...MODULE - 4 Contemporary Environmental Issues Environmental Science Senior Secondary Course Notes 10 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Developmental activities such as construction, transportation and manufacturing not only deplete the natural resources but also produce large amount of wastes that leads to pollution of air, water, soil, and oceans; global warming and acid rains. Untreated or improperly treated waste is a major cause of pollution of rivers and environmental degradation causing ill health and loss of crop productivity. In this lesson you will study about the major causes of pollution, their effects on our environment and the various measures that can be taken to control such pollutions. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: • • • • • • • define the terms pollution and pollutants; list various kinds of pollution; describe types of pollution, sources, harmful effects on human health and control of air pollution, indoor air pollution, noise pollution; describe water pollution, its causes and control; describe thermal pollution; describe soil pollution, its causes and control; describe radiation pollution, sources and hazards. 10.1 POLLUTION AND POLLUTANTS Human activities directly or indirectly affect the environment adversely. A stone crusher adds a lot of suspended particulate matter and noise into the atmosphere. Automobiles emit from their tail pipes oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and a complex...
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...Environmental Pollution Pollution has been an issue for years. As time has gone on, the need for clean air has never been more of a necessity than it is today. Cities are growing every minute and the amount of space for the increased population has done but decrease. Living in a city means travel. Everyone wants a vehicle to pack of their family and friends to go on road trips or to make it to work on time. The problem with this is that there simply is not enough to go around. Congested roads doesn’t help anyone. The longer a car sits idling it is emitting fumes into the air that contributes to air pollution. Air pollution affects everyone within a small radius and even further. Cars that are not properly maintained can also release even more bad fumes into the air. This contributes to global warming on wide scale. There are a number of ways to help reduce the amount of fumes that enter the earth’s atmosphere and also gives people a way to get around. Saving our community, getting people to work on time, and giving our earth back just as much as it’s given to us is the least we can do. Making small changes to our routine can impact our community and environment. Changes do not need to be radical, instead they need to be simple so that everyone can get on board. Change one: Random emission testing. Every person who has a vehicle understands that it needs basic maintenance to keep it running smooth. Regular oil changes, proper fuel, and good tires will make the car run for...
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...Environmental Pollution Shakale Phipps SCI/256 June 9, 2014 Ricardo Altschul Environmental Pollution In such a chaotic world, there are many contributors to the environment’s pollution. The number one transportation source; the automobile is the leading cause in the air pollution. Fortunately, advanced fuel technologies can drastically change the reduction in air pollution. Today’s road runners create over one third of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides within the atmosphere and twenty percent of the global warming pollution. Air pollution like such can cause major problems for the environment as well as for human health. With the creation of hybrid and electrical cars, the reduction of air pollution can be cut in half within the next twenty years by the decline of use in U.S. oil. People these days do not realize the significant role the automobile plays in our lives. With a car you can travel to work, school, business meetings, or even across country for that matter. In many urban, Southern California cities, air pollution has been a major issue since historical times. Yes, there were grievances about smoke in ancient Rome. The use of coal throughout the centuries caused neighboring cities to become very smoky places. Combined with the smoke, mass applications of sulfur dioxide were produced. With the mixture of sulfur dioxide and smoke, it created the “foggy” streets of ancient, London’s backdrop. Think of Sherlock Holmes. Similar situations occurred in...
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...The simplest explanation about why the environment matters is that, as humans the environment the Earth is our home. It is where we live, breathe, eat, raise our children, etc. Just because we as humans have the power to destroy environment and other species, this does not give us any right to do so. But more convincing to the ones having power in today's world is probably the economic argument. That we cannot afford to destroy the Earth systems. Protecting our environment allows us to live free of any pollutants or hazards that we might introduce into our environment. That leaves us free to try to survive in the "natural" environment which includes things like sharks, poisonous insects and reptiles, pollen, poisonous plants, viruses, bacteria, thousands of parasites, and other animals that compete for food and land. Protecting the environment allows future generations of humans to grow and live without having to deal with anything we've done to contaminate the environment in which we do live and they will live, protecting the environment is the best way to protect our own selves against diseases. However, forests prevent soil erosion, landslides, and flooding; maintain the purity of the air and water; affect local and global rainfall. Protecting the environment as it was before human additions allows plants to continue growing, plants that help regulate temperature, humidity, an provide oxygen. Plants are very useful to humans. We eat many different types of plants...
