...One of the main misunderstandings in environmental crime is the lack of consistency in the definition and classification of environmental crime. The primary problem is differing perspectives as to what constitutes as environmental crime, embedded in moral, philosophical and legalistic interpretations of harm and in what circumstances does this harm becomes a crime (White, 2008). Many criminologists have put forth perspectives which explain the reasons why individuals and corporations engage in activities that cause environmental harms. These perspectives can be linked to the original environmental or green criminology perspectives. Pollution and dumping has become an increasingly costly problem for the environment. As a results, there has been a rise in criminology literature that analyses environmental harms as crimes (Crofts, Morris, Wells & Powell, 2010). Pollution entail the emission, leakage or spillage of a prescribed substance into the air, water or soil (Brickenll, 2010). It was the first environmentally damaging practice to capture the attention of the public and also concern regulatory attention. Pollutants recognised include pesticides, chemicals and gases. Whilst some of these emissions are banned and illegal, some are permitted, but only within specified levels. Pollution is thus illegal when there is a release of a prohibited substance, the emission or leakage of substance in excess of an established limit, or expulsion into areas such as vast bodies of...
Words: 2414 - Pages: 10
...Running Head: Environmental Crime Environmental Crime [Name] [School] In partial fulfillment of the requirements for [subject] [Professor] [Date] ABSTRACT Environmental Crime is a very serious crime not only to the present society but also to the next generation of humans, animals and plants. This is a serious matter that affects the whole plant. This research paper discusses the definition of environmental crime, a few examples of companies that had committed environmental crime, environmental laws and crime punishment of the companies who had committed these crimes. Definition of Environmental Crime Environmental Crime is very hard to define. Some people say that it is a white collar crime, to others it is not just simply a white collar crime but it can be considered as crime against society. Whit Gibbons (2001) had shown two types of environmental crime in his article. First type is an individual such as an ordinary person dumping waste to the river and the other type is the white-collared type where companies dump harmful contaminants to a water source or the air. The main difference of the two according to Gibbons (2001) is that it is easier to prosecute an individual than a business corporation. The sad part is the business corporations who commit environmental crimes affects the environment more than an individual. He had treated the business corporation offenders as white-collar criminals and as such defined it...
Words: 2177 - Pages: 9
... qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe...
Words: 590 - Pages: 3
...The Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Crime prevention through environmental design is defined by the Bureau of Justice Assistance as “the strategies implemented to directly modify the environment to take advantage of pre-existing environmental assets or change the features of particular targets or areas to reduce crime” (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2014). When taking observance of crime prevention and the environmental design there were many factors involved in the process. The factor covered in the following paragraphs is human environment relationships. Human Environment Relationships There are a few aspects that make up the environment that in return correlates human behavior. These aspects are environmental cues, territory, landscape, and visual bubbles. By compiling an analysis of these different relations, criminal justice professionals are able to better solve and reduce crime in different areas. For example, here in Columbia, South Carolina some neighborhoods and school districts have more patrolling on highways and neighborhoods than others. This is due to the analysis of crime that has occurred in those areas more frequently than others. Some neighborhoods have more opportunities for criminals to conduct crime than others. These opportunities are also referred to as environmental cues. Several things can reflect the level of opportunity in areas such as poverty, age groups, race, and the ratio of law enforcement to population. In these areas humans...
Words: 321 - Pages: 2
...Crime Prevention and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and other Preventive Programs University of Phoenix Survey of Justice and Security AJS/502 October 28, 2013 Crime Prevention and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and other Preventive Programs Criminal activity is not unplanned; it is either deliberate or opportunistic. Rendering to this philosophy, crime occurs when the activity area of a victim or objective crisscrosses within the activity area of a criminal. As crime rises a mass number of cities are requiring the implementation of crime prevention structures in the design of firsthand essential projects. Community crime prevention programs or strategies target changes in community infrastructure, culture, or the physical environment in order to reduce criminal acts. In a vast majority of cities the mythology of crime prevention embrace community watch organizations and policing, redevelopment of communities to pursue the involvement of residents, neighborhoods, churches and regional government organizations thus addressing the issues that contribute to criminal activities. One such organization is the National Crime Prevention Council which has made providing a multitude of preventive programs that include: Teens, Crime and the Community, McGruff Club, Celebrate Safe Communities among others to assist in addressing the needs and concerns of local communities. Although these programs are successful...
