...Energy Harvesting Systems Tom J. Ka´ mierski · Steve Beeby z Editors Energy Harvesting Systems Principles, Modeling and Applications 123 Editors Tom J. Ka´ mierski z School of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK tjk@ecs.soton.ac.uk Steve Beeby School of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK spb@ecs.soton.ac.uk ISBN 978-1-4419-7565-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7566-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7566-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938327 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Energy harvesting...
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...P7 describe the three different energy systems and their use in sport activities ATP full name is adenosine triphosphate. It is found in cells and is a type of energy source. Your body’s cells have energy in which is ATP and most of the things that you do are powered by this, for example, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, and transportation of substrates, communication with other cells, activating heat control mechanisms, and dismantling damaged and unused structures. The alactic system uses ATP as the source of energy from the body. The alactic energy system does not need oxygen to function. This energy system is used for physical activity that includes strength, power and speed. For example deadlift and high jump. The alactic I system can give huge bursts of power in very short periods of time. However it only work for twenty seconds or so until the anaerobic lactic and aerobic energy systems take over and start to work. The one hundred metres is a good example because this type of physical activity needs short and fast bursts or energy....
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...BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF CENTRAL SECTION OF BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering By Pinpin, Jerome Garcia July 2014 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In the world of today, a major change in technology can be seen as an advantage. New and advance machines, computers and electrical appliances are developing fast. Universities and other colleges need high standard laboratories, HVAC system, and lighting system. Together with the development of technology, the demand for electrical supply also increases. With the growing population of students here in Nativitad Hall, we ask ourselves, is the capacity enough to satisfy the needs of students and our laboratories? This is where building management system comes into play. The buildings are being constructed in a manner to provide maximum comfort and ease to the people with minimum energy utilization. When properly executed, it can yield valuable insights into facility energy usage that can save energy costs, increase productivity and protect critical assets. Building Management system have been introduced to this world in 1970, initially it was started with very limited features but within time a lot of changes and modifications had been made. It is...
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...Intelligent Energy Management System Mayur D. Karathia1, Jignesh G. Bhatt2, and Himanshu G. Bhavsar3 Abstract—Saving electricity in industries and building is major concern today. Hence, Energy Management System (EMS) remained preferred area for researchers recently. The paper reports the work carried out at PG dissertation level and presents the detailed design and implementation of industrial grade EMS. Sensors and MODBUS-compliant modules are wired to form an RS-485 network at field level, which is connected to a PC based main controller. The proposed system online monitors and records the data of energy consumption, helps to understand energy consumption patterns and enhance energy efficiency and reliability of the system. Offline data based diagnosis helps to plan preventive actions to save electricity and further optimize overall system. Various functionalities of the proposed system have been validated through laboratory implementation. Index Terms—Automation, Human–Machine Interface Design, MODBUS, RS-485, Virtual Instrumentation II. EMS SUBSYSTEMS The EMS can be split into various subsystems[1][2] according to the basic functionalities implemented by it as mentioned below: A. Measurement Subsystem This subsystem handles routine tasks such as measurement, display, logging, updating and availing of data as and when necessary. These operations include acquiring energy data from remote energy meters and displaying the same data using Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs)...
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...In recent years a lot of studies focused on Energy Scavenging Systems (ESS) which is used to harvest the environmental energy and to convert it into electrical energy. The objective of an ESS is to replace the batteries, which are the classical power sources or to extend their life time as long as possible. A Self-Supplied Integrable Active High-Efficiency Piezoelectric Energy Scavenging System (ESS) was proposed in this paper. This paper presents an innovative, totally integrated, ambient mechanical energy scavenging system .This ESS can be operated in combination with the photo voltaic (PV) installation in order to • To increase the overall efficiency of the solar energy system (PV), • To keep on charging the storage batteries even when the power outputs of solar cells were negligible due to worst climatic conditions (clouds and heavy rains) and during nights. Hence to provide an uninterruptible and reliable source of energy, • Increase the load handling capability of the solar energy system, • Increase the amount of energy accumulated in the storage batteries, • ESS in combination with solar cells acts as additional energy source to charge the storage batteries, • Increase the life of the storage batteries. An Embeddable, non-life-limiting power source for Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN) can be realized Solar panels (PV) are well suited for the generation of electricity for domestic (small scale-typically for residential applications) and for remote...