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...Environmental Pollution Outline 1. Complete the following outline using Ch. 21–25 of the text. Use complete sentences. Here is an example: a. Example - Environmental History 1) Before 1960 a) Few people had ever heard the word ecology. b) The term, environment, meant little as a political or social issue. 2) Silent Spring by Rachel Carson a) Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in 1960. b) At about the time the book was published, several environmental events were occurring. c) Examples of these environmental events are oil spills and highly publicized threats of extinction of many species. d) Environment became a popular issue. 3) Early Days of Modern Environmentalism a) Environmentalism was dominated by confrontations between those labeled environmentalist and those labeled anti-environmentalists. b) Environmentalists believed that the world was in peril. c) The anti-environmentalists believed that social and economic heath and progress were necessary. 4) Today a) The situation has changed from the early days of modern environmentalism. b) Public opinion polls show that people around the world rank the environment among the most important social and political issues. c) No longer is there a need to verify that the environmental problems are severe. 2. Complete the rest of the worksheet based on the example above. Remember to be thorough in your answers and write in complete sentences. a. Water Management 1) Describe Water Management and Use a) Freshwater...
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...aquatic organisms and disturb the integrity of the ecosystem (Mester and Tien 2000; Puvaneswari et al., 2006) by alters the pH, increases the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).Dyes industries have also a serious role in environmental pollution. Dyes mainly used in paper, textile and leather industries. Pollutant released from these dyes industries cause water and soil pollution. Water and land pollution by dyes industries affect large numbers of people and environment. These pollutants affects in many forms. They include not only chemicals, but also organisms and biological materials, The number of potential pollutants is therefore essentially countless. There are, for example, some 30,000 chemicals in common use today in dyes industries, any one of which may be released into the environment during processing or use. Due to its toxicity, widespread presence and complex nature, this type of pollution is a serious problem. In Modern life style, urbanization and develop the use of dyes and dye -based products grows. Once they enter an ecosystem, dye-based pollutants initiate a series of processes, affecting both its biotic and a biotic element (Małachowska-Jutsz et al. 1997). Dyes produce an unacceptable...
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...Environmental Pollution Outline 1. Complete the following outline using Ch. 21–25 of the text. Use complete sentences. Here is an example: a. Example - Environmental History 1) Before 1960 a) Few people had ever heard the word ecology. b) The term, environment, meant little as a political or social issue. 2) Silent Spring by Rachel Carson a) Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in 1960. b) At about the time the book was published, several environmental events were occurring. c) Examples of these environmental events are oil spills and highly publicized threats of extinction of many species. d) Environment became a popular issue. 3) Early Days of Modern Environmentalism a) Environmentalism was dominated by confrontations between those labeled environmentalist and those labeled anti-environmentalists. b) Environmentalists believed that the world was in peril. c) The anti-environmentalists believed that social and economic heath and progress were necessary. 4) Today a) The situation has changed from the early days of modern environmentalism. b) Public opinion polls show that people around the world rank the environment among the most important social and political issues. c) No longer is there a need to verify that the environmental problems are severe. 2. Complete the rest of the worksheet based on the example above. Remember to be thorough in your answers and write in complete sentences. a. Water Management 1) Describe Water Management and Use a) Freshwater...
