...Vernacular language is defined as the standard native language of a country or locality. Latin is a vernacular language that had an large impact on the medieval way of life. The Roman Empire spoke Latin and this language became a prominent part of the culture until the 1200 A.D. For years and years to come Latin language dominated the western world and were every the Roman Empire ruled this was the primary language that was used. When the Roman Empire began to fall the Latin language faded away and the countries began to use their vernacular language. These languages would one day be known as Portuguese, French, Spanish, Italian, and etc. The vernacular languages would also be considered as the large family of contemporary “Romance” languages (Matthews, 2011). Before the twelfth century, Latin was the major language that was used by writers. The developments of Latin were influenced by other native languages which included Celtic languages, Greek, and Etruscan (University of Calgary, 1996). Latin was continuously developed because there were significant differences in each period. These differences included those in the literary written language, and also in the differences in the spoken language of the educated and the less educated populace. Between 500 – 100 after the Empire, the peninsula was also using the vernacular language in the form of popular celebrations of religious festivals, improvisational troupes of actors, story-tellers, etc (Matthews...
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...The Ottoman Empire was founded in the year 1299, at this time only a small Anatolian state. However, the country had greater ambitions and sought to bring down the ailing Byzantine Empire. In 1453 they would realise this goal when Ottoman forces stormed the walls of Constantinople, declaring the great city as their new capital. Since then, the country entered a period of relentless conquest and expansion. The country reached its peak in the late 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent, boasting a vast empire that stretched over three continents. However, after the failure of the Ottoman plot to seize the Austrian capital, Vienna, the empire entered a gradual decline. Over the course of 4 centuries, the Ottomans would lose grip over their conquered territories, its borders creeping closer and closer to Constantinople. Nevertheless, the Ottomans remained a force to be reckoned with and an empire of enviable size. Throughout the mid to late 19th century, the Ottoman government would oversee an era of widespread social, political and economic reform known as Tanzimat, Turkish for reorganisation. Some of the key reforms included emancipation of non-Muslims, reorganisation of the military and financial system, the building of rail and telegraph infrastructure and a boom in the size of the Ottoman bureaucracy. In 1876 an Ottoman Constitution was introduced. While...
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...THE FATE OF EMPIRES and SEARCH FOR SURVIVAL Sir John Glubb John Bagot Glubb was born in 1897, his father being a regular officer in the Royal Engineers. At the age of four he left England for Mauritius, where his father was posted for a three-year tour of duty. At the age of ten he was sent to school for a year in Switzerland. These youthful travels may have opened his mind to the outside world at an early age. He entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in September 1914, and was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in April 1915. He served throughout the first World War in France and Belgium, being wounded three times and awarded the Military Cross. In 1920 he volunteered for service in Iraq, as a regular officer, but in 1926 resigned his commission and accepted an administrative post under the Iraq Government. In 1930, however, he signed a contract to serve the Transjordan Government (now Jordan). From 1939 to 1956 he commanded the famous Jordan Arab Legion, which was in reality the Jordan Army. Since his retirement he has published seventeen books, chiefly on the Middle East, and has lectured widely in Britain, the United States and Europe. William Blackwood & Sons Ltd 32 Thistle Street Edinburgh EH1 1HA Scotland © J. B. G. Ltd, 1976, 1977 ISBN 0 85158 127 7 Printed at the Press of the Publisher Introduction As we pass through life, we learn by experience. We look back on our behaviour when we were young and think how foolish we were. In the same way our family...
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...“The Rise and Fall Of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires” In the past, there have been many dominant and weak empires that have risen and fallen. The major three, which this applies to is the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. These empires were vigorous and had its high and low points. Something that they all have in common is that they come from Turkic origin. They also had a strong influence of Persian traditions in their military and families. On the other hand, the way their kings ruled, meaning what religion they allowed to be practiced, how women were treated and other things were different. Because of this, there were positive and negative effects of these empires falling. To begin, the Ottoman Empire began in the late 1200’s...
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...Kadir Has University History of Turkish Republic 4/9/2015 Shah Basit Hussain Qureshi 1- In your view, what were the reasons for the Ottoman Empire’s demise? How did competing internal and external factors play into the weakening of the empire? There were few vital reasons for the downfall of Ottoman Empire’s, linked with some of internal and external factors which played a important role to weaken the Ottoman’s empire. I will take this opportunity to write on this significant historical downfall factors of Ottomans Empire and I will write try to accomplish those major points from which this downfall led to Ottoman Empire. It was the second Egyptian crisis which manifested tensions in the Middle East. The elementary problems of the empire, caused by rising pressure between the different nationalities and communities, which the central government was not capable to get to the bottom of or control. Nevertheless for about 15 years they did not express to large-scale interference on the part of the enormous powers of Europe. The most aggressive internal conflict of these years was fought in the Lebanon. The tough man of the region was the Emir Bashir II, who belonged to the miniature religious group of the people of Druzes 3, but he was converted to Christianity and he ruled the Lebanon from his stronghold in the Shuf Mountains for almost 50 years. He had associated his providence strongly to the Egyptian professional forces, and when the concluding...
