...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...Sample Research Paper on Citizenship Introduction Citizenship is being defined as the relationship between the state and individuals. Historically citizenship is being inevitably linked with the state formation. Originally citizenship was denoting residence of people within protected walls of a city. Thus, whoever belonged to a community residing inside the boundaries was considered a citizen. Later this term has acquired a different meaning and the standards and definitions of citizenship have changed. There were many reasons that have caused such changes: history proceeded with its migrations, wars and annexation and along on its way brought new meanings to citizenship. Such change in definition, for example, can be found in suffrage granted to women and the nonpropertied classes. Paupers, convicts and soldiers are another example of how political and civil rights were once a privilege of certain classes only (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 11). With the introduction of mass democracy and social protection as well as introduction of welfare state a need in the new conception that would look on the relationship on an individual and the state appeared consequently. The norms of citizenship, therefore, have improved with the development of state and citizenship became a multination concept, which implies different things to different nations (Dahrendorf, 1974, p. 12). According to Michael Ignatieff (1995), the introduction of the welfare state can be explained as an attempt to make citizenship...
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...CEDAW in Kyrgyzstan: a movement towards justice On 18 December, 2009, the world will celebrate 30 - year anniversary of the Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). To mark Convention’s 30th birthday, Kyrgyz women’s organizations launched a nation – wide collection of stories, testimonies and reflections about changes which CEDAW brought into lives of Kyrgyz women. The six selected stories, written by the NGOs and women selves were included into this brochure. UNIFEM is the women’s fund at the United Nations. It provides fi nancial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies to foster women’s empowerment and gender equality. UNIFEM focuses its activities on the over-arching goal of supporting the implementation of existing commitments at the national level to advance gender equality. In support of this goal, UNIFEM works in the following thematic areas: • Strengthening women’s economic security and rights; • Ending violence against women; • Reversing the spread of HIV and AIDS among women and girls; • Achieving gender equality in democratic governance in times of peace as well as war. ActiveArt is co-founded by long-term art-collaborators Tarot Couzyn and Orla O’Flanagan. They work in partnership with local and national groups, to create innovative and participatory community art. Over the past 6 years they have worked in South Africa, Ireland and the Kyrgyz Republic creating art for egalitarian social and political...
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...Violence from a gender view what role does masculinity play in Ethiopia context. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main concepts in feminist approach 3. Hegemonic masculinity theory 4. The subculture of violence in peace and conflict 5. The perception on gender versus sex in Ethiopia 6. Gendered dynamics of violence 6.1 Masculinities and violence 6.2 Femininities and violence 7. Conclusion 8. References 1. Introduction The paper critically evaluate the theory which claims that violence has a strong gender dimension and what role does masculinity play in violence. There are feminist theories and assumptions regarding the societal construction of gender, as it is divided into two major categories...
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...Nichols College | Sport Seminar Final Research Paper | Professor Hendrick | | Sean Fleming | 4/29/2014 | | Abstract This is my final research paper in conclusion to my studies in the Sports Management program at Nichols College. This is a research study on the use of professional athletes from American sports leagues in the Olympic Games. Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….page 1 Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………………page 2 List of Tables and Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………….page 3 Chapter I: Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………page 4 Chapter II: Review of Literature Chapter III: Research Methodology Chapter IV: Results Chapter V: Discussion and Conclusions References Appendices Tables and Figures Chapter I: Introduction This purpose of this study will pertain to whether the use of professional athletes from American sports leagues in the Olympic Games is a good or bad idea. Currently, players from the National Hockey League (NHL), National Basketball Association (NBA), Major League Soccer (MLS), Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) and the Professional Golfers Association (PGA TOUR) are allowed to participate in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games by their respective leagues. There are many problems that have arisen from the allowance of professionals in the Olympics. They range from injuries to star players, financial impacts on the leagues, shutdown of schedules...
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...We’re nger stro ther toge The GenderWorks Toolkit is a practical, two-part guide to help: • Women’s groups campaign successfully on issues of gender, poverty and social exclusion and • Public bodies meet their obligations under equalities legislation and tackle poverty among women more effectively. The GenderWorks Toolkit ontents C Acknowledgements and Foreword 4 Toolkit credits plus how to order copies. A GenderWorks training participant and member of the Saheli Asian Women’s Group explains why this toolkit is so useful. Introduction 6 Why women? A look at the links between gender and poverty, and the need for women-only services. Women’s groups – the confidence to campaign 17 Real Women, Real Power 18 Five inspiring stories of women’s groups who achieved change in very different ways. Top tips for successful campaigning 32 Key messages from real women on how to achieve your aims. Self-analysis 34 Exercises and case studies to help you think about your group and how you can best achieve change. Lobbying letters 48 Practical examples to help you communicate with a range of audiences. Language, terminology and human rights 54 A look at the language used around issues of gender and poverty, and why switching the debate from needs to rights is important. If you’ve got a minute… 58 Practical suggestions about what...