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...Environmental Pollution Strategy xxxxx Sci/256 August 28, 2013 xxxxxxx The rapid growth over the past decade has been economically positive for the city of Phoenix. With the increase in manufacturing, construction and jobs. Air and water pollution as well as loss of open spaces are putting stress on the infrastructure, natural resources, and beginning to affect the environment within the city and surrounding region. To correct these negative environmental impacts I propose the following: pollution control legislation, random emission testing, encouraging carpooling initiatives, and establish green spaces. Expense Budget Of the $18 Million allotted for measures to fix the pollution issue, only $14.9 Million will is needed to correct successfully the environmental issues. Below is the breakdown of solution and cost. |Solution |Expense: | |Pollution control legislation for point sources |$4.3 Million | |Random emission testing |$3.6 Million | |Establish green spaces |$4.2 Million | |Encourage carpooling ...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION – OUR CONCERN Environmental pollution is a cause for concern, not only for us but also for mankind as a whole. The last century has seen the rise of this menace assume gigantic proportions, so much so that it has cast its gloomy shadow on nature itself. The diminishing ozone ionosphere leading to global warming and the unpredictable seasonal variation, are some of the adverse effects of pollution that are threatening the environment in which we live. Pollution is a by-product of the unprecedented industrial revolution that we have seen in the last few decades. The establishment of large scale factories belching out smoke, fumes and chemically hazardous waste, has now started having a telling effect on the environment. This couples with the unprecedented growth of automobiles and the ever-increasing human population are some of the factors that are making environmental pollution a cause for concern. The effects of pollution are all pervasive – affecting mother earth, animals, birds and man. An immediate fallout being the reduction in the oxygen content in the atmosphere, presence of potentially harmful gases causing diseases asthma and lung cancer which are sometimes fatal. The large-scale release of chemical wastes into the rivers and streams are the cause of dwindling aquatic life in the river and oceans. This also adversely affects the soil where the river water is used for irrigation purposes. Every now and then we see in the news...
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...Essay on Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects and Solution On February 5, 2014 By Ankita MitraCategory: Environmental pollution refers to the introduction of harmful pollutants into the environment. The major types of environmental pollution are air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution, soil pollution and light pollution. Deforestation and hazardous gaseous emissions also leads to environmental pollution. During the last 10 years, the world has witnessed severe rise in environmental pollution. We all live on planet earth, which is the only planet known to have an environment, where air and water are two basic things that sustain life. Without air and water, the earth would be like the other planets – no man, no animals, no plants. The biosphere in which living beings have their sustenance has oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon and water vapour. All these are well balanced to ensure and help a healthy growth of life in the animal world. This balance does not only help the life-cycles of animals and plants, but it also creates the perennial sources of minerals and energies without which the human civilization of to-day could not be built. It is for this balance that the human life and other forms of existence have flourished on earth for so many thousands of years. Also read: Short paragraph on Pollution But man, as the most intelligent animal, never stopped being inquisitive, nor was he content with the bounties of nature. His quest for...
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...Study on Vehicular Pollution and Environmental Administration Course Name: Legal Aspects of Business Faculty: Prof. Name: Roll: 2014PGPMX Submission Date: 15th July 2015 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Conceptual Discussion & implementation of the existing system 4 2.1 Vehicular pollutants and their health/environmental effects 4 2.2 Vehicular pollutants and climate changes 4 2.3 Vehicular Pollution Control Measures in India 6 2.4 Vehicular Emission Standards 7 2.5 Emission standards for controlling pollution from new vehicles in India 8 2.6 Road map for Vehicular Emission norms for new vehicles 8 2.7 Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) Practice in India 9 2.8 Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certification system 10 2.9 Noise Standards for Vehicles 12 2.10 Improvement in Fuel Quality 13 2.11 Indian Initiative for Alternate Fuels 13 3. Data Analysis and Interpretation 15 3.1 Environment Protection Act, 1986 15 3.2 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 16 3.3 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 17 3.4 Global Environmental Interaction 19 4. CONCLUSIONS 20 1. Introduction “Nature is the source of all material things: the Maker, the means of making, and the things made. All actions take place in time by the intervening of the forces of Nature; but the man, lost in selfish delusion thinks that he himself is the actor.” (Isha Upanishad) “Environmental conservation is about negotiating the transition from past to future...
