Environmental management can be viewed from natural, man-made, socio-cultural and supernatural. With the aid of a table discuss management of the aforementioned environment?
INTRODUCTION
The state of environmental hazard in Nigeria and the world in general is increasing at an alarming rate , thereby leaving scholars with great mind and high cognitive ability to seat and analyse the causes, effect, and control measure of these pressing issue.
It is only when the source of an issue is being identified that, one will begin to think about possible solution to such a disturbing act. In the case of environmental hazard the causes has being identified as natural, manmade, socio-cultural, and supernatural environmental hazard.
Natural hazard which is mainly caused by natural processes occurring on the earth surface and controlled but natural phenomenon which can be explained and causes understood by scientific methods, while manmade hazard which are set of environmental hazard which is mainly caused by human inhabiting the earth surface, what biologist refers to the effect of anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem. Socio-cultural on the other hand are set of environmental issues that arises from the pattern of cultural life or influence in which citizens of a particular culture exhibit and this has an effect on the environment, while supernatural environmental hazard are menace in the environment which causes cannot be explained using any known scholastic phenomena yet it exist.

DEFINATION OF TERM
Natural environment hazard
This are hazard that occur purely as a result of natural process in the environment, processes like changes in rainfall pattern, duration of sun intensity, landslide, changes in temperature e.t.c. examples include Drought, flooding, heavy snowfall, high wind speed e.t.c.
Manmade hazard
This set of hazard occur mostly through man interaction with the environment in which he finds himself through processes like deforestation, over cultivation, over grazing, pollution, animal hunting e.t.c.
Socio-cultural hazard
This are vents or norms/pattern of life in which certain socio-cultural group or tribe adapt or act that affect the environment and subsequently affect the lives of the citizens e.g. festival, wrestling, canning before marriage (Fulani clans in Nigeria) e.t.c.
Supernatural hazard
Supernatural (wikipedia) is that which is not subject to the laws of physics, or more figuratively, that which is said to exist above or beyond nature In philosophy is a popular culture and fiction, which is associated with the paranormal, religious and occultism. Is is something above nature, that which is beyond or added to nature often so considered because it is given by a deity or some force beyond that which human are born with which is neither visible or measurable.
Supernatural hazard can be defined as that element in the environment that are harmful to man and caused by supernatural forces which cannot be explained by nature which is envisage to be controlled by a particular deity and has adverse effect on the environment.
NATURAL HAZARD MANAGEMENT
There are numerous environmental problems or issues here I will list them and profer some management practice to each of them. NATURAL HAZARD | MANAGEMENT PRACTICE | Drought: this is a state of prolonged and abnormal deficiency in moisture and a general state of dryness. | 1. Afforestation 2. Irrigation 3. Planting of cover crops 4. Planting drought resistance trees 5. Use of fire wood should be discouraged 6. Bush burning should be discouraged | Flooding: is defined as the occurances of excessive volume of water in areas not usually under water. | 1. Dams should be constructed with the best material to prevent breakdown. 2. Refuse dumping into culverts and channels should be prohibited. 3. Construction of wider cutters and culverts. 4. Well planned urban centers. 5. Establishment of settlement along river channel should be avoided. 6. Erection of building on culverts, water sheds and roads should be avoided. | Coastal erosion: is the gradual removal of land along the coast it occurs mostly in southern and western regions in Nigeria. | 1. Regular sand filling of beaches or coast 2. Erection of material that can reduce the power of wave along the coast 3. Regular dredging of deposited material along the coast 4. Partial planting of shrubs along the coast 5. Construction of building of permanent embankment along the coast. | Soil erosion: is the process where by the top soil is gradually removed or transported away by erosional agent | 1. Afforetation. 2. Controlled grazing. 3. Contour ploughing. 4. Planting of cover crops i.e. groundnuts mostly legumes. 5. Practicing terracing 6. Improvement in farming method 7. Enlightenment campaign on the effect of soil erosion |

