...Epidemiology Paper Anavictoria Fortaleza March 5, 2012 NUR408 Epidemiology Paper Vulnerable populations are "those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized socio-cultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or personal characteristics such as age and gender" (De Chesnay & Anderson, 2008). Infants and young children are vulnerable to a host of healthcare problems, they are susceptible to viral infection especially respiratory infection such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus. In this paper, the author will define and describe epidemiological triangle as it relates to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), types of epidemiology, and levels of prevention of RSV. Epidemiology Definition Epidemiology is defined as "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). The study of epidemiology is important because it search for causes or factors that are related with increased risk or likelihood of disease, it deals with group of people rather than with individual person, and it helps public health with decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems (CDC, 2012). Epidemiology is used to "monitor the health of various populations, understand the determinants of health and disease in communities, and...
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...1. Primary Prevention/Health Promotion I think this Heath promotion would be a good topic for Lanham due to in our paper, we indicated Lanham's high rate of HIV/Asthma /Obesity and many uninsured residences. We can focus on 1) good nutrition programs, 2) physical activites and fitness 3) routine physical exams and/or 4) immunization. I think there is a wealth of information out there on these preventions. Plus if falls under Healthy People 2020. What do you guys think? I agree with HIV in teenager 11-12 Graders 2. Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population 3. Bioterrorism / Disaster 4. Environmental Issues From that plan we write the paper using the heading below for each section..... COPIED FROM JEN You will have your introduction (introducing the assignment). Then include only the following headings in your paper: Proposed Community Teaching * I would proposed teaching about proper nutrition and phycial activities and fitness and regular doctors visits. Planning Before Teaching * Economical factors such as can resident afford healthy meals and exerices (gym membership) and regular doctor's visits? Do they health insurance? * Transportation factors do resident have means to get to doctor visit? * knowledge factor such as do resident know the importance of the teaching? do they know what a healthy meal is? etc..... * Resident preception of health status. Perhaps they believe themself to be health? Epidemiological Rational...
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...Identify a Healthy People 2020 objective applicable to a population or aggregate to which you, your family member, or your assessment community belongs, such as adult Asian women, urban African-American adult men, or teenage athletes. Do you think the objective is attainable? Why or why not? What can you do as a community health nurse to assist the United States in reaching this goal? In searching for objectives for young adult women, I came across a variety of pertinent objectives for the population. Specifically, I’m choosing to discuss objectives: C-18.2— Increase the proportion of women who were counseled by their providers about Pap tests; and HIV-17.1—Increase the proportion of sexually active unmarried females aged 15 to 44 years who use condoms (Healthy People 2020, 2013). I think these two go hand-in-hand when working to promote health for this population. In 2008, 59.8 percent of females between the ages of 21 and 65 were counseled by their providers about Pap tests (Healthy People 2020, 2013). Healthy People 2020 set a goal of a 10 percent improvement, hoping to achieve a targeted percentage of 65.8. Data collected by the Health Indicators Warehouse (2008) demonstrated that persons of younger age, who are unmarried, disclosed a lower percentage of counseling than that of older, married adults. This is significant to me!!! With the STD epidemic is feels that we have in this country, wouldn’t education be sterner for these types of populations? On the contrary...
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...Technology and Healthcare Technology and Healthcare Throughout history there have been individuals that have collected and used data to improve the health of communities. With the advent of computers there has been a greater development of how this data on disease outbreaks are tracked and handled. The use of information technology in healthcare has created faster tracking and monitoring systems used to study emerging disease outbreaks such as SARS, influenza, HIV and even bioterroism attacks. In a way public health informatics has been around since before the creation of computers. Individuals such as Dr. John Snow and Florence Nightingale recognized patterns that pointed towards causes of disease outbreaks and the need to correct such situations to improve health outcomes. In 2005 Vachon said, Historically, Dr. John Snow can be disignated the “father” of public health informatics (PHI). In 1854, he plotted information about cholera deaths and was able to determine that the deaths were clustered around the same water pump in London…when the pump handle was removed, cholera disappeared. It was Dr. Snow’s focus on the cholera population rather than on a single patient that led to his discovery of the source of the cholera outbreak. (Mastrian & McGonigle, 2012, p. 368) Dossy (2000) said, “Florence Nightingale should also be recognized as an early public health informaticist. Her recommendation about medical reform and the need for improved sanitary conditions…led...
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...My Lifestyle Changes Paper will include the six components of wellness, that being Physical, Emotional, Intellectual, Spiritual, Interpersonal and Environmental wellness. It will include my goals, my weaknesses as well as my strengths to the components of wellness as well as a plan for myself to manage all of these components. The paper will also include anticipated changes in my lifestyle that may challenge the individual components of wellness and how I plan to deal with these changes. The first component of wellness that I’ll discuss in that of Physical wellness, which requires eating well, exercising, avoiding harmful habits, responsible decision making, learning about and recognizing sicknesses and diseases, keeping regular medical and such checkups along with preventing injuries along with other physical characteristics of your body. My goals for Physical wellness are to live a healthy and active lifestyle. In order to do this I must improve on some of my weaknesses in this area, which are eating unhealthy foods. I must also learn to make some decisions that I make more responsible, as well as learning more about diseases and how I can prevent them from happening. Another key fault of mine is that I drink alcohol, it may be just a college phase, but in order to be completely physically healthy I must learn to cut down on my consumption of alcohol. Despite my weaknesses I do have many strengths in this area, some are exercising regularly which I have always tried to find...