Words: 905 - Pages: 4
...Running head: ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME - WHAT CAN BE DONE? Environmental Crime - What can be done? What comes to mind when one hears the date March 23rd, 1989? Could it be a loved one’s birthday or the date of someone’s death? Maybe the date is a special date because it is the day you or someone you know got married. All of these could be correct; however March 23rd, 1989 is also the date that began one of the worst environmental crimes in history. On this date, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled 10.8 million gallons of unrefined Alaskan crude oil into the sea off the coast of the Prince William Sound. Thousands of animals died immediately, of that included an estimated 250,000 '' 500,000 seabirds, 2,800 - 5,000 sea otters, as well as the destruction of billions of salmon and herring eggs. In addition to the loss of wildlife, the residents of Prince William Sound lost their livelihoods because of the spill. Yes, until that date, the United States paid little attention to protecting the environment or the consequences of environmental crime. In fact, for the first half of the 20th century, Americans simply believed the environment and its resources were to be used to build a mighty industrial nation with large cities and also to create the world’s most productive agricultural system. Environmental crime has become a serious issue and problem in the United States. This is true despite the fact that the immediate consequences of environmental crimes may not be as obvious...
Words: 363 - Pages: 2
...Samantha CLN4UI 11/05/14 The Severity of Non-Severe Laws As Robert Redford once stated, “... the environment should be put in the category of our national security. Defence of our resources is just as important as defence abroad. Otherwise what is there to defend?” Humans are dependent on the Earth in order to survive, and without it, there would be no life. In order to maintain the environment, governments enact laws and acts that are meant to protect and sustain, but they aren’t always successful. Many large corporations are ignorant of the side effects of not following these laws, due to the fact that they are blinded by materialistic motives such as profit. The environment means little to the greed driven North American corporations of the modern era; their only concerns are the immediate benefits and short term effects. Long term effects are often disregarded and brushed off. These corporations purposely and knowingly break many laws that have been put into place to protect the environment. In order to prevent this lack of obedience and further protect the environment, stricter laws need to be put into place, and one must examine the purpose of breaking protective laws, the specific laws broken, and the effects of breaking the laws. “When a man wantonly destroys one of the works of man we call him a vandal. When he destroys one of the works of god we call him a sportsman.” This quote from Joseph Wood Krutch is an effective example of the injustice that is happening...
Words: 1856 - Pages: 8
...OF THE INTERPOL ON ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES By: Fangon, Arvee E. Enriquez, David Jay Esguerra,Bon Josef Jaravata, Sherela Calcita, Ranilo What is Environmental Crime? An environmental crime is a violation of environmental laws that are put into place to protect the environment. When broadly defined, the crime includes all illegal acts that directly cause environmental harm. Such crimes are also referred to as ‘crime against the environment.’ What Is The Role Of The Interpol In This Environmental Crimes? Environmental crime is a serious and growing international problem, and one which takes many different forms Broadly speaking, wildlife crime is the illegal exploitation of the world’s wild flora and fauna, while pollution crime is the trade and disposal of waste and hazardous substances in contravention of national and international laws. INTERPOL's response In today’s global economy there is a need for an international strategy to deal with this type of crime. As the only organization with a mandate to share and process criminal information globally, INTERPOL is uniquely qualified to lead these efforts. The INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme: Leads global and regional operations to...