MANMADE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD MANMADE HAZARD | MANAGEMENT PRACTICE | Deforestation: is the indiscriminate cutting down of forest trees which is unplanned and basically for satisfying mans want. | 1. Afforestation 2. Legislation against indiscriminate falling down of trees 3. Issuance of license to authorized persons for falling down of trees 4. Public awareness campaign on the effect of deforestation 5. The development of other source of fuel i.e. gas. Kerosene e.t.c at a cheaper rate so that even the poor can afford it. 6. The planting of two threes where one has been cut off. | Pollution: is the realease of substances into the environment i.e. air, water or land in quantities that it becomes harmful to animals, plant and the environment in general. there are three types air, water and land pollution | Air pollution management measures 1. The use of fumes chambers to discharge chemicals 2. Controlled method of mining to reduce dust. 3. Provision of filter or absorber to reduce pollution for waste gases. 4. Legislation against loud music. 5. Proper education on waste disposalLand pollution 1. Use of incinerator for waste disposal 2. Proper sewage disposal 3. Urban waste should be buried 4. Pesticides and fertilizer should be applied as instructedWater pollution 1. Waste should not be dumped in water. 2. Legislation against dumping of industrial waste into water body 3. Enlightenment campaign on the effect of water pollution. 4. There should be absorber in ship to reduce propellent of gases into water. |

SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD socio-cultural hazard | Environmental management | 1. Inter-tribal wars 2. Wrestling 3. Belief in evil spirit as source of problem 4. Open defecation 5. Method of storing food and drinking water 6. Not washing hands after using latrines 7. Festivals and sacrifice to a deity. 8. Improper method of waste disposal 9. Bushfire 10. Hunting 11. Using forest wood as fuel for cooking. | * Training on socio-cultural aspects among officials and professionals responsible for environmental management. * Integrate the socio-cultural aspect of environmental hazard into school curriculum to promote ethnic engagement. * Inculcate skill, attitude, knowledge and value about the environment unto the individuals in the community. * Ensure that communities are engage in vulnerability reduction strategies and the communication of risk information through diverse source. * Enlightenment campaign on the effect of socio-cultural hazard on the community and their health. * Creation of laws and legislation on certain issues such as tree falling, hunting, bush fire to reduce their engagement in such an act. |

SUPERNATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD Supernatural hazard | Management skills | 1. A woman died after having sex with another man. 2. Thunder without any sign of rain. 3. A car knock engine without being on. 4. The miracles performed by pastor. 5. A woman gives birth without having sex. 6. A sheep giving birth to half sheep half human. 7. A house burnt without any source of fire. 8. Somebody flying with his body still at home. | 1. Keeping to the norms and laws of the forces attach to the hazard. 2. Learning from others experience who have hard contact with theses forces. 3. Environmental education of the effect of not keeping to the norms of these forces. 4. Inculcation into school curriculum some of these deity, so that student will understand how they function, their origin, their mode of festival, so that you understand how theses forces work. 5. Confession immediately you have broken one law so as not to be affected. |

