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Miryam Lazrak

Dissertation : L’utilité du maintien du principe de responsabilité du fait des choses

Le principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses est un principe prétorien dégagé par l’assemblée plénière de la cour de cassation dans un arrêt Teffaine le 16 juin 1896.
Pour établir ce principe, les juges se sont fondés sur l’art 1384 al1 du code civil, or cet article, n’était à l’époque qu’un texte de transition qui n’avait pas conséquent aucune valeur normative.
C'est en réponse à la multiplication des dommages liés à la Révolution industrielle et aux insuffisances législatives que les juges se sont saisis de cet article pour en faire le véritable pilier d’un principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses.
Etymologiquement, le mot « responsabilité » est issu du latin respondere qui signifie « se porter garant de » ainsi, la responsabilité du fait des choses s’entend comme le fait de se porter garant des dommages que la chose dont on a la garde peut causer.
Si l’arrêt Teffaine pose ce principe, il n’en explicite pourtant pas ni le régime ni le domaine de sorte que la jurisprudence a opéré des distinctions selon les choses.
Ainsi, certains arrêts ont considéré que la responsabilité du fait des choses ne s’appliquait pas aux choses actionnées par la main de l’homme, puis d’autre ont affirmé que cette responsabilité ne s’appliquait qu’aux choses qui étaient dangereuses en elle même.
Ce n’est qu’en 1930 que l’arrêt Jean d’Heur a levé les doutes qui planaient quant à l’entendu du domaine d’application de ce principe et a apporté des précisions quant au régime qui lui était applicable.
En effet l’arrêt balaye les distinctions jurisprudentielles qui avaient été faites pour affirmer que le principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses s’applique à toute chose (à l’exception des cas spéciaux déterminés par la loi), et que ce principe a pour régime une présomption de responsabilité.
L’arrêt Jean d’Heur met en lumière la notion de « garde » et en fait une condition nécessaire à l’engagement de cette responsabilité de plein droit.
C'est l’arrêt Franck, rendu par l’assemblée plénière le 2 déc. 1941 qui donnera une définition précise de la garde en établissant 3 critères cumulatifs : L’usage (le fait de se servir de la chose), la direction (le fait de décider de la finalité de l’emploi de la chose) et le contrôle (le fait de connaître le fonctionnement de la chose et de pouvoir éviter le dommage).
La définition que retient la cour de cassation est donc une conception matérielle de la garde, en opposition à une conception juridique pour laquelle le simple titre de propriété suffit à conférer la garde.
Pour autant tout lien n’est pas supprimé entre le propriétaire et la garde puisque les juges présument le propriétaire gardien de la chose, cette présomption étant une présomption simple, le propriétaire pourra la renverser en prouvant qu’il a transmis volontairement ou involontairement la garde de la chose.
Ce principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses est une particularité française il n’existe dans aucun autre droit étranger, c'est d’ailleurs une des raisons pour laquelle on s’interroge sur son opportunité. En effet, au regard de l’imminence d’une réforme de la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle serait il judicieux de délaisser ou de légalement entériner le principe prétorien de responsabilité du fait des choses ?

Il s’agira de démontrer que ce principe était certes justifié (I) mais qu’il n’est désormais plus indispensable, de telle sorte que sa suppression est opportune (II).

I) Un principe jadis justifié

Le principe général de responsabilité du fait des chose fut autrefois justifié par une carence législative (A), et par le développement d’une logique de réparation (B).

A) Un principe justifié par la carence législative de l’époque

« Le propriétaire d'un bâtiment est responsable du dommage causé par sa ruine, lorsqu'elle est arrivée par une suite du défaut d'entretien ou par le vice de sa construction ».Cet article 1386 ainsi que celui qui le précède relatif aux animaux, sont les deux seuls cas de responsabilité du fait de la chose que le code civil a prévu dans sa rédaction initiale de 1804.
Ainsi le code civil ne prévoyait aucunement de principe général de responsabilité du faits des choses.
Cette insuffisance législative fut révélée au tournant du 19eme siècle à l’heure de la Révolution industrielle et de l’essor du machinisme, lorsque les accidents du fait des engins de production se sont multipliés, laissant de nombreuses victimes sans réparation aucune.
La nécessité de déterminer un responsable devint vitale, de telle sorte que la jurisprudence se saisie de l’art 1384 al1, qui au départ, n’était qu’un texte de transition et qui n’avait donc aucune valeur normative pour en faire le socle et le fondement d’un principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses.
Par conséquent si la cour de cassation a apporté à la fin du 19eme siècle un principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses c'est en raison de l’évolution même de la société, évolution pour laquelle les mécanismes légaux du code civil se sont révélés archaïques.
C'est donc par nécessité que ce principe général avait été consacré.

B) Un principe justifié par l’extension d’une logique d’indemnisation

Par suite s’est dessinée l’idée d’indemnisation des victimes. La responsabilité n’a plus un but punitif, mais est désormais tournée vers la réparation des dommages de telle sorte que le principe général relève tout entier de la théorie des risques et de l’idéologie de la réparation.
La théorie du risque proposée par Saleilles et Josserand a connu plusieurs variantes et est devenue le fondement de cette responsabilité du fait des choses.
La variante la plus populaire est intitulée « théorie du risque et profit » où la personne qui a profité de l’activité à l’origine du risque ayant entrainé le dommage doit être considéré comme responsable. Cela permet d’expliquer la responsabilité de l’employeur en cas de dommages subis par le salarié. Cela explique également la responsabilité du commettant du fait de ses préposés ainsi que la responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux introduite en 1998 à l’article 1388-1
Encore aujourd'hui la fonction première de la responsabilité du fait des choses est de réparer le dommage de la victime de telle sorte que ce principe ne cesse d’être renforcé en jurisprudence.
Pourtant ce principe a également participé à rendre plus complexe la responsabilité délictuelle, en effet les juges ont du poser un principe de non cumul des responsabilités pour permettre l’effectivité du principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses or ce principe de non cumul est source de nombreuses difficultés, abandonné le principe de responsabilité général du fait des choses permettrai aussi d’abandonner le principe de non cumul qui ne fait que complexifier le droit français.

