...are different school of thoughts that are used to analyze different environmental issues. Biocentric focuses on all life forms as equally important in contrast to anthropocentric that focus primarily on human needs and interest. Generally anthropocentric school of thought will put the human needs above those of other species and nature creating a ethical issue as well as environmental issues. This is due to the thoughts that the animals, plants, and nature are all tools to satisfy human needs. For example, the need for human homes is greater than that of the animals living in a certain area. Thus the animals would be relocated to suit the human needs. On the other hand, with Biocentric the need for human homes is just as important as the need for animals to stay in their environmental habitat. Furthermore there is controversy with the biocentric school of thought in regards to the fact that humans are the most intelligent dominant species on earth. They are rapidly growing which should mean that their needs be put in front of those of the smaller less intelligent species. It also does not give thought to the need of one species to be more than that of another species. For example humans have a growing population and need more and more food to survive, this means that more and more farms will be built to satisfy this need. Moreover more animals will be used up to satisfy this need as well. Additionally there are concerns with the anthropocentric school of thought due to its...
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...source. Scientific method “The way a scientist approaches a problem (by formulating a hypothesis and then testing it by means of an experiment)” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-13). This means that an individual uses a possible outcome to analyze and determine if the results are possible. Environmental science “The interdisciplinary study of how humanity interacts with other organisms and the nonliving physical environment” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-6). An analysis of the interconnections between living and nonliving species. Anthropocentrism “Focusing primarily or exclusively on human needs and interests” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-1). This means that an individual is self-centered, only worried about their needs or the needs of the humans. Biocentrism “Focusing on all life-forms as equally important” (Raven, Berg, & Hassenzahl, 2010, p. G-2). This means that an individual believes that all species are one, and that all live is valuable. Dualism “The state of being dual or consisting of two parts; division into two” (Dualism, 2012). This means that one was split into two equal parts. Ecocentrism “The view or belief that environmental concerns should take precedence over the needs and rights of human beings considered in isolation” (Ecocentrism, n.d.). This theory means the environment, to some individuals, is more important than other species and should be held at a higher value than others. Ecology “The study of systems that includes...
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...Foundations of psychology There are many schools of thought within the study of psychology. Commonly, most people are only aware of a few of the general therapies and some of the research connected with psychology, but there are far more schools of thought and study in the field of psychology than what the public may be aware of. The four main perspectives concerning psychology is divided by schools of thought. Each of the four schools of thought is based on different studies and assumptions where the causes and treatments are concerned, in reference to psychology. The main four schools of thought are psychodynamic, the behaviorist, cognitive, and the evolutionary. The Psychodynamic Perspective The school of psychodynamic was “founded by Sigmund Freud ( HubPages Inc, 2011),” and evolved from Freud’s theories that all people have “powerful unconscious motives that underlie their conscious intentions. (Kowalski, R. & Westen, D. (2009)” A few of the issues that Freud and his followers focused on was repressed issues from one’s past, and helping people bring foreword these past issues so they may be dealt with by using reason, helping people face the nature of their problems. Freud believed that people can be totally unaware of their subconscious motivations and process that affect their conscious thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and intentions. The psychodynamic perspectives believe that how people act is determined by how thoughts and feelings interact in their minds...
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...Religion and Belief Systems in Australia post Students learn about: | Students learn to: | Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities * Aboriginal spirituality as determined by the Dreaming * issues for Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to: * the effect of dispossession * the Land Rights movement Religious expression in Australia – 1945 to the present * the religious landscape from 1945 to the present in relation to: * changing patterns of religious adherence * the current religious landscape * religious dialogue in multi-faith Australia * ecumenical movements within Christianity * Interfaith dialogue * The relationship between Aboriginal spiritualities and religious traditions in the process of Reconciliation | * discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the Dreaming * kinship * ceremonial life * obligations to the land and people * discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to: * separation from the land * separation from kinship groups * the Stolen Generations * outline the importance of the following for the Land Rights movement: * Native Title * Mabo * Wik * analyse the importance of the Dreaming for the Land Rights movement * outline changing patterns of religious adherence from 1945 to the present using census data * account for the present religious landscape in Australia in relation to: * Christianity as the...