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...ENERGY: Indian Demand- Supply Gap © Zinnov LLC. All Rights Reserved. 138 South Queenscliff Circle, The Woodlands, Texas -77382 Fax 1 419 844 2583 • Phone (US) 1 832 326 3854 • (INDIA) + 91 80 227 3130 Email: pari@zinnov.com W H I T E P A P E R W H I T E P A P E R 2 ENERGY: Indian Demand- Supply Gap Table of Contents ENERGY: Indian Demand- Supply Gap ...................................... 1 1.0 Overview ......................................................................... 3 1.1 Drivers and Inhibitors in Energy Sector..................................... 3 1.2 Major Industry Players............................................................ 4 2.0 Demand Supply Scenario .................................................... 4 2.1 Demand................................................................................ 4 2.2 Supply .................................................................................. 5 3.0 Primary Energy Requirements of India ............................... 6 4.0 Regulatory Framework ....................................................... 9 5.0 Conclusion ........................................................................ 10 Disclaimer: ............................................................................. 11 W H I T E P A P E R Overview ENERGY: Indian Demand- Supply Gap 1.0 Overview Energy sector in India is one of the most challenging sectors for global players given the presence of large profit making...
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...The Technological Innovation System Case study on the Danish Wind Energy System Questions 1 and 2: The two most important scientific journals that publish theoretical work on Innovation Systems: The two most important scientific papers are research policy with 330 published articles about innovation systems and technological forecasting and social change with 364 published articles on innovation systems. These two journals have the most articles published on Innovation systems and the biggest journal impact factor. The 3 most cited papers that cite the paper by Malerba, and their main research question: First reference: Geels, F.W. , (2004) From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems: Insights about dynamics and change from sociology and institutional theory, Research Policy, 33 (6-7), pp. 897-920. (Cited 380 times) Main research question: How can widening the unit of analysis from the sectoral system into an socio-technical system and conceptualize the dynamic interplay between actors, structures and institutions. Second reference: Tödtling, F., Trippl, M. (2005) One size fits all?: Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach, Research Policy, 34 (8), pp. 1203-1219. (Cited 294 times) Main research question: How can we construct an innovation policy for regions where innovation activities are strongly different between central, peripheral and old industrial areas Third reference: Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S...
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...The ocean is constantly in motion. The energy that arrives into the oceanic system on the planetary scales create large scale mean flows that are constantly breaking down into smaller scales features. The most important source of energy is the differential solar heat, warmer in the equator and colder in the poles. With the water transport, also heat, nutrients, salt, organisms and chemical particles in the ocean are moved, regulating the planet whether, climate and marine ecosystems. Both large scale and smaller scale oceanic currents, gyres and eddies, transport water masses long distances. Water masses are homogeneous bodies of seawater on their properties. These bodies of water have formed through surface processes that have their origin...
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...Industry: Cotton Fabric Process: Facility Ventilation System: Ventilation Fans Technology: Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) Project Profile U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Advanced Manufacturing Office Case Study - The Challenge: Improving Ventilation System Energy Efficiency in a Textile Plant Summary Company Background Project Overview Project Team The Systems Approach Project Implementation Results Lessons Learned Summary In an effort to improve ventilation system performance in its Fresno, California textile plant, Nisshinbo California, Inc. (NCI) working with ADI Control Techniques Drives (ADI-CT) of Hayward, California retrofitted 15 of the system's fan motors with variable frequency drives (VFDs). This change enabled the fan control dampers to be fixed in a fully open position, and improved the system's air flow control and energy efficiency. As a result of this Motor Challenge Showcase Demonstration project - implemented under the Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) PowerSaving Partner (PSP) program - NCI reduced its energy consumption by approximately 1,600,000 kWh per year and achieved energy savings of 59 percent. This energy-use reduction translated to cost savings of approximately $101,000 per year, giving the project a simple payback of 1.3 years. Company Background Established in 1987 as a joint venture between Nisshinbo Industries, Inc., one of Japan's largest textile manufacturers, and Kanematsu...
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...P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body In this assignment I will be explain the physiology of two named body system in relation to energy metabolism in the body. The system that I have chosen is the respiratory system and the digestive system. The respiratory system is where the exchange of gases in the body this is where the oxygen enters into the blood. The lung is the main organ which the lungs intakes oxygen into the body and the carbon dioxide is exported out. The respiration system is made up of many organs which help us to breathe properly. The digestive system is where the organs inside the body break down the food and convert it to energy and nutrients that are needed in the body. The stomach is a tube shaped which has all the food and liquid that we have ate and it makes around the body and it is a mainly long twisted tube that starts from the mouth and comes all the way down to the anus and into few organs such as the pancreas and the liver which stores any chemicals accessible. The metabolic rate...