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...Many cultures are important in history, but the Abbadids were a major importance in history. They grew dramatically throughout the years that they ruled. With the years that the Abbasids ruled, many things happened. The Abbasids became one of the longest ruling and most impactful empires in history. Also, their empire’s rise was quick, their golden age was long lasting, and their fall was slow. These three things are the most important topics for a culture to focus on. Firstly, the Abbasids rise was fast. The Umayyads ruled before them. Factions, or opposing groups, grew angry with the way the Umayyads were ruling. Abu Muslim led the Abbasids to battle to overthrow the Umayyad rule in 750 A.D. He was a powerful general who supported the Abbasids as they overthrew the Umayyads and gained control over their people. Baghdad grew to become the new capital instead of Damascus because the Abbasids wanted to support the Malawi or non-Arab Muslims. Under their new ruler, Al-Mansur, the Umayyads past culture would continue....
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...The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire is the eastern Greek portion of the Roman Empire, sometimes termed the Later or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine Greeks presented themselves as Romans and their Empire as the Roman Empire. They perceived themselves as the prolongation of the Roman Empire and on no account utilized the term "Byzantine" to present themselves (Frucht, 2004). For the reason of administration, Diocletian (who ruled about 284-305) segmented the dominion of the empire among four emperors. He administered the eastern part of the empire (McMeans & Teacher Created Resources, 2010). The Empire was reunified in 324 when, conquered all his foes, and became the dominant authority of the entire empire. The Byzantine Empire may then be dated to Constantine's development of a second capital; that he modelled on Rome, at Byzantium (Frucht, 2004). So from the establishment of this city as a second Rome, the division of east from west was developed, and the east soon came out as the prevailing half. In 330, Constantine the Great relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople. There were a few reasons for that; one was that the city was a splendid defensive position. Secondly it approached the wealthy Eastern cities of the Empire and was close to the Military outposts edge with the Empire's principal rival, Persia (Frucht, 2004). Constantine also endorsed the initiation of Christianity from Constantinople. The eastern section of the Empire talked Greek as...
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...Falling of an Empire Roberto Hernandez History 107 6980 Classical Foundations Professor Pennington October 8, 2014 Introduction Thesis: The striking historical similarities between the Western Roman Empire and the United States of America are undeniable and can ultimately lead to the falling of the United States Empire. Section A: Dominant Superpower • Territories • Contributions to Civilization • Military Presence Section B: Similarities in Government • Laws • Republic • Senate Section C: Cultural and Economical Similarities • Entertainment • Welfare • Unemployment The Falling of an Empire The Roman Empire and its reign lasted for almost a thousand years (ca. 500 B.C.E.- 500 C.E.), with the largest agglomeration of land c.a. 120 C.E. (2.2Million sq. miles). Many have discussed what the reasons may have been for the Roman collapse in 476 C.E. Was the collapse due to barbarians, greed, corruption or the lack of moral values by the people and politicians? Maybe an overextended military in foreign land? Could it have been fiscal irresponsibility by their government that may have lead to the Roman Empires demise? Could it be all the above? Isaac Newton once said, “ what goes up must come down,” even largest superpower, Britain, that has ruled the most territory in history over a century ago, is no more. Both the Roman Empire and the United...
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...military successes of the Ottoman-Turk? In creating a third (non-Arab) Islamic Empire Modern Middle East 31 May 2012 Introduction The Ottoman success was largely due to the more advanced weaponry systems they had, because of the better equipment they had improved their battlefield success greatly. The Ottomans ruled a large area and let non-Muslims practiced their own religions long as they paid their taxes and obeyed the law. Summary The Ottoman Empire was a success because the military is made up of two distinct groups, the kapti kallari forces and the locals. The ghazis, which were the Turkish warriors, were largely responsible for the conquest of Anatolia. The first twelve sultans enjoyed long reigns, this was necessary because instability at the top is sure to force decline in any empire. Body One of the reasons was because of nationalism and a notion that a state and ethnic nation are very similar; early on the Ottoman Empire was defined by his ruler, by its faith, as well as its military, all acting in sync. The empire emerged from a number of Turkey smaller states in Anatolia that was left behind from the devastating Mongol Victory at Kose Dagh (1243) over the Sultanate, Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66). The reign of this great king represented the acme of Ottoman power. This was one of the finest states in the Western World, a universal empire unmatched in size, wealth and military power. Obviously, other explanations about...
