...1) How did the English people overcome the situation imposed by the Norman Conquest period? Explain the historical facts (list and explain, at least, four events) The reappearance of English as the official language began with the political and cultural separation between England and France, when King John Lackland comes into conflict with the king of France and lost part French of Normandy. He did not have more access to their Properties in France, French culture and cutting, King John Lackland and all the English aristocracy begins to see themselves as British. This, and marks the first step in overcoming the English Language. The French that it was the language spoken by the enemy country made as that England would adopt English as the official language. The labor was more valued and workers received better treatment, making the linguistic separation that existed between the nobility and the commoners gradually lessened as well as the emergence of big scheme of the English literature. In that same century public documents and records began to be written in English and in 1385, English became the language of instruction in schools. Thus, about all was cited above, were many point in history the Middle English Period that contributed for that the English people overcome the Norman Conquest. And for us, the most important events were: 1) The Hundred Years’ War promoted English nationalism through of the conflict between England and France, during...
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...The direct purpose of this essay is to explore, research, and discuss bilingual language education throughout the United States and other countries. It is estimated that throughout the world approximately 6,000 different languages are spoken and that fewer than 25percent of our world’s approximate 200 countries recognize two or more official languages (Grimes, 1992 ). Grimes (1992) also goes on to surprise us with this unbelievable statistic, being that only a mere handful of these 200 countries recognizing more than two. Despite the above conservative figures, data has shown that there are many more bilingual or multilingual individuals around the world than there are monolingual (Tucker, 1999). It is estimated, that there are many more children...
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...How did old English differ from modern English ? Old English was the language spoken in what is now England from around the 5th – 11th centuries and is the origin of modern English. Back then it was called Englisc and the people who spoke were the Anglo-Saxons; Old English is also known as Anglo-Saxon. Old English is essentially the first recorded version of English and it is the forebear of the language we speak today. Although a modern English speaker would likely have great difficulty in understanding written or spoken Old English, about half the words we use today are derived from Old English. Who Spoke Old English? At the beginning of the 5th Century, in what is now England, the local people were speaking Celtic while the government and officialdom spoke Latin, the language of the occupying Roman force. Britain, however, was coming under increasing attack from raiding parties out of Northern Europe.It was at this point that the Romans left (to defend other parts of the Roman Empire) and the country was essentially undefended. The raiding parties became more frequent and as they pushed further inland and then began to settle in the country, they pushed the Celtic speakers into the wilds of what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. These raiders and then occupiers were known as Anglo-Saxons. The Angles came from Englalandand spoke Englisc. The language they used came from back home and it took over completely from Celtic and Latin in much the same way that English settlers several...
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...History of English (Source: A History of English by Barbara A. Fennell) The English language is spoken by 750 million people in the world as either the official language of a nation, a second language, or in a mixture with other languages (such as pidgins and creoles.) English is the (or an) official language in England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; however, the United States has no official language. Indo-European language and people English is classified genetically as a Low West Germanic language of the Indo-European family of languages. The early history of the Germanic languages is based on reconstruction of a Proto-Germanic language that evolved into German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, Yiddish, and the Scandinavian languages. In 1786, Sir William Jones discovered that Sanskrit contained many cognates to Greek and Latin. He conjectured a Proto-Indo-European language had existed many years before. Although there is no concrete proof to support this one language had existed, it is believed that many languages spoken in Europe and Western Asia are all derived from a common language. A few languages that are not included in the Indo-European branch of languages include Basque, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian; of which the last three belong to the Finno-Ugric language family. Speakers of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) lived in Southwest Russia around 4,000 to 5,000 BCE. They had words for animals such as bear or wolf (as evidenced in the similarity of the words for these animals...
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...Introduction. * Old English. 5- mid 12th centuries (1150). German tribes arrive to England (Angles, Saxons, Jutes). The Celts also influenced English language. Then Romans came. Influence of Latin. Full inflections, with four cases: Nom., Acc., Gen., Dat. * Middle English. 1150 - 1500. Battle of Hastings (1066). Death of Anglo - Saxons. Feudalism. Norman invasion. Three languages live together: English, French and Latin. In 1476 printing press is invented by William Caxton. Levelled inflections, full inflections gradually disappear. * Early Modern English (1476 - 1756). Renaissance. Lost inflections, only a few endings survive. The grammar becomes far simpler. Different spelling live together for the same word. There are no authoritative dictionaries or voices. * Late modern English (1756 - nowadays). First authoritative dictionary of the English language, by Samuel Johnson, which provided spellings, sounds and ethimology. It was decided not to establish an Academy of English. Importance of the English language. A language lives only when it is spoken by anyone. Its importance depends on the importance or influence of the people who speak it. English is spoken by 340 million people as a mother tongue. It is the language of Western languages. Political, economical and scientific reasons are related to the importance of a language. But English is also very broadly spoken as second language (communication, commerce). The growth of the Spanish language goes with the growth...