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...6 | | |Environmental Issues and Ethics | Copyright © 2010, 2009, 2006, 2004, 2003, 2001 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies scientific, philosophical, economic, and ethical principles to current and future environmental issues. Students will analyze the cumulative impact of human activities on global ecosystems, as well as responsibilities to the natural world, in terms of the complex interrelationships humans have with their environment. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Light, A., & Rolston, H., III (Eds.). (2003). Environmental ethics: An anthology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Raven, P., Berg, L., & Hassenzahl, D. (2010). Environment. (7th ed.)....
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... 1. One of the oldest and most significant schools of jurisprudential thought is: a. the administrative law school. b. the environmental law school. c. the legal realists. d. the natural law school. Answers: a. Incorrect. Administrative law is a body of law consisting of the rules, orders and decisions of administrative agencies. It is not a school of jurisprudential thought. b. Incorrect. Environmental law is a body of law consisting of all statutes and regulations protecting the environment. It is not a school of jurisprudential thought. c. Incorrect. Legal realism is a significant school of jurisprudential thought that became popular during the 1920s and 1930s, but it is not the oldest school. d. Correct. The natural law tradition traces its origins to early Greek and Roman philosophical thought about the nature of law and its relationship to the natural world and the human experience. 2. The common law may be described as: a. general legal principles that evolved over time through court decisions. b. a body of rules governing the ownership of the oceans. c. an index of opinions by law professors. d. rules issued by an administrative agency. Answers: a. Correct. The common law, or judge-made law, is a set of general legal principles that evolved over time through court decisions. b. Incorrect. The common law deals with issues other than the ownership of the oceans. ...
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... | | |Environmental Issues and Ethics | |Week One: Ethical Understanding of Environmental Problems | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Compare various schools of thought in environmental ethics. | | | | |Explain how ethics influences our course of action regarding principal environmental | | | | |issues. | | | | |Identify the local impact of environmental issues | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 1 & 2 of Environment. | | | | |Read the Introduction section of Environmental Ethics: An Anthology. | | | |...
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...PART I THEORY, SCHOOLS AND PRACTICE 1 Schools of Thought in Strategic Management: Fragmentation, Integration or Synthesis Tom Elfring and Henk W. Volberda Over the last thirty years, strategic management has become established as a legitimate field of research and managerial practice (Shrivastava, 1986: 363). In the evolution of strategy research, a diversity of partly competitive and partly supplementary paradigms have emerged. To provide an unequivocal definition would mean ignoring the versatility of strategic management. The choice of a definition and the application of specific strategic management techniques is greatly dependent on which paradigmatic schools of thought in strategic management one prefers. In this book, we will therefore review the various schools of thought and their contribution to the theory and practice of strategy. A school of thought is understood to be the range of thought of a specific group of researchers, which has crystallized within the field of strategic management (Brown, 1993). In other words, a school of thought can be seen as an institutionalized paradigm. Besides reflecting on the variety of schools in strategy, we will also sketch out new promising directions in strategy research and practice. Although some strategy scholars have argued that the achieved multiformity in schools of thought signifies an enrichment of the research within the field of study (cf. Mahoney, 1993), other scholars from related disciplines complain about...
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...history and origins. Structuralism, in psychology is defined as the study of the elements of consciousness. It focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behaviors and it also involves more psychological aspect of human studies rather than social structures. Structuralist use numerous techniques to examine one's own conscious feelings and thoughts. Functionalism is the study of the mind and how the mind functions to the whole body to adapt into a community or a society. It is also a perspective or theory that tries to explain and justify why society is the way it is. According to different psychologist it can explain social structures and social behavior of a society and their functions. In the functionalist perspective, society is thought to function like organisms, with many social institutions working together to maintain and reproduce societies. Functionalists studied the mind not from the standpoint of its composition, its mental elements or its structure but as a conglomerate or accumulation of functions and processes (Schultz, 2012). William James was the major contributor to functionalism. James broadened the field of structuralism to more of an developmental, education, and gender based. He is also known for moving the study of psychology from the laboratories out into the real world. Behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism, also known as behavioral...