Words: 1957 - Pages: 8
...Environmental Inequality in the United States Introduction Minority and poor populations have been experiencing an unequal amount of exposure to various environmental hazards. The goal of this paper is investigate the situation at hand and provide an explanation to whether this treatment is ethical. Thus, in this paper, I will not only attempt to analyze reasons why these populations experience more pollution than other populations and the types of pollution that they experience, but I will also explore the solutions provided by other researchers on how to solve environmental inequalities. Previous research has been carried out to detect why most, if not all, of the polluting industries, such as power plants and waste facilities, tend to be located in minority and poor neighborhoods (Carter; Morello-Frosch; Pellow and Park; Bullard and Wright). Normally, people that live in low income neighborhoods will experience a disproportionately high amount of pollution compared to those living in high income neighborhoods (Morello-Frosch). Therefore, parks, trees, and outdoor recreational areas tend to be located in wealthy neighborhoods. Consequently, minority and poor neighborhoods tend to have the lowest ratios of parks-to-people (Carter). This means that there is a low amount of park space per 10,000 people. Other research shows that even if we ignore the level of income, minority neighborhoods, such as African American and Hispanic neighborhoods, will still experience higher levels...
Words: 3504 - Pages: 15
...Acknowledgement Introduction Method of Environment Scanning Environmental Scanning Cycle Particular PAGE NO. 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 14 20 23 REMAR KS Structure of Environment Scanning Importance of environment Scanning How companies Handling Environment Scanning Literature Review Factor Affecting Environment Scanning © ARUN GULERIA | arun_guleria@ymail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to offer my deep gratitude to all those who have extended their valued support and advice to complete this term paper. I cannot in full measure, reciprocate the kindness showed and contribution made by various persons in this endeavor. I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Miss. NAVNEET KAUR (Faculty Member) who stood by me as a pillar of strength throughout the course of work and under whose mature guidance the term paper arrives out successfully. I am grateful to his valuable suggestions. © ARUN GULERIA | arun_guleria@ymail.com ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING Environmental scanning is a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmental scanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the business environments in which a company is operating or considering entering. Environmental scanning is the process in which a firm continually collects and evaluates information about its external environment. There are six main categories of environmental data to consider when evaluating marketing decisions....
Words: 8086 - Pages: 33
...Functional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide Functional Health Pattern (FHP) Template Directions: This FHP template is to be used for organizing community assessment data in preparation for completion of your collaborative learning community (CLC) assignment. Address every bulleted statement in each section with data or rationale for deferral. You may also add additional bullet points if applicable to your community. Value/Belief Pattern Predominant ethnic and cultural groups along with beliefs related to health. Predominant spiritual beliefs in the community that may influence health. Availability of spiritual resources within or near the community (churches/chapels, synagogues, chaplains, Bible studies, sacraments, self-help groups, support groups, etc.). Do the community members value health promotion measures? What is the evidence that they do or do not (e.g., involvement in education, fundraising events, etc.)? What does the community value? How is this evident? On what do the community members spend their money? Are funds adequate? QUESTIONS 1.What is your name and position in this community My name is Pastor K.of Christ Church Athens, Georgia 2. What is the predominant ethnic and cultural group in your church We are a predominantly black people of Christian faith from diverse African culture 3. What is your belief as a commumity regarding health. The belief is that it is the desire of God for us to be in good health, and if...
Words: 2124 - Pages: 9
...A REPORT ON A FIELD ATTACHMENT AT NEMA HOMABAY COUNTY OFFICE LOCATED IN HOMABAY TOWN WITHIN HOMABAY DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS OFFICES BY STEPHEN OYOO ADUDA N38/2607/2010 A FIELD ATTACHMENT REPORT SUBMITTED TO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE September 2013 The attachment was supervised by: Host Supervisors: Mr. Solomon Kihiu Mr. John Maniafu University Supervisors: Dr. Richard Kerich ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Sincere thanks goes to the lecturers at Kenyatta University Main Campus, School of Environmental Studies for their dedication in equipping me with the necessary knowledge and their immeasurable interaction with and mentorship to their students. I owe special thanks to Mr. Solomon Kihiu, the County Director of Environment, NEMA Homa Bay County, and Mr. John Maniafu, the County Environment Officer, NEMA Homabay County Office, my host supervisors, for giving me the opportunity to be attached in their office and for giving me their unreserved advise, guidance, technical and academic support. Special thanks also go to Dr. Richard Kerich, my university supervisor, for his sincere assessment of my work and for directing me in ensuring the success of my attachment. I would also like to thank my colleague attachees and interns at NEMA Homabay County Office for their insights, constant guidance and encouragement throughout the entire attachment period. I also thank my classmates and family members...
