-89-6 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7440-41-7 7440-43-9 7440-47-3 7440-02-0 7440-22-4 7440-09-7 7631-86-9 7440-23-5 7440-66-6 Dectection Limit of Reporting (DLR) 50 ppb 100 ppb 100 ppb 1 ppm 10 ppb 50 ppb 100 ppb / 40 ppb 1 ppm 20 ppb / 4 ppb 10 ppb 1.0 ppb 1.0 ppb 10 ppb 10 ppb 10 ppb 1 ppm 0.5 ppm 1 ppm 50 ppb 1.2 1.3 1.4 Analyte Aluminum (Al) Barium (Ba) Boron (B) Calcium (Ca) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Beryllium...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Nestle Nestlé was founded in 1867 on the shores of Lake Geneva in Vevey, Switzerland and its first product was “Farine Lactée Nestlé”, an infant cereal specially formulated by Henri Nestlé to provide and improve infant nutrition. From its first historic merger with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1905, Nestlé has grown to become the world’s largest and most diversified food Company, and is about twice the size of its nearest competitor in the food and beverages sector. Nestlé’s activities contribute to and nurture the sustainable economic development of people, communities and nations. Above all, Nestlé is dedicated to bringing the joy of ‘Good Food, Good Life’ to people throughout their lives, throughout the world. 1.2 History Of Nestle * The Nestlé Company was Henri Nestlé's search for a healthy, economical alternative to breastfeeding for mothers who could not feed their infants at the breast. * The Company formed by the 1905 merger was called the Nestlé and Anglo- Swiss Milk Company. The close of World War II marked the beginning of the most dynamic phase of Nestlé's history. Throughout this period, Nestlé's growth was based on its policy of diversifying within the food sector to meet the needs of consumers. * In 1947, Nestlé merged with Alimentana S.A., the manufacturer of Maggi seasonings and soups, becoming Nestlé Alimentana Company. After the agreement with L’Oreal in 1974, Nestlé's overall position...
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...------------------------------------------------- Gas chromatography Gas chromatography (GC), is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.[1][2] In gas chromatography, the mobile phase (or "moving phase") is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen. The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solidsupport, inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column (a homage to the fractionating column used in distillation). The instrument used to perform gas chromatography is called a gas chromatograph (or "aerograph", "gas separator"). The gaseous compounds being analyzed interact with the walls of the column, which is coated with a stationary phase. This causes each compound to elute at a different time, known as the retention time of the compound. The comparison of retention times is what gives GC its analytical usefulness. Gas chromatography is in principle similar to column chromatography (as well as other forms of chromatography, such as HPLC, TLC), but has...
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...Maria Vasilenko 223901 Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Master of Science Thesis Examiners: Professor Matti Karp Professor Raghida Lepistö Examiner and topic approved in The Science and Bioengineering Department Council meeting on 7.11.2012 Abstract TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Master‟s Degree Programme in Science and Bioengineering Vasilenko Maria: Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Seminar paper, 97 pages November 2012 Major: Biotechnology Examiners: Matti Karp, Raghida Lepisto Keywords: environmental pollution, heavy metals, biosensors, slurries The quality of bioslurries that are used in industrial production and agriculture need to be watched very closely to avoid spreading of contaminants on area and poisoning of humans and animals. Because heavy metals are very stable and toxic in many chemical compositions, their amount should be estimated very thoroughly. A new approach that involved biosensors was tested in this study. Because the slurries are complex non-unified matrices which composed of two phases – solid and liquid, the cell behavior can varies a lot from the one that explained in water and so the estimation of ion concentration can be not reliable. It was shown that the cell actually behave different in the slurries. Normally the dissolved compounds suppress the biosensor activity and, in the same time, the ions in the...
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...Chapter 10 : The Sun THE SUNS ATMOSPHERE * the sun is so hot that it neither has a liquid or solid matter anywhere inside of it * moving down into the sun there is denser and hotter masses Photosphere (“sphere of light”) * The photosphere is the innermost of layer of the three layers that comprise the suns atmosphere * A gas layer of the sun that has the most visible light * It is about 400 km thick * Density of the photosphere is low by the earth standards about 0.01% as the air we breathe * Photosphere has a blackbody spectrum that corresponds to an average temp of 5800K * The photosphere appears darkest toward the edge or limb of the solar disk , a phenomenon called limb darkening, * This occurs b/c we see regions of different temp at different depths of the photosphere Granules * lightly colored convection features about 100 km in diameter seen constantly in the solar photosphere * time lapse photography shows that granules form, disappear then reform in cylces that last several minutes Chromosphere (“sphere of color”) * is a dim layer of less dense stellar gas that is above the photosphere * It is the layer we normally see * Astronomers can also study the chromosphere through filters that pass light with specific wavelengths strongly emitted by it – but not by the photosphere – or through telescope sensitive to nonvisble wavelengths that the chromosphere emits intensely Spicules - Are...
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...The following list contains only selected spacecraft of interest to planetary science. It is far from complete (see below for more details). Much of the following was adapted from the sci.space FAQ. Past Missions Luna 2 impact on the surface of the Moon 1959 (USSR) Luna 3 first photos of the far side of the Moon 1959 (USSR) Mariner 2 the first successful probe to flyby Venus in December of 1962, and it returned information which confirmed that Venus is a very hot (800 degrees Fahrenheit, now revised to 900 degrees F.) world with a cloud-covered atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide. (more info from NASA Spacelink) Mariner 3 launched on November 5, 1964, was lost when its protective shroud failed to eject as the craft was placed into interplanetary space. Unable to collect the Sun's energy for power from its solar panels, the probe soon died when its batteries ran out and is now in solar orbit. It was intended for a Mars flyby with Mariner 4. Mariner 4 the sister probe to Mariner 3, did reach Mars in 1965 and took the first close-up images of the Martian surface (22 in all) as it flew by the planet. The probe found a cratered world with an atmosphere much thinner than previously thought. Many scientists concluded from this preliminary scan that Mars was a "dead" world in both the geological and biological sense. Mariner 9 Mariner 9, the sister probe to Mariner 8 which failed on launch, became the first craft to orbit Mars in 1971. It returned...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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