Herbal treatment and medical treatment compliment one another. Discuss the rational and benefit of herbal and medical practice in Nigeria?
Herbal medicine, otherwise known as herbalism, is the study and the use of medicinal properties in plants. They are also defined as “a group of diverse medical and healthcare system, practices, and product that are not presently considered as part of conventional medicine”. Herbal medicine can also be called alternative or complementary medicine (CAM), and integrative medicine. Other terms substituted for medicinal herbalism include: herbal or botanical medicine, or phytotheraphy, previously defined as the used of plant materials to prevent and treat ill health or promote wellness. Plants have the ability to synthesis large amount of chemical compound know as phytochemicals that perform biological function as well as fighting against diseases in human and animal. Analysis carried out on herbal medicine have proved that they are cheap, reliable and fully functional and if the diseases is properly diagnose and the treatment is done from a professional physician it renders exclusive results. Another major factor, which facilitates even the modern physicians, is that there are almost no chances of side effects from these medicines. An illustration of the international status and importance of herbal medicines was given by the world wildlife fund (2010), stating that: “in many developed countries, traditional herbal medicine remedies are making a comeback as alternative to conventional medicine. In the united state, the number of people using herbal medicines has increased from 2.5% in 1990 to 37% in 2000”.
Initiatives in Nigeria that contributed to herbal medicine treatment include the establishment of herbal medicine is the establishment of the national institute pharmaceutical research and development (NIPRD), which has as his mandate the research on plant for suspected phytochemicals, that the researching plant suspected to poses the potential to fight against diseases. Another is the establishment of the federal college of complementary and alternative medicine (FEDCAM), in Abuja, with a mandate to improve knowledge on herbal medicine and their sound management.
BENEFIT OF HERBAL AND MEDICAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA 1. Herbal medicine is cheaper than modern medicine. The cost of orthodox medicine is increased by modern health technology, which in many cases is inappropriate, or irrelevant to the immediate needs to the people. 2. Herbal medicine enjoys wider acceptability among the people of developing countries than modern medicine. 3. The herbal medicine practitioners could serve as additional sources of manpower in the health sector of developing countries, especially if they could be retrained in simple hygiene, health education, nutrition, environmental health, general modern health concepts etc. 4. Traditional medicine is more accessible to most of the population in the third world. 5. In order to consult an orthodox doctor, the patient often has to go through the rigor of registration, long queues, laboratory test among other formalities which is time wasting but in herbal medical treatment is no so.

ADVANTAGE OF MEDICAL SERVICES 1. Help to preserve life 2. Help prevent further harm 3. Help to promote recovery. 4. Help to stop burning and relief pain. 5. To minimize the risk of infection. 6. To minimize shock

Environment is for man as man is for the environment. Discuss social interaction in ecological system?
EVOLUTION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
The evolution of man interaction with his environment can be depicted within three (3) period of human development. This includes: 1. Tool making revolution era 1million years ago 2. Agricultural revolution era (100,000 years) 3. Industrial revolution era (10, 000 years)
The diagram below depict clearly the evolutionary trend in mans relation with his environment

HUMAN SOCIAL SYSTEM ASPECT THAT AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT * population, * technology, * social structure, and * ideology
The diagrams below depict man social inpact with his environment

ECOSYSTEM AND RELATION TO MAN
A System is made up of two or more mutually interacting components
Mutually interacting components, describable in broad term as: * climate (atmosphere), * soil (lithosphere), * water(hydrosphere),and * organisms (biosphere)

With the aid of relevant diagram discuss the benefit of hydrological cycle in contemporary society?

Diagram of water cycle
The water cycle is extremely important process because it ensures the availability of water for all for all living organisms as regulates weather patterns on our planet.
The water cycle consists of 6 important processes: 1. Evaporation * Liquid water becoming water vapour ( in the atmosphere). * Factors favoring it are low air pressure and higher temperature. * Heat from the sun evaporates water found in the ocean, lakes and rivers. Since impurities are left behind, the water that goes in the atmosphere is cleaner then when it was on earth. * Water also evaporates of the leaves of plants – called transpiration 2. Condensation * This process is the opposite of evaporation – water leaves the vapour state and returns to the liquid state * Lower temperatures favour condensation. * Water droplets formed from condensation that are small remain suspended in the atmosphere in atmosphere in the form of clouds in the sky or fog at ground level. Dust particles need to be present around which the droplet can form. 3. Precipitation * Under the correct temperature and atmospheric pressure, the small water droplets in clouds become larger and precipitation occurs * This can be in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow. 4. Surface runoff * As water returns to the earth (precipitation) it moves over the land and flows downhill (gravity) into streams ,rivers, ponds and lakes. * The direction of flow is: small streams large stream rivers oceans * This step is important because the water returns to the ocean as surface runoff where it once again is evaporated: A CYCLE!! 5. Infiltration * When precipitation occurs, not all the water returns to the ocean as surface runoff. Some is also soak into the ground. As water filters through the soil and rock layers, it becomes cleaner (impurities are filtered out) * Some of this water returns to the surface (springs) or is used up by plants. * Some of this water becomes groundwater 6. Transpiration * Plants absorb water from the soil. This water moves from the roots, up the stem and to the leaves * Water evaporates off the leaves and into the atmosphere
Importance of hydrological cycle to the contemporary society 1. Availability of water both for industrial and domestic purposes. 2. Help in modification of climate. 3. Used for agricultural purposes thereby developing the economy. 4. Used for hydro electric power generation (H.E.P), which is used both domestically and industrially for the running of machine. 5. It also helps in cell metabolism, thereby making it a high determinant to healthy living.