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...duties, and leadership roles Melissa Carpenter Genesee Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for Administration in Criminal Justice 205, Section 99, taught by Professor Bushen Abstract: The journey of women in policing and police leadership has been long and strewn with obstacles and issues. The aim of this paper is to examine and discuss women in the policing. This paper will attempt to discuss the struggles and problems women face when taking a leadership role. This paper will give a brief history of the roles women played when first being introduced into the criminal justice system along with the roles they obtain now. When thinking of people in the criminal justice field especially that of police officers, chief of police, prosecutor, etc. many people often picture men in those positions. For many decades the criminal justice system was a male-dominated field and although men still hold a majority of these positions, more women are stepping up and taking initiative to lead in these areas. “In most cultures across the globe, males hold more power and privilege—both publicly and privately—than females. Men control more of the wealth, hold the highest position in government and industry, control the military, make more scientific and scholarly discoveries, and are more prominent in sports and entertainment than women” (Goodstein). This paper will discuss the roles of women in the criminal justice system and will attempt to explain their...
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...Participation of Women in Philippine Politics and Society: A Situationer Introduction This paper is intended to provide an overview of the status of women in the Philippine society especially in the aspect of politics and the labor market. This should be considered as a work in progress which the author aims to further develop as a comprehensive situation paper that can both provide the reader a consolidated picture of the gender equality challenge in the country and motivate them on the need to contribute in changing the so-called “divides and mirages” in Philippine sexual politics. According to the latest gender disaggregated data, women constitute 37.9-million (49.6%) of the 76.5 million Filipinos as of May 2000. Almost 15.5-million are between ages 15 to 40 reflecting a young female population. However, while women constitute nearly half of the population, its status in the Philippine society is still characterized by sharp contradictions of obvious gains, on one hand, and glaring inequalities on the other. One can find both major advancements for women’s role and graphic gender inequality in specific areas of the society. The Human Development Report 2002 (UNDP) revealed that 35% of Filipino administrators and managers are women -- which is one of the highest in the world. Additionally, approximately 17.2% of all the legislative seats are occupied by women and 2/3 of professionals and technical workers are women. This puts the country’s...
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...Andy Vu ETHN 14 PROF Mark 26 November 2015 Japanese Internment Camps during World War II: Sports in the Camps. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 resulted in President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 0966 on February 19th 1942, which effected all Japanese ancestry, both citizens and aliens living in America or outside of the Pacific zone. The Executive Order's primary objective were to prevent any espionage and to protect the Japanese people from any harm against Americans who slowly began to become very strong anti-Japanese people who were growing their hate and racial discrimination to the Japanese due to the bombing. With the Executive Order in act, if affected “117,000 people of Japanese descent, two-thirds of whom were native-born citizens of the United States” (as stated through the National Archives.) Evacuation orders were posted in Japanese American communities giving them instructions on what they were to do. This included the Issei who were the first generation Japanese to immigrate to American and also the Nisei who were the second generation Japanese in America. The Japanese were allotted a few days to pack whatever they could and bring it with them. Many families had to sell off their homes, businesses and their belongings at a much lower price they had purchased it for. The 117,000 people of Japanese decent living in the U.S were later removed from their homes and moved to internment camps to prove their loyalty to the United States. During...
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...Pay to Play: Economic Impact of Paying College Athletes 1. Purpose of Research & Analysis On April 25, 2014, the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C., granted Northwestern University's request to review the decision made by the regional office recognizing the school's football players as employees. In mid-April, Northwestern football players voted as a team on whether or not to unionize, but the votes will only be opened if the board ends up siding with the players, which may take at least a couple of months. Ultimately, the Northwestern football players are determining their fate through this secret ballot and their decision to form the first union amongst college athletes—a decision that has the ability to change the landscape of American college sports. If granted the right to unionize, the Northwestern football team will actually have the ability to bargain over their conditions and it is expected that this could ultimately lead to requesting salary compensation for their efforts. In light of these recent historic discussions, it is critical to analyze not only the ethical, but also the economic impact of such potential situations. My research paper has been structured to shed some light into the challenging and complicated discussions that continue to occur around this topic. Specifically, I have broken my research and analysis into three key topics. First, I explore whether or not there is an underlying issue with the current state, from an economic perspective...