Words: 4992 - Pages: 20
...Environment Court Legal loopholes and deficiencies of the Environment Court Act, 2000 Environment related court in other countries of Indian subcontinent: A comparative study • India: The National Environment Tribunal • Pakistan: The Environment Tribunal • Comparative study Recommendations Conclusion Introductory Note Environmental Law is a source and foundation of orderly response to Global and National environmental problems. International Environmental Law is the principal means by which community of nations builds and expresses international consensus on environment and development challenges. National Environmental Law is the most effective instrument for translating environment and development policies into action. Judiciary is a key mechanism for ensuring legal effectiveness of environmental law. A judiciary well informed of the rapidly expanding environmental law, can play a critical role: in interpretation, development and enforcement of environmental law, enforcing environmental rights, public access to judicial procedures, exchange of judgments, sharing information on environmental law, policy and environmental jurisprudence. The purpose of this assignment is to focus on the function of the Environment Courts of Bangladesh established under the Environment Court Act, 2000, to examine its efficiency and effectiveness, to point out different lacunas of the statute and of the judicial process, to take a short look at the statutes of the Indian sub-continent...
Words: 6596 - Pages: 27
...Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses Erach Bharucha Textbook for Environmental Studies For Undergraduate Courses of all Branches of Higher Education Erach Bharucha for University Grants Commission Natural Resources i Preliminary Pages.p65 1 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Credits Principal author and editor – Erach Bharucha Unit 1 – Erach Bharucha Unit 2 – Erach Bharucha, Behafrid Patel Unit 3 – Erach Bharucha Unit 4 – Erach Bharucha Unit 5 – Shamita Kumar Unit 6 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 7 – Erach Bharucha, Shalini Nair, Behafrid Patel Unit 8 – Erach Bharucha, Shambhvi Joshi Case Studies – Prasanna Kolte Co-ordination and compilation – Behafrid Patel Textbook Design – Narendra Kulkarni (Mudra), Sushma Durve Manuscript review and editing – Chinmaya Dunster, Behafrid Patel Artists – Sushma Durve and Anagha Deshpande CD ROM – Jaya Rai and Prasanna Kolte © Copyright Text – Erach Bharucha/ UGC, 2004. Photographs – Erach Bharucha Drawings – Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environment Education and Research All rights reserved. Distributed by University Grants Commission, New Delhi. 2004. ii Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses Preliminary Pages.p65 2 4/9/2004, 5:06 PM Vision The importance of Environmental Studies cannot be disputed. The need for sustainable development is a key to the future of mankind. The degradation of our environment is linked to continuing problems of pollution, loss...
Words: 125061 - Pages: 501
...global mass media, cheap flights, deregulation of markets and easy movements of businesses. Held et al argues there’s been globalisation of crime; an increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders. The same process that brought globalisation of legitimate activities has also brought the spread of transnational organised crime. Globalisation creates new opportunities for crime and new means of committing crime, for example cyber crime. Manuel Castells (1998) argues because of globalisation there is a globalised criminal economy worth £1 trillion. This takes a number of forms such as arms dealing, human trafficking, green crime and many others. The global criminal economy has both a demand and supply side. A reason for scale of transnational organised crime is demand from the rich west. However the global criminal economy couldn’t survive without a supply side that provides the source for demands of the west, such as drugs and prostitutes. This supply is linked to the globalisation process. For example third world drug producing countries such as Columbia have large populations of impoverished peasants. For them drug investment is attractive; it’s simple to produce and commands high prices. In Columbia, 20% of peasants rely on cocaine production for their livelihood; cocaine out sells all other exports. Thus to understand drug crime we cannot focus only on countries where drugs are consumed. Globalisation creates new insecurities and produces a new mentality of risk...
Words: 3642 - Pages: 15
