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EEN 100:ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
E35/CE/KER/10801/2013
OZONE LAYER
Ozone layer is a deep layer in the stratosphere, encircling the earth that has large amounts of ozone in it. Ozone is a colourless gas found in the upper atmosphere of the earth that is formed when oxygen molecules absorbs ultraviolet, and undergo a chemical reaction known as photo dissociation or photolysis.
In this process, a single molecule of oxygen breaks down into two oxygen atoms.The free oxygen atom[o],then combines with an oxygen molecule[02] and forms a molecule of ozone[03].The ozone molecule in turn absorbs ultraviolet rays between 310-200nn[nanometer] wavelength and thereby prevent these harmful radiations from entering the earth’s atmosphere.
Ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson,and its properties were explored by the British meteologist G.M.B Dobson,who developed a simple spectrophotometer[Dobsonmeter]that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground.
Ozone layer acts as a shield for the earth from very harmful UV rays.If we damage the ozone layer anymore then we would put ourselves at an increasingly greater risks because we cannot survive without the ozone layer.Exposure to UV rays causes skin cancer,damage crops and harms ocean life,e.g polar shifting, that is,a complex event that occurs when uneven melting of ice occur_a major hole is now over Antarctica,where there are ice shitfs.If this melts,it could increase coastal flooding and the poles could shift,causing a violent shift in climate.
Ozone is a triatomic form of oxygen[02],found in the Earth atmosphere.A combination of low temperature,elevated chlorine and bromine concentration in the upper stratosphere are responsible for the destruction of ozone.The production and emission of chlorofluorocarbons[CFCs] is the leading cause of ozone layer depletion.CFCs amounts to almost 80% of the total depletion of ozone.Other ozone depleting substances[ODS] are hydrochlorocarbons[HCFCs] and volatile organic compounds[VOCs] found in vehicle emission,byproducts of indrustrial processes,refrigerants and aerosols.
Ozone depleting substances are relatively stable in the lower atmosphere of the eaqrth,but in the stratosphere,they are exposed to ultraviolet radiatinon and thus they break down to release a free chlorine atom.This free chlorine atom reacts with an ozone molecule[03] and forms chlorine monoxide[CLO] and a molecule of oxygen.Thereafter CLO reacts with an ozone molecule to form a chlorine atom,and two molecule of oxygen.The free chlorine molecule again reacts with ozone to form chlorine monoxide.The process is a continous one and this results in the depletion of ozone layer.
As ozone layer depletes in the stratosphere,it forms a hole in the layer.This hole enables harmful ultraviolet rays to enter the earth atmosphere and these ultraviolet rays are associated with a number of health-related and environmental issues.The depletion leads to harmful human health in that they cause more skin cancer,sunburns and leads to premature aging of the skin.
They also lead to more cataracts,blindness and other eye diseases;UV radiation can damage several parts of the eye including the lens,cornea,retina and conjunctiva.Cataracts[a clouding of the lens] are major cause of blindness in the world.A sustained 10% thinning of ozone layer is expected to result in almost two million new cases of cataracts per year globally.
The overexposure of UV rays also weakens the human immune system[immune suppression].Early findings suggest that too much UV radiation can suppress the human immune system which may play a role in the development of skin cancer.
Ozone depletion also has adverse impacts on agriculture,forestry and natural ecosystem.Several of the world major crop species are particularly vulnerable to increased UV,resulting in reduced growth,photosynthesis and flowering e.g. wheat,rice,barley,oats,corn,soybeans,peas,tomatoes,cucumber,cauliflower,broccoh and carrots.Effects of ozone depletion on agricultural sector could be significant.

Ozone depletion damages marine life too.In particular planktons[tiny organism in the surface layer of ocean]are threaten by increased UV radiation.Planktons are the first vitals steps in the aquatic food chain,therefore their decrease could disrupt the fresh and salt water food chain and this could lead to a species shift in ocean.Loss of biodiversity in our oceans,lakes and rivers could reduce fish yields for commercial and sport fisheries.
Some of the mitigation measures to be taken to control ozone depletion are:minimize high altitude aircraft flights because they lead to oxygen reduction and water vapour deposition;minimize rocket flights that lead to water vapour deposition.We should encourage growth of plants that produce oxygen and discourage deforestation.We should also control release of high temperature steam/moisture to the atmosphere.Also eliminate production and release of known ozone depleting items where remotely possible and subsisidize production of safer alternatives;establish control to assure that new compounds to be used in high volume,are surveyed for effect on ozone.
Individually,try to use products which are labeled ‘ozone-friendly’.Ensure that technicians repairing your refrigerators or air conditioners recover and recycle the old CFCs so that they are not released into the atmosphere.Vehicles air conditioning units should regularly be checked for leaks.Also help start a refrigerants recovery and recycling program in your area if none already exists;replace gallon fire extinguishers with alternatives e.g. carbon dioxide and foam;suggest school activities to increase awereness of the problems and to initiate local actions.
REFERERENCE; The Canadian stratospheric ozone premier [Environment Canada]
Science ozone basics. Retrieved 2007-01-29
NASA Facts Archive 2011-06-09

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