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...During the post-classical era, the Mongol empire was civilized because it had an extensive system of organization for its processes and its promotion of trade & arts its region. However, it was also uncivilized because the Mongol empire, during its conquests, had slaughtered many people needlessly. The Mongol empire was civilized because of an organized system of processes. The Mongol military was organized based on the decimal system. “History of the Mongols,” by John of Plano Carpini, says “…in such a way that over 10 men should beset one man and he is what we call a captain of ten over ten of these should be placed one, named a captain of a hundred; at the head of ten captains is placed a soldier called a captain of a thousand….” Carpini was a European missionary who came between 1245 and 1247, suggesting that Mongol battle tactics may have changed after his departure, making his writings unreliable. This shows that the Mongol military was very flexible in many situations, since it had an intimate level of organization. They also had advanced battle tactics, based on deception and encirclement. In “Carpini on Battle Tactics,” by John Carpini, “The chiefs or princes of the army do not take part in the fighting, but take up their stand some distance away facing the enemy, and they sometimes make figures of men and set them on horses. They do this to give the impression that a great crowd of fighting men is gathered there.” This shows that Mongols were well organized, since...
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...British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time. The empire covered more than 33,700,000 km2, almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse across the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories. During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, and the Netherlands, began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America...
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...The Roman Empire The Roman Empire was one of the strongest empires in all of mankind. The Roman Empire has such a rich history and shows how power and strategic tactics can run an empire efficiently. The Roman Empire was characterized by an autocratic form of government which meant the top leaders made all the important decisions. They had a large territorial area around the Mediterranean which went into present day Europe, Africa, and Asia. Rome history starts at the time it was know as Rome Republic and was ran by royal Rome. There Imperium was in command and are represented by consuls and the senate and assembly. Rome in their Republic they started their conquest as they fought Carthage in three Punic Wars. Carthage main advantage was their navy and Hannibal was leading Carthage to victory over Rome and take over. But Rome had its own power in Scipio Africanus and he ended Hannibals victory run and they were able to hold Carthage back and became the the power of the west with a great strategic army. The fall of the Republic started with Julius Caesar he mid wife of the Roman Empire and was more of a dictator figure. Julius Caesar was part of the first triumvirate of the new Roman Empire. He was ulitmately betrayed at the end of his term. Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, would take over after Caesars untimely end. He lead Rome to its second triumvirate and was the first empire of Rome. After Emperor Augustus took over and was a very low profile ruler and...
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...Mongolian Empire: Globalization and the Silk Road The Mongolian Empire was one of the largest empires in history, engulfing a large majority of the Asian and Middle Eastern regions. The Empire was most prominent during the 13th and 14th century being ruled by Genghis Khan and his successors. During this time, the Mongolian Empire acquired large amounts of territory and was able to keep a sustainable rule under what is known as "Pax Mongolica". Pax Mongolica was the era of Mongolian peace where trade routes were established "making it possible for travelers and traders to cross back and forth within Eurasia" (Safavi-Abbasi, 2007). The Mongolian Empire was the start of a new era of transportation and trade as they provided, through migration, many new ideas and cultures, creating an early notion of globalization. Through the innovations set in place by the Mongolian Empire, greater emporia's were able to follow suit, expanding on the new ideas brought into action by the Mongols. "The presence of the Mongol states was essential for shaping the emporia’s local strategies of survival and development, in their role as components of a commercial as well as political mechanism that connected the Mediterranean markets to the great landmass of Eurasia beyond the Black Sea" (Di Cosmo, 2010). What made the Mongolian Empire so special was the opening of what is known as "Silk Road". The Silk Road was a trade network that connected the eastern territories to the Western territories...
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...Throughout the course of history, the main goal of many empires was to first survive in the harsh word, and then gain power in the world against fellow empires. For empires of the 15th and 16th century, that goal for survival and power was achieved, but not after a long and hard struggle, as neighboring empires where always a threat, and deadly outbreaks such as the Black Death decimated populations throughout Europe and surrounding areas. During this time, the Malian, French, and Aztec nation states used trade and conquest to survive, while establishing or reviving monarchal rule, with a degree of local government, to remain in political power. One of the nation-states that flourished into an empire long before the Atlantic trade world was...
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...three major Islamic Empires called the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughul. These Empires were alike in many ways, being Muslim. The Ottomans and Mughul’s viewed Iranians as cultural superiors. The Ottoman were inter-communal meaning they desired to have harmony between religious groups. This great empire is known as having one of the longest reigns, not breaking for 36 generations, was ruled by Suleyman the Magnificent. He was a fierce leader known for his brutality but effective ways. The form of government he used was abolished in 1923 and replaced by a republican form of government in Turkey. Suleyman was called “Kanuni” meaning lawful. The government was well staffed and organized. Everything was clear as to what was expected, leaving no confusion. The Ottoman’s were not liked by the rest of the world because of their unlimited resources making them a superpower. Anything was within their reach to help them grow into a strong successful empire. Suleyman oversaw huge structures to be built in the capital city. This helped to employ many. However most of his focus was towards conquests and military campaigns during his time as ruler. The most significant culturally and religiously influencing empire was the Safavid. From 1290 to 1918 most of the population ruled consisted of Persian, also eventually influencing the language used as well. Instead of focusing on the Military, like the Ottoman ruler Suleyman, Abbas was more interested in building a strong empire and growth. He devoted...
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