With the aid of an outline map of Nigeria as an environmental manager identify a project in each of the geographical zone and write a budget proposal?

Key Northern geographical zone | Southern geographical zone | Western geographical zone | Eastern geographical zone | Terrorism | Oil spillage | Resort development ie beach | Ritualism | Desert encroachment | Deforestation | Coastal erosion | Gully erosion |
Northern geographical zone
Terrorism
Terrorism, arguably, is the biggest threat to global peace and stability in the contemporary times. Since the dawn of this millennium, the incidence of the terrorism has been on a steady rise worldwide. Hitherto, terrorism was more or less a national or regional affair. This trend, however, has since changed as brilliantly observed by Awake: Just few years ago, terrorism seemed to be restricted to a few isolated places, such as Northern Ireland, the Basque Country in Northern Spain, and some areas of the Middle East. Now - especially since September 11, 2001, with the destruction of the Twin Towers in New York - worldwide phenomenon (June, 2006:4). Indeed, the worldwide manifestation of terrorism has been evident in Africa, but also in Nigeria. With particular reference to Nigeria, the phenomenon has found expression in the emergence of Boko Haram insurgency (2001-date). Since its advent, the sectarian insurgency has wrecked immense havoc in the country, especially by “using explosives and firearms with gruesome, fatal” consequences (Awake June, 2006:6). A critical corollary of this violence is dire humanitarian crisis that threatens human security in Nigeria.
Possible ways of curbing terrorism in northern Nigeria case study of Boko Haram
Good governance The foundation of good governance is built on the rule of law; equality and fairness. When individuals and nations understand that all created beings irrespective of their race, religion, culture, sex etc. are equal before God, then exploitation, oppression, intimidation, suppression and others alike will be eliminated. It must be noted that terrorism triumph in areas where people are mostly oppressed, suppressed and exploited. These are the fuel needed to fan the embers of terrorism. In the world today democracy affords nations the opportunity to rule by democratic principles and standard that ensures a peaceful co-existence. This must be imbibed in Nigeria, so that the citizens will feel and see democracy in practice.
Harmonization of security operations In the war against terrorism, effective information management is the key to success. The intelligence operations of gathering, dissemination, direction and control need to be integrated and harmonized in a central operating unit. In doing this, there will be a central command. There will be no lapses or operational bottlenecks or unnecessary bureaucratic controls relating to information sharing and dissemination. Government must create a synergy where all security agencies can rally round for a common goal.
Policy reforms In policy reforms, it would be critical for government to adapt to a new environment in consideration to terrorists modes and strategic changes in the approach and attacks. The National Grand strategy module on the vision 2020 should be well put on the right course.
Government agenda in tackling the developmental issues should be prioritized, based on the short and long term needs of the country. Our developmental indices should indicate an upward movement across all aspects of our socio-economic imperatives. There are no industries, no power to sustain cottage industries, no road to areas of need, no water (safe) is rocketing astronomically and poverty is written on the faces of the people. Terrorism cannot be fought when those things that caused them are left visibly begging to be solved.
Equipping and Training of Security Personnel The Presidential task force on terrorism should be equipped in such a way that it should have the capability of analyzing intelligence and take pro-active or preventive measures to contain any threat. There is much hatred, sentiment and fear in the country, government strategic plans should be able to create an atmosphere of confidence in the governance. The security personnel must be trained in order to acquire the necessary skill to operate whatever equipment the government may provide for the unity.
The use of remote sensing instrument (LIDAR SENSOR): The Definition of Remote Sensing In the broadest sense, the measurement or acquisition of information of some property of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object or phenomenon under study; e.g., the utilization at a distance (as from aircraft, spacecraft, or ship) of any device and its attendant display for gathering information pertinent to the environment, such as measurements of force fields, electromagnetic radiation, or acoustic energy. Remote sensing uses sensors to capture data one of these sensor is the Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR).
LIDAR speed guns are used by the police to measure the speed of vehicles for speed limit enforcement purposes and offer a number of advantages over radar speed guns.
Few military applications are known to be in place and are classified, but a considerable amount of research is underway in their use for imaging. Higher resolution systems collect enough detail to identify targets, such as tanks.
Examples of military applications of LIDAR include the Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) for counter-mine warfare by Arete Associates. Utilizing LIDAR and THz interferometry wide area raman spectroscopy, it is possible to detect chemical, nuclear, or biological threats at a great distance.
For the purpose of this assignment I will write a budget proposal on the application of remote sensing in combating the issue of terrorism in Nigeria.
Budget Proposal on the Application of Remote System in combating Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria
In discussing the application of remote sensing in combating Boko Haram insurgence in Nigeria require the following 1. Remote sensing expert. 2. Application of remote sensing software for Nigeria. 3. Development of remote sensing satellite or sensors. 4. Workshop or seminar on the application of remote sensing to military personnel. 5. Development of base map using remote sensing data in the area of insurgence. 6. Using remote sensing to develop code that only military personnel will understand. Item required | Amount needed | Amount required in naira | Remote sensing expert | 20 | 30,000,000 | Application of remote sensing software in Nigeria | 10 | 10*2,000,000 | Development of remote sensing satellite or sensor | 10 | 10*20,000,000 | Workshop or seminar on remote sensing application | 7 | 7*5,000,000 | Development of base map using remote data | 10 | 10*2,000,000 | Using remote sensing to develop military code | As much as possible | 3,000,000 | TOTAL | 57 | 308,000,000 |