De manière générale les fondements de la responsabilité délictuelle s’enchevêtrent et se concurrencent par la faute notamment de la responsabilité générale du fait des choses, c'est pourquoi l’on peut douter de l’utilité à venir du principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses.

II) L’abandon opportun de la responsabilité du fait des choses

L’abandon du principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses apparaît opportun d’abord parce qu’il crée une concurrence avec les autres mécanismes de responsabilité (A) mais également parce que les mécanisme spéciaux prévus sont suffisants (B).

A) La concurrence des mécanismes de responsabilité

L’objectif d’une reforme est souvent de simplifier le droit positif en le rendant plus accessible et plus clair. Dans cet optique il apparait nécessaire de faire un choix entre les différents mécanismes de responsabilité. En effet la responsabilité pour faute et celle sans faute ne peuvent demeurer inlassablement concurrents, car cela ne fait que fragiliser le droit et la sécu juridique. Certains auteurs comme Borguetti n’hésitent pas à rappeler que le principe doit être la responsabilité pour faute comme c'est le cas dans tous les autres droits étrangers modernes, or il apparaît qu’en France, en raison du développement de ces principe généraux de responsabilité objective, la responsabilité pour faute semble n’être devenue qu’une exception. Borghetti ajoute également que la prééminence de la responsabilité sans faute, fait de la responsabilité délictuelle en générale une responsabilité automatique, ce qui est inéquitable et injuste.
L’arrêt de la deuxième chambre civile de la cour de cassation du 10 nov. 2009 est l’un des nombreux exemples qui illustrent cette critique.
En l’espèce une conductrice s’est tuée en traversant un passage à niveau sans respecter l’obligation de sécurité et il s’agissait de savoir si la SNCF pouvait s’exonérer totalement en prouvant que la faute de la victime revêtait les caractères de la force majeure.
Si les juges du fond caractérise la force majeure, la cour de cassation censure l’arrêt d’appel de tel sorte que la responsabilité de la SNCF paraît ici automatique et quelque peut injustifiée. B) La suffisance des mécanismes spéciaux

Il existe aujourd'hui des régimes spéciaux d’indemnisation des dommages causés du fait des choses or le principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses a été posé par le juge en raison des carences de la loi, cette insuffisance législative n’étant plus d’actualité, le principe général apparait donc inutile. En effet, s’est développé la responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux ou encore la responsabilité du fait des accidents de la circulation de telle sorte que l’arrêt Franck ne serai plus fondé sur l’article 1384 al1 (le conducteur était le voleur du véhicule) mais sur la loi Badinter du 5 juill. 1985 qui prévoit des mécanismes spéciaux pour indemniser les victimes des accidents de la circulation.
Pour ce qui est de la responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux, elle se fonde depuis 1998 sur les articles 1386-1 et suivants. Trois conditions doivent être réunies : il faut un produit, qu’il soit mis en circulation et qu’il soit défectueux. L’essentiel du contentieux se cristallise sur le cratère défectueux, l’article 1386-4 dispose en ce sens que « le produit est dis défectueux lorsqu’il n’offre pas la sécurité à laquelle on peut légitiment s’attendre compte tenu de toutes les circonstances notamment de la présentation du produit de l’usage qui peut ne être raisonnablement attendu et du moment de sa mise en circulation ».
La réparation s’étend à tous les dommages causés par le produit défectueux. Les dommages causés au produit lui même ne sont pas réparés sur ce fondement.
Toutefois, la cour de cassation, comme elle le montrera dans un arrêt du 1er juill. 2015, fait une interprétation très stricte de la condition de produit, interprétation favorable à la victime, qui laisse apparaitre l’objectif d’indemnisation des juges.

Mais par extension la question de l’abandon du principe général de responsabilité du fait des choses se pose aussi pour le principe général de responsabilité du fait d’autrui et peut être avec encore plus d’acuité.

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English

...Should English be made the official language of India? Well, although English is a global language and it has somewhat become necessary to know English if one has to be successful globally, still making it our country’s official language makes little sense to me. If the whole point of changing our official language is related to the growth and success of our nation then China and its growth should make no sense to the world. The leader in BRIC nations and the nation considered next ‘SUPERPOWER’ after America doesn’t have English as their official language. They are doing great with mandarin and have very less people speaking English there. When their language is not posing a hindrance to their growth, when their GDP rate is going pretty well, when they are not thinking for changing their official language but are rather putting their heads into bigger constructive discussions then why should we? Globalization has brought the world closer and therefore to know and have tolerance for different cultures and languages is absolutely great but to forget and bring a change in our own heritage is something that according to me should not be acceptable. It’s fantastic to know English and get education in the same medium. Surely, it enhances our people to be recognized globally. It may bring them confidence and it may also aid to their growth in personality, but to look down upon one’s own culture and language is like looking down upon your parents when they are old and they need help...

Words: 285 - Pages: 2