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...Conventions to mitigate marine pollution Oil pollution: Oil tankers transport some 2,400 million tonnes of crude oil and oil products around the world by sea. Most of the time, oil is transported quietly and safely. Measures introduced by IMO have helped ensure that the majority of oil tankers are safely built and operated and are constructed to reduce the amount of oil spilled in the event of an accident. Operational pollution, such as from routine tank cleaning operations, has also been cut. The most important regulations for preventing pollution by oil from ships are contained in Annex I of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL), The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 also includes special requirements for tankers. Chemical pollution: * Chemicals carried in bulk Carriage of chemicals in bulk is covered by regulations in SOLAS Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods and MARPOL Annex II - Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk. Both Conventions set out the international standards for the safe carriage, in bulk by sea, of dangerous chemicals and noxious liquid substances. The Code prescribes the design and a construction standard of ships involved in the transport of bulk liquid chemicals and identifies the equipment to be carried to minimize the risks to the ship, its crew and to the environment...
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...Accounting Equation William Allen Thompson ACC/300 October 16, 2013 Maureen Leary Accounting Equation The fundamental meaning of Accounting Equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity (Kimmel, Weygandi, & Kieso, 2011) A balance sheet uses sole proprietorship for the same steps. When Corporation looking for the proper balance sheet it would not use a Owner’s equity. The equation shows businesses shareholders by displaying assets through financing of paying or borrowed money. To work though the steps accounting equation uses Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders Equity (Kimmel, Weygandi, & Kieso, 2011) The Assets are the company resources- something that a company owns. This includes cash, accounts receivable, land, equipment, inventory, and building. In order to satisfy the accounting equation the liabilities including shareholders equity must equal assets combined. The Liabilities are the company obligation- the amount of money a company owes. This can include account payable, interest payable, income taxes, and wages and salaries. Throughout the accounting process the liabilities has two references for identification; a company’s assets having a claim against the creditors or the shareholders equity towards the business assets (Kimmel, Weygandi, & Kieso, 2011) . Once liabilities deducted from assets the shareholders or owners equity will be the amount left over (Kimmel, Weygandi, & Kieso, 2011). To determine the financial position which...
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...EXPORT OF COAL EXPORT OF COAL Coal is under Open General Licence (OGL) list. India exports coal to the neighbouring countries to meet their demand of coal. The traditional buyers of Indian coal are Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan. Export to Nepal and Bhutan is done in rupee exchange as per the protocol between the two countries and with Bangladesh it is done in US Dollar. Export of coal to the neighbouring countries was earlier canalised through the Mineral and Metal trading Corporation, but for the last few years it has been decanalised. Export of coal by CIL is made through tender route The quantum of coal exported by CIL during 2002-03 to the neighbouring countries was 12,650 tonnes. During 2003-2004 the quantity of coal exported by CIL was 35,831 tonnes (Provisional). IMPORT OF COAL As per the present Import policy, coal can be freely imported (under Open General Licence) by the consumers themselves considering their needs and exercising their own commercial judgments. Coking coal is being imported by Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and other Steel sector manufacturing mainly to bridge the gap between the requirement and indigenous availability and to improve the quality of overall blend for technological reasons. Coal based power plants, cement plants, captive power plants, sponge iron plants, industrial consumers and coal traders are importing non-coking coal on consideration of transport logistic and commercial prudence as well as against export entitlements. Coke...
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...and Control of Pollution) Act,1981. But this observation of the courts also has been criticized. The Kerala High Court in P.C. Cherian v. State of Kerala explained the nature and scope of Section 133. In this case two rubber industries, situated in industrial area, were using carbon black for carbon mixing process. The excess carbon black usually disseminated into the atmosphere. There was no necessary equipment to prevent such dissemination of carbon black which caused discomfort, injury and nuisance to the people of the nearby area and ‘even prevented them from attending to their advocation as there were six hundred Christian families in the area. When they used to come to attend the church prayers, their clothes soiled as a result of atmospheric pollution. Under these circumstances, the Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Kottayam under Section 133 directed the stoppage of mixing of carbon in both the factories. The petitioner claimed that there was no ground to invoke Section 133 by the Magistrate as the licence was issued under the Panchayat Act and Factories Act, 1948 on satisfying the conditions which included absence...
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