SOURCE OF FINANCE
Solving the issue of terrorism, which affect the economy, political, social, and the environment at large? Therefore it should not be left to the government alone but all the citizen of Nigeria.
Below is a breakdown on how the finance should be sourced for in carrying out the project Contributor | Amount contributed in naira | Federal government of Nigeria | 150,000,000 | States contribution (the 36 state of the federation) | 52,000,000 | Non governmental organization (NGO) both local and international | 50,000,000 | Individual contribution both local and international | 33,000,000 | Borrow from international and local organization | 23,000,000 | TOTAL | 308,000,000 |

Eastern geographical zone
Ritualism
This is a more common phenomena in Anambra ‘OGU AGO’ (blood money) and also the Imo state citizens who instead of making their money the right way they will instead decide sacrifice their own brothers and sisters to spiritual deity so as to make money through it. Like the girl that recently turns into snake in a hotel room in Anambra is a typical mystical phenomenon that describes the concept of ritualism.
Most of these sacrifice are performed to certain deity or spiritual entity that cannot be explain with scientific phenomena but still yet once you perform the requirement of this deity you financial problem will be temporary solved depending your next sacrifice to the same deity.
Ways to curb the issue of ritualism 1. Job creation 2. Rehabilitation centers 3. Public enlightenment on the effect of ritualism. 4. Subsidizing education fee so as to allow the poor be educated 5. Legislation on those caught in ritualism 6. Guardian and counseling centers should be established.