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...Disease Classification Structures Health care information systems cover a wide range of issues dealing with the supervision and use of biomedical information. Health information systems are central support tools in the administration of health care services. An acceptable health information system is important not only for evaluating the health needs of populations but also for preparation and for application of health interventions. It is equally imperative in the assessment of programs. The goal of information systems is to create an appropriate working environment. This is done by providing initial and going training, allocating resources, and by managing unintended consequences (Wager, Lee & Glaser, 2009). This summary will examine disease classification information structures necessary for reimbursement and epidemiological data collection. Discussions will describe disease classification, analyze reasons why it was selected, and explain how it is applicable to work, review the benefits of the systems and also discuss the negative draw backs of the system. To begin discussions will focus on defining disease classification structures. Disease Classification Structures Disease classification structures are essential to health care. The International Classification of Disease Ninth Revision (ICD-9) is a classification system developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to categorize diseases. ICD-9 collects data on disease and in the United States the ICD-9...
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...CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Weam Khadim PBHE501-American Public University May 21, 2013 Dr. Shalah Watkins-Bailey Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a national public health federal agency under Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is division of Department of Health and Human Services responsible for managing national programs for control and prevention of communicable diseases and Vector born pathogen. CDC also is in charge of implementing strategies and plans to deal with environmental health problems. It also controls quarantine activities and performs epidemiological research, and it provides consultation on an international basis for the control of preventable diseases. The subdivisions of the agency include: * The center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion * Environmental health * Health statistics * Infectious diseases * Injury prevention and control * Immunizations * Occupational safety and health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). The Federal Center for Disease Control (CDC) was first created on July 1946 known as Communicable Disease Center. Originally the main mission is to control malaria and other vector-borne diseases during World War II. In the beginning CDC occupied one floor of small building in Atlanta, GA with a budget of only $10 million and fewer than 400 employees. As...
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...The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a comprehensive structure that helps health program planners, policy makers, and evaluators analyze situations and design an efficient health promotion and public health program. PRECEED is an acronym for (Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation) while PROCEED stands for (Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development) The model has been used for planning, designing, implementing and evaluating programs for diverse health, quality of life and health need issues. These include screening and education for certain cancers, heart disease/health, maternal and child health, obesity and weight control, tobacco use, alcohol and drug abuse, policy for health education and training for health professionals. The PRECEDE-PROCEED function is a continuous cycle and one of its main purposes is to direct initial attention to outcomes rather than inputs. Hence this model is very valuable in designing an educational program that addresses health promotion for families with school-age children. The model is composed altogether of nine phases. The first stage in the program planning phase deals with identifying and evaluating the social problems that have an impact on the quality of life of a population of interest. Once a problem is identified that impacts the quality of life for a family with school-age children, the program planners try to gain an understanding...
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...Healthy living Student’s Name University Affiliation Health would be described in various ways in the current world. Different sections of the society may define health in different aspects; some are of the thought that healthy living is basically the absence of illness or ailment. This group of people therefore has come up with a set way of practice which is referred to as Biomedical model of health. This Model focuses solely on the disease/illness and the individual body functions and the biological processes involved. On the other hand, there is a different section of society that believes that healthy living comprises not only the body but the mind and the environment an individual is exposed to. This is defined as the Biopsychosocial Model of Health. Biomedical Model of Health works with the several assumptions put forward, among this is the argument that the body and the mind are separate entity when it comes to health matters. The hypothesis here is that illness basically is a deviation of the normal biological functions of the body and all other factors play very little role in an individual’s overall health. In this regard, this model assumes health and illness to be looked at separately. In essence this model exudes the notion that both psychological and social factors do not play any role in the effect of one’s health (Santrock, 2007) This type of model has its applications with...
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...1. Cross-sectional studies (also known as cross-sectional analyses, transversal studies, prevalence study) form a class of research methods that involve observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. They differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the Odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called prevalence risk ratio, or PRR).[1][2] They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, or they may support inferences of cause and effect. Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time. Cross-sectional studies in medicine Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of medical intervention. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about...