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...federation of the eleven Peninsula states was joined by Singapore, British North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2008). Yet, Singapore was expelled from it after two years to become an independent country. Although both of them belong to the same geographical area which is ASEAN, the acronym for Association of South-East Asian Nations, they seem to be different in their development levels (Association of South-East Asian Nations, 1967). It is undeniable that these two countries are sharing several similarities since they are located relatively close to one another. However, there is still a difference in many aspects. These similarities and differences will be apparent with the comparison based on geography, language, education and political system. From the geographical point of view, Malaysia and Singapore are neighbors because Singapore is the islands between Malaysia and Indonesia. Both of them are located in South-East Asia and having the same climate which is tropical (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). The situation is absolutely different when it comes to their physical geography. Most of Malaysia is covered by forests and mountains as it consists of a large area of land which is about 330,000 square kilometers whereas Singapore is covered by a small area of land which is approximately 700 square kilometers. In addition, the highest mountain in Malaysia, Mount Kinabalu, is 4100 meters above the sea level compared to Singapore’s highest...
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...Running head: ENGLISH SHOULD BE THE LAW English Should be the Law Kevin Gunyak Robert Morris University Professor Paul Anderson Argument and Research Section O 2/24/11 Abstract In this essay I am explaining why English should be the Official language of the United States. Also I am going to be talking about many of the issues that exist because of the controversy over should English be the official language of the United States. Immigration is one reason why English should be the official language of the United States. I then explained why English should be the official language because jobs in America a based off the English language. To end my paper I took a different approach and explained why immigrants and others are against making English the official language. English Should be the Law What is the official language of the United States? There is currently no official language of the United States of America, even though most people believe it is English. In the United States English is the national and most common Language. There are many views on this issue and debates on weather English should be the official language go back as far as 1753. Throughout the world language is used to identify culture. United States immigrants are against making English the official language of the United States because they feel more comfortable talking in their own language. I believe English should be...
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...Should English be the Law? By: Robert King Megan Kauffman This article asks Should English be the Law? The question is should English be the official language of the United States? The issue has been brought up many times over the years, but never passed. Benjamin Franklin believed that if we were to make it a law, it would never work out. Theodore Roosevelt felt that we should keep English as the solid language because that’s the way it was originally. I have never really thought about it too much before. But after reading this article I am not 100% sure. All our original documents and laws are written in English and most of the population speaks English but there are some large communities of minorities that speak Spanish, Chinese and other languages are a first language. We already have to push one most of the time now for English. I think that everyone entering this country should have a basic understanding and minimum grasp of conversational English especially if planning to stay. I think the option to learn other languages should be made available but I do think English should be first as it is what the majority already speaks. I am sure some of the immigrants feel that if their children are not learning their native language, they are losing part of their culture of the parents and maybe even losing parts of their heritage. As with all of our ancestors we all came from different backgrounds and countries; with traditions and cultures, ceremonies of our own. This country...
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...History of English (Source: A History of English by Barbara A. Fennell) The English language is spoken by 750 million people in the world as either the official language of a nation, a second language, or in a mixture with other languages (such as pidgins and creoles.) English is the (or an) official language in England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; however, the United States has no official language. Indo-European language and people English is classified genetically as a Low West Germanic language of the Indo-European family of languages. The early history of the Germanic languages is based on reconstruction of a Proto-Germanic language that evolved into German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, Yiddish, and the Scandinavian languages. In 1786, Sir William Jones discovered that Sanskrit contained many cognates to Greek and Latin. He conjectured a Proto-Indo-European language had existed many years before. Although there is no concrete proof to support this one language had existed, it is believed that many languages spoken in Europe and Western Asia are all derived from a common language. A few languages that are not included in the Indo-European branch of languages include Basque, Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian; of which the last three belong to the Finno-Ugric language family. Speakers of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) lived in Southwest Russia around 4,000 to 5,000 BCE. They had words for animals such as bear or wolf (as evidenced in the similarity of the words for these...
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...The english language is one of the hardest languages to learn because of its multiple roots of different languages.Before the english that we speak today was spoken,older versions of it had been spoken by the people before us.Since 450,the english language had begun its transition,including the culture of the time periods starting with the Anglo-Saxon. Years before the era of the Anglo Saxon had begun,the royal families of the Danish (the Danes)and the Scandinavians(the Geats),had inhabited the Southern part of Sweden when they had decided to invade the island of Great Britain and settled.This migration had brought several Germanic languages together that formed Old English. Hundreds of years ago,the novel Beowulf was written by an unknown...
