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Demographic Transition
Santoya Rodriguez
Environmental Science
April 5, 2013

Demographic Transition
Introduction
Demography is a science that rarely makes general theories. Demographic transition refers to the logical sequence of historical phases every population passes as they become modernized (Azia, n.d). The basic principle of demographic transition is that there is an informal connection between modernization and a decline in fertility and mortality. In other words, as societies progress from pre-modernized to a modernized society they experience lower death and lower birth rates.
Most of human history was characterized by high crude death rates (CDR). In fact, they averaged 40 or per thousand in most populations. High CDR was caused by a number of factors; however, epidemics and other social conditions were the most common causes. However, as seen in North America and Europe during the 19th century, as epidemics and other social conditions are improved, death rates decline. This particular pattern of change in mortality factors is called the epidemiologic transition, which represents one aspect of the demographic transition (Wright & Boorse, 2011).
Four Phases of Demographic Transition In Phase I of demographic transition, a population is characterized by high CBR that is being controlled by equally high CDR. It is known as the most primitive of the phases because there is a high fluctuating CBR and CDR, which results in little to no population growth (Azia, n.d). During this phase the population can be considered primitively stable.
One element of Phase II of demographic transition is the epidemiologic transition, in which epidemics and other social issues recede, leading to lower CDR. In this phase of the demographic transition, populations experience a declining CDR but the fertility rates and CBR are still high as in phase I. Because the CDR is

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