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...Cast : General Permanent address : Vill. & P.O.-Kuldanga, Via-Andul, Mouri, P.S.-Panchla, Dist.-Howrah, Pin-711302, West Bengal, India Corresponding Address : Dr. Pintu Kumar Maji, C/O- Sri Lakshmi Kanta Maji, Vill &P.O.-Kuldanga, Via-Andul, Mouri, P.S.-Panchla, Dist.-Howrah, Pin-711302, West Bengal, India ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION 2013 Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.). Major: Education. Title: “A Study of the Locus of Control, Ecological Value and Environment Related Behaviour amongst Visually Impaired Students in West Bengal”. Area: Environmental Education and Special Education. Department of Education, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India 2007 Master of Philosophy (M. Phil.). Major: Education. Title: “A Comparative Study of Environmental Awareness and related Behaviour amongst the Normally Sighted and Visually Impaired Students of the Upper Primary and Secondary Stages of Education in West Bengal”., Area: Environmental Education and Special Education. Department of Education, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India Curriculum Vitae: Dr. Pintu Kumar...
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... and strategies that guide organization into the secured future. Strategic management is a stream of decisions and actions. (Jauch and Glueck,1988). It is a procedure by which top-level management decides and does for the success of the company. It helps to determine the best possible strategy so that company could win the game in competitive business environment. Thus, strategic management is a procedure where a strategist finds where company is and where it wants to reach. 2.0 Objective of the study: In this paper, I will discuss the differences between Mintzberg and Whittington’s strategy in the light of strategic management. Mainly the aims of this study are: • To distinguish and explain Mintzberg’s ten schools of thought...
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...Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science, behavior, and mental processes. Psychologists use scientific methods to observe, describe, predict, and explain behaviors and mental processes. Behaviors are actions that can be directly observed, while mental processes are experiences that cannot be observed directly, such as thoughts and feelings. The history of psychology is rooted in philosophy, biology, and physiology. Rene...
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...used to establish the secrecy of the human behavior. Observation was the way to study a person mind to become aware of the mental conscious and unconscious states. As time went by psychology was established, alone with some major schools of thoughts. The paper below will examine the foundation of psychology, identify the major schools of thought in psychology, and examine their major underlying assumptions such as, behaviorism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. In addition, it will identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior such as, brain, central nervous system, peripheral nervous System, and genetics/evolution. Behavioral Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a learning theory established on the notion that behaviors are gathered by conditioning. Conditioning develops from influenced of the environment. There are two major types of conditioning classical and operant. Classical conditioning is a procedure used in behavioral training where a naturally stimulus is paired with a response. Operant conditioning is a procedure of learning that happens through rewards and punishments for behavior. Behaviorists speculate that a person acknowledgement to environmental stimuli shapes a person behavior. Behaviorism made psychology more scientific by concentrating totally on observable behavior. Behaviorisms speculate that behavior can be studied in an investigation and observable manner with no...
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...OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science, behavior, and mental processes. Psychologists use scientific methods to observe, describe, predict, and explain behaviors and mental processes. Behaviors are actions that can be directly observed, while mental processes are experiences that cannot be observed directly, such as thoughts and feelings. The history of psychology is rooted in philosophy, biology, and physiology. Rene Descartes and Charles Darwin...
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...Global Sustainability There has long been evidence that the global model of economic development is one that is unsustainable. Development within nations, especially as regards to industrialization and development of infrastructure to support economic expansion, has relied on a model of thought that is outdated and ignorant of the social costs such development incurs. A model of development, sometimes called the “Washington Consensus,” is on that is based upon pre-modern norms. The massive expansion of population and industrial centers has rendered these assumptions obsolete. With ever increasing consumption of precious natural resources, especially fossil fuels, new factors have come into play that are largely ignored or set aside. Robert Costanza notes that economies today are bound more by limits of natural resource availability than the limits of capital infrastructure. The byproducts of this increased consumption and resulting environmental pollution are rendering what is ostensibly progress and development as something much less so. Negative externalities may even be making “progress” harmful. The issue, however, is that although many acknowledge the need for a new model of global development, efforts are hampered by those parties whose interests are hurt by proposed changes in worldviews. Allan E. Goodman of Georgetown University recounts the history of how the international efforts to ban the use of chlorofluorocarbons — known globally as CFCs — came about, with the...
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