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...The 1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak was a major outbreak of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom. The only centre of the disease, in contrast to the three concentrated areas in the 2001 crisis, was on the Wales border with Shropshire.[1] France and other EU countries were also affected by the crisis.[ Background There were three official inquires into the foot-and-mouth epidemics and the Government’s response in the fifty years prior to the 1967 outbreak. These occurred in 1922, 1923-1924, and 1953.[2] In the 1950s, there was a substantial outbreak across the United Kingdom. Of the thirteen years leading up to the 1967 outbreak, there were only two years that there was no reported outbreak.[2] During this period, foot-and-mouth was prevalent across Europe. Outbreak In October 1967, a farmer from Bryn Farm in the county of Shropshire, concerned by the health of one of their sows, sought veterinary advice and the animal was found to have contracted foot-and-mouth disease. Bryn Farm was immediately put into quarantine and general animal movement was banned. The virus rapidly spread to the nearby Ellis Farm. Two cows from the latter had already been sent to market, leaving the farmers in a vulnerable position.[3] In the following months, over 2,364 outbreaks were detected in the United Kingdom.[4] Ninety-four percent of the cases occurred in North-West Midlands and North Wales.[2] Reports The Minister for Agriculture, Frederick Peart, appointed a committee...
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...The place is chose to conduct my Windshield Survey was, Sunnyvale, Texas, where I resided for the past 7 years. Windshield survey is conducted to observe the health of the community and its members. The factors affecting health is collected and community health nurses intervene to create a difference either to the entire community or its members. Community assessment helps identify community needs, clarify problems, and identify strengths and resources 351. Even though I lived and worked in this community, I have noticed many disturbing facts that have not changed in the past few years. The town of Sunnyvale is very diverse in terms of ethnicity, age, religion and shares both rural as well as urban areas. After conducting an extensive research, I discovered multiple health problems that required the intervention of Community Health Nurses. I selected three common community nursing diagnosis. The first diagnosis is the rise in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obesity. The second diagnosis is the lack of physical activity leading to obesity. The third is, fall in the elderly age group. The first diagnosis I would like to address is the rise in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The rise in these deadly diseases is majorly due to the unhealthy lifestyles adopted by the community. Members here were observed to be smoking, obese, unhealthy diet, and not many were physically...
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...This chapter explains why and when epidemiologists prefer one type of study over another and describes strengths and weaknesses of each approach. To begin an epidemiologic study, we decide what to study. For this discussion, let's say we want to study prenatal exposure to electric and magnetic fields and the effect on a baby's birthweight. We look at the existing literature on birthweight to assess current knowledge and data. It is important to know if others have conducted similar studies in case they have uncovered specific design limitations or useful results, and this information is helpful in understanding the context of one's own study. We believe that known risks include prematurity, poor prenatal care, low socioeconomic status, non-white ethnicity, large size of the mother, younger or older mothers, smoking, alcohol consumption and a host of other factors. Electric and magnetic field exposures are not known risk factors but have not been studied extensively. Therefore we wish to study them. Cohort Study The "What will happen to me?" study follows a group of healthy people with different levels of exposure and assesses what happens to their health over time. It is a desirable design because exposure precedes the health outcome — a condition necessary for causation — and is less subject to bias because exposure is evaluated before the health status is known. The cohort study is also expensive, time-consuming and the most logistically difficult of all the studies...
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...Public Health Timeline Before the American Public Health Association was founded people would often die from simple infections. These same infections are currently easily prevented or cure able. Poor sanitation and lack of education destroyed families and economically damaged communities. Simple education; like proper hand washing has saved countless people from untimely death. The American Public Health Association was founded by Dr. Stephen Smith in 1872. (The History of the world, 2012). Around this time science was making tremendous strides in identifying the causes of communicable disease. As science advanced; the need for public health was apparent. The foundation for public health was laid (The History of the world, 2012). Now days Americans have more access to education and public health resources than ever before. Public health is broken up into county, state, and national needs. The county public health system addresses issues within a community to assist members to become and stay healthy. A county public health is made up of educators, nurses, doctors, advocates, researchers, and volunteers (County of Ventura, 2012). Community health is a field of public health that focuses on the study of the health characteristics of a biological community. Community health mostly focuses on the geographic area not the people directly in that community (Wikipedia, 2012). State public health addresses the needs of the communities within the state. Some examples of state...
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...Health is “the ability of a system (a cell, organism, family, society) to respond adaptively to a wide variety of environmental challenges (physical, chemical, infectious, psychological, social)' (Brody and Sobel, 1980: 168-69). The relationship between health and psychology has become more focused in the 20th century. It has been considered as far back as ancient Greece, but has taken root heavily in the 20th century. Health and psychology has the meaning that our mind and bodies interact with each other. If we are overly stressed then we may likely see physical health effects such as higher blood pressure, increased heart rate, etc. When we keep a positive balance between our physical health and our mental health, then we are working on the close relationship of health and psychology. We can directly affect our health by our lifestyles. By this I mean if we choose to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, consume to much caffeine, or be overweight. Since these lifestyle choices affect us physically and mentally many workplaces offer wellness programs to help aide in the education of health and psychology. When an employer makes the choice to provide wellness programs for their employees both the employer and the employee benefits. The employer benefits if they provide medical insurance to the employee in the possibility of lowering their health insurance cost. The healthier lifestyle the employee lives the less cost in time loss from work, or possibilities for workplace injuries...
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