Budget proposal on the curbing the issue of ritualism Solution to ritualism | Numbers needed | Amount in naira | Job creation | 20,000 | 60,000,000 | Rehabilitation centers | 5 per state =180 | 32,000,000 | Public enlightenment campaign | 2 times per state=72 | 40,000,000 | Subsidizing education | Primary, secondary, tertiary | 4,000,000,000 | Legislation against ritualism | 0 | 0 | Guardian and counseling centre | 5 per state=180 | 15,000,000 | Total | 20,432 | 4,147,000,000 |

SOURCE OF FINANCE
Solving the issue of ritualism, which affect the economy, political, social, and the environment at large? Therefore it should not be left to the government alone but all the citizen of Nigeria.
Below is a breakdown on how the finance should be sourced for in carrying out the project

Contributor | Amount contributed in naira | Federal government of Nigeria | 2,000,000,000 | States contribution (the 36 state of the federation) | 1,000,000,000 | Non governmental organization (NGO) both local and international | 500,000,000 | Individual contribution both local and international | 547,000,000 | Borrow from international and local organization | 100,000,000 | TOTAL | 4,147,000.000 |

Southern geographical zone
Deforestation is the indiscriminate cutting down of forest trees which is unplanned and basically for satisfying mans want. These aspects of environmental hazard is more common in southern part of Nigeria because of the presence of tropical rainforest, mangrove swamp forest and salt water swamp forest which produce economic trees which are exploited both illegally and legally by the local for construction, firewood, purposes etc.
Below is the process to employ in order to combat the issue of deforestation: 1. Afforestation 2. Legislation against indiscriminate falling down of trees 3. Issuance of license to authorized persons for falling down of trees 4. Public awareness campaign on the effect of deforestation 5. The development of other source of fuel i.e. gas. Kerosene e.t.c at a cheaper rate so that even the poor can afford it. 6. Job provision of job for the locals 7. Forest guard Budget proposal on the curbing the issue of ritualism Solutions | Quantity needed | Amount in Naira | Afforestation | Plant two per cut | 4,000,000 | Legislation against falling of tress | Nil | Nil | Public awareness campaign on the effect of tree falling | Twice | 6,000,000 | Job provision for the locals | 2,000 | 20,000,000 | Provision of other source of fuel ie kerosene, gas | 0 | 3,000,000,000 | Forest guard | 2000 | 2,000,000 per year | Total | | 3,032,000,000 |

SOURCE OF FINANCE
Solving the issue of afforestation, which affect the economy, political, social, and the environment at large? Therefore it should not be left to the government alone but all the citizen of Nigeria.
Below is a breakdown on how the finance should be sourced for in carrying out the project Contributor | Amount contributed in naira | Federal government of Nigeria | 1,000,000,000 | States contribution (the 36 state of the federation) | 500,000,000 | Non governmental organization (NGO) both local and international | 500,000,000 | Individual contribution both local and international | 550,000,000 | Borrow from international and local organization | 482,000,000 | TOTAL | 3,032,000.000 |

Western geopolitical zone
Coastal erosion: is the gradual removal of land along the coast it occurs mostly in southern and western regions in Nigeria. This type of environmental issue is common in the western region and southern regions of the country especially with areas close the coastal region of Nigeria.
Below is the process to employ in order to combat the issue of deforestation: 1. Regular sand filling of beaches or coast 2. Erection of material that can reduce the power of wave along the coast 3. Regular dredging of deposited material along the coast 4. Partial planting of shrubs along the coast 5. Construction of building of permanent embankment along the coast. Solution | Amount | regular sand filling of beach | 3million/year | Erection of material that can reduce the power of wave along the coast | 40,000,000 | Dredging of deposited material along the coast | 3,000,000 | planting of shrubs along the coast | 3,000,000 | construction of permanent embankment along the coast | 50,000,000 | Total | 99,000,000 |

SOURCE OF FINANCE
Solving the issue of coastal erosion, which affect the economy, political, social, and the environment at large? Therefore it should not be left to the government alone but all the citizen of Nigeria.
Below is a breakdown on how the finance should be sourced for in carrying out the project Contributor | Amount contributed in naira | Federal government of Nigeria | 30,000,000 | States contribution (the 36 state of the federation) | 20,000,000 | Non governmental organization (NGO) both local and international | 15,000,000 | Individual contribution both local and international | 10,000,000 | Borrow from international and local organization | 24,000,000 | TOTAL | 99,000,000 |

REFERENCES
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