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...was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066. The Norman period in English history had begun. Some historians argue concerning possible ways of English, history, had the Anglo-Saxons defeated William. But History doesn't rely on the Conditional Mood. All the invasions, raids and conquests were contributing new and new waves of peoples to be integrated into a newly appearing nation of the English, to understand which we must know its historical roots, studying historical facts. The Norman Conquest had immediate social, political and cultural implications. The new tough foreign aristocracy captured power and lands. By 1100 there were 500 Norman castles in the English countryside. There was a blow against the Church as well. Normans replaced Saxon bishops. During the 11th and 12th centuries efficient Government was established. England itself was also drawn into close links with the other side of the Channel. But there was a language gap between the local (Anglo-Saxon) population and the new landowners, of both the Church and the Norman Aristocracy. Latin was a language of monasteries; Norman French was now the language of law and authority. English, spoken in the various regions remained the language of the ordinary people.The brightest evidence of the situation in the country was the Book appeared in 1086, a survey of England's land and people; according to it Norman society still rested on «lord-ship, secular and spiritual, and the King, wise or foolish...
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...Frequent Errors in English Grammar: Articles and Possessive Markers Keiko Muto-Humphrey 1. Introduction During past decade or so, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has been making increasing efforts to shift the focus of EFL pedagogy from “correctness and accuracy” in English to “communicative ability” (MEXT 1998). In response to this, much emphasis has been placed on students’ ability to express themselves orally in class. This has, however, had the (undesired) effect of grammar and lexis being minimised in schools. We are now at a stage whereby the overwhelming majority of students enter universities with an insufficient knowledge of grammar and lexis. This paper will examine two error patterns committed by Japanese studying English as a second language: the genitive markers of/’s indicating possession; and the English article system a/an/the. The former is concerned with the misuse of the English preposition of, which I consider to originate in the L1. The analysis shown below manifests that it is difficult for Japanese students to distinguish between of and ’s: a comparison of this will ensue. The latter originates in the misuse/overgeneralisation of learning strategies: the usage of articles: a/an/the. The Japanese language lacks an article system, making this, “one of the greatest problems for Japanese learners [and this] is vividly revealed in the high frequency of mistakes,...” (Kimizuka 1968:78). After analysing the two...
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...THE OLD ENGLISH AND THE OLD IRISH PERIODS (600-1100 A.D.) 1- OLD ENGLISH HISTORY AND LANGUAGE Initial literatures are spoken and that oral literature have been many amplifications, later appear the texts. Beowulf was oral first and then became written. There are lots of fragments written literally. Some texts were lost and now we only have fragments. These texts are writing in manuscripts, there weren’t books in that period. In particular there are four manuscripts that contain most of English literature: Cotton Vitelius, Exeter Book, Junius Manuscript and Vercelli Manuscript; they are from 10th century. However the poetry and the texts contain the literature from 9th century, but they originated in 7th century orally (all of them originated orally before they appear written). That manuscripts tell some things about the society of this period of time, so we know details of this century. This period is the Anglo-Saxon period, before them there were the Britons who were invaded by some different people. They spoke different dialects of old English, the stronger kingdom was Wessex, which dialect was the most important and it called “west saxon”. Beowulf was writing in this dialect. In 597 appeared the Christianization. This means that the English became Christian, it became familiar with the church language: Latin. Latin is the culture language. The entry of Christianity is the entry of the culture in Britain. 2- WRITTEN RECORDS OF THE ANGLOSAXON PERIOD English began...
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...Normandy, William. The basis were the claims of William to the English throne where the king originally agreed to have him to be throned. The Norman conquest of England granted that in 1066 the accomplishment and recognization of the feudalism that originally only began in the period of the Anglos. Because William the conqueror wanted to be the one to thrown right into the throne, that came with huge implications for the development of England. He founded the United Kingdom himself. The management of the system that he developed really worked and it was accepted by others. William also created an army that conducted the first of landowners. The conquest of Normany in England the year of 1066 was taken ahead by the army of troops of William the...
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...were Norsemen who had already settled in the northern part of France. This means that the Normans adopted the French language, French manners, customs and way of life, because they lived among French people. On October 14th, 1066, King William (Duke of Normandy) defeated the army of the English King Harold in the Battle of Hastings. No matter how hard the people of England tried to defend their country, the Normans were still much stronger than the Anglo-Saxons. The Normans made many poor English people their own serfs. Besides this they burnt their houses and killed them. When William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned, he became the King of England. He settled in London and was called William the Conqueror. For 500 years the Normans were masters of Britain. A great number of important changes are connected with the Normans. They brought with them Latin and French civilizations, the laws and the organization of the land. Many Latin and French words penetrated into the Old English language. Commerce and trade grew very quickly, but the population grew even faster. London became a busy, rich and crowded city. The Normans did their best to make it look beautiful. At that time the Tower of London was built on the Thames and it stands there still unchanged. Westminster Abbey was finished and William was the first King to be crowned there. Since then all English kings were crowned in Westminster...
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