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...3 energy systems: Lactic Acid System– also known as the Glycolytic System, is a system which supplies energy for intense activities or exercises which would normally last for a short period of time such as a 100m sprint race so an appropriate athlete would be Usain Bolt. Some long distance runners would need to use this system slightly at the end of a race when the athlete is at a sprint finish such as Mo Farah. This system uses anaerobic respiration which has the equation; glucose → lactic acid + energy released. This is when your muscles need to create energy quickly, so in order for this to happen, glucose is broke down to for lactic acid and the release of energy. A lot of ATP is produced at a fast rate. Aerobic System – This is the long duration energy system. The aerobic system produces a lot more ATP than either of the other energy systems however it produces the ATP much more slowly which is why the aerobic system helps in long distance races (such as the 10,000m) as the energy is produced at a slow constant rate. Rowers would also use this system because they would not want all their energy used up at once because their body needs to consistently perform in order to last the whole race. Phosphocreatine System – this is also known as the Phosphagen system. This releases energy at a high rate. The CP...
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...Chapter 2 ENERGY CONVERSION AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS W hether we realize it or not, energy is an important part of most aspects of daily life. The quality of life, and even its sustenance, depends on the availability of energy. Therefore, it is important to have a good understanding of the sources of energy, the conversion of energy from one form to another, and the ramifications of these conversions. Energy exists in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, electric, chemical, and nuclear. Even mass can be considered a form of energy. Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system (a fixed mass) in two distinct forms: heat and work. For control volumes, energy can also be transferred by mass flow. An energy transfer to or from a closed system is heat if it is caused by a temperature difference. Otherwise it is work, and it is caused by a force acting through a distance. We start this chapter with a discussion of various forms of energy and energy transfer by heat. We then introduce various forms of work and discuss energy transfer by work. We continue with developing a general intuitive expression for the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle, which is one of the most fundamental principles in nature, and we then demonstrate its use. Finally, we discuss the efficiencies of some familiar energy conversion processes, and examine the impact on energy conversion on the environment. Detailed treatments...
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...types of energy: thermal energy from the sun's heat, andmechanical energy from the tides and waves. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface, making them the world's largest solar collectors. The sun's heat warms the surface water a lot more than the deep ocean water, and this temperature difference creates thermal energy. Just a small portion of the heat trapped in the ocean could power the world. Workers install equipment for an ocean thermal energy conversion experiment in 1994 at Hawaii's Natural Energy Laboratory. Credit: A. Resnick, Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation. There are three types of electricity conversion systems: closed-cycle, open-cycle, and hybrid. Closed-cycle systems use the ocean's warm surface water to vaporize a working fluid, which has a low-boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapor expands and turns a turbine. The turbine then activates a generator to produce electricity. Open-cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This produces steam that passes through a turbine/generator. And hybrid systems combine both closed-cycle and open-cycle systems. Ocean mechanical energy is quite different from ocean thermal energy. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, tides are driven primarily by the gravitational pull of the moon, and waves are driven primarily by the winds. As a result, tides and waves are intermittent sources of energy, while...
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...PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS USED BY PLANTS TO HARNESS SOLAR ENERGY Introduction This document will educate us on the theory that energy is around us. It will be proven that energy comes from many forms and in fact is created multiple ways. Photosynthesis and the process that a semi-conductor solar can go through to make energy are just two ways in which energy is created for life forms here on earth. This study will allow us to see by comparing the two it’s evident that while they are alike how they use the sun to produce energy, they are very different in their processes. Similarities The similarities of semiconductors and photosynthesis are similar because they aim to trap energy from the sun. Example: the plants use photosynthesis to trap energy from the sun and will manufacture food and the semiconductors trap energy from the sun and convert it to electricity. Another, similarities between photosynthesis and semiconductor is that both have cells that traps energy from the sun, the semiconductor has solar cells that trap energy from the sun and convert it into useful product. (O'Connell) But semiconductor and photosynthesis can also be noted with more similarities because they can transform the solar energy into useful form. Remember the energy absorbed by the solar cells will and can covers into electricity and the energy absorbed in the plant is transformed can produce concrete products. Photosynthesis and semiconductors systems can work well together when they are...
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... Photosynthesis is “the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms”. The raw materials used in this process are carbon dioxide and water; the energy source used is sunlight and the end products are oxygen and carbohydrates. This process can be thought of as the most biochemical pathway, since nearly all life on Earth is dependent either directly or indirectly on it. A solar cell is “any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics”. Photosynthesis and solar cells are similar in a variety of ways. Both systems trap energy from the sun. Plants use photosynthesis to trap energy from the sun and then convert it to food and solar cells trap their energy from the sun and then convert it to electricity. Another similarity with both systems is that they both transform energy into useful forms. The energy that is absorbed by the sun can be used to make solar electricity while the most widely useful product of photosynthesis is oxygen, which is used by all animals here on Earth. In order for animals to survive, they must deliver oxygen to all cells of the body. Finally, both systems require the use of sunlight to begin their processes. Photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, which can be found in green leaves, to absorb energy from the sun and solar cells use photovoltaic cells to absorb light. Even though both systems are similar, they are also quite different. One way they differ...
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