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...The Hunger Games: Action-film feminism is catching fire Lisa Schwarzbaum Burning up Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is both strong and vulnerable – a new kind of action heroine who has powered The Hunger Games: Catching fire to a $158m US debut. (Lionsgate) Jennifer Lawrence’s Katniss Everdeen is a new type of female action film icon, and moviegoers should be very excited about that, writes Lisa Schwarzbaum. As Catching Fire ignites on movie screens around the world, this is what we know about the 21st Century heroine called Katniss Everdeen: she is strong but also soft. She is brave but she has doubts. She is a phenomenal fictional creation, yet is real enough that moviegoers can draw inspiration from her values, her resourcefulness, and her very human inner conflicts. And she is played by Jennifer Lawrence, who appears not only to be handling her current duties as Hollywood’s finest model of well-adjusted millennial female stardom but doing so with charm. Everdeen and Lawrence: golden girls both. Personified in Lawrence’s lithe movements and cool, focused gaze, Katniss is a brave, resourceful and independent-minded fighter; but she is also a troubled and vulnerably guilt-ridden human being. Nina Jacobson, the producer of the Hunger Games film franchise, puts it this way: “She is a singular heroine in that the burden of survival weighs on her. She has a ton of survivor’s guilt. And she keeps surviving.” Girl on fire It is strange that behaving like a well-adjusted...
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...nurtured me onto this path of professional and academic life. Thirdly, I am grateful to all our key informant interviewees from all the institutions/ministries/political parties who gave us their time and valuable information used for this study. Fourthly, I wish to sincerely acknowledge the contribution of my research assistants, Alfred Appiah and Nimingah Beka, national service personnel of the Department of Political Science for their dedicated service during the data collection. Finally, I would like to express my thanks to the Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES) for commissioning this study and giving me the opportunity to carry it out with financial and institutional support. I would like to state that, except for quotations or references which have been dully acknowledged, this is the result of a research I conducted personally. God Bless all who contributed to this effort. i TABLE OF CONTENT FOREWORD WOMEN IN POLITICS AND PUBLIC LIFE __________1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY____________________________________2 CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION ________________________5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 Introduction _________________________________________5 Research Questions __________________________________6 Aim/Objectives...
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...Discrimination against Women Abstract This paper looks into the various forms of discrimination against women, which prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. Women are faced with discriminatory behavior in all stages of their adult life. Throughout history, women normally have had less career opportunities and legal rights and than men. In this paper, we look at how women are discriminated against based on their gender in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Introduction Research data have revealed that discriminatory practices against women prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Discrimination against women based on their gender occurs in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Women make up half of the population of the world and carry out two-thirds of the globe’s labor hours. Women obtain a tenth of the income of the world and possess less than a hundredth of the world’s property. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. For example, women perform 50 to 70% of all agricultural...
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...The 2.5 percentage-point gap between men’s unemployment rate of 10.5 percent and women’s 8 percent rate is highest. It has ever been since records were kept in 1948. Ever since the issue regarding the capabilities of men and women have commenced, stereotypical assumptions brought a huge impact on gender hiring and biases in the business workplace that particularly affect the status of women. Despite the continuing issues of women getting pregnant, being abused and emotional, women have preferable qualities in communication skills, leadership activities and cognitive functions as contrasted to men. Background: The issue of gender employment started since equality has been the common issue to the business organizations. This involves male and female functions in the workplace. The controversies regarding gender differences during the past decades show that women who are employed at lesser trained jobs have lower pay as compared to men although the circumstances may change. Because of the widespread stereotypes in organizations, these have affected the hiring of employees in companies which prefer to favor men. Demographic diversity describes about circumstances regarding acts and ways of thinking or feeling of the employees. Its key factors generally involve gender, generational, age and ethnicity differences. These contribute to the society’s way of understanding on male and female roles. This paper talks about the gender hiring preferences in business organizations across different...
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...Introduction To Sociology II notes by Mutangi G T Sociology is the study of human social life. Because human social life is so expansive, sociology has many sub-sections of study, ranging from the analysis of conversations to the development of theories to try to understand how the entire world works. This chapter will introduce you to sociology and explain why it is important, how it can change your perspective of the world around you, and give a brief history of the discipline. History Sociology is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early 19th century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity. Early Sociological Studies Early sociological studies considered the field to be similar to the natural sciences like physics or biology. As a result, many researchers argued that the methodology used in the natural sciences were perfectly suited for use in the social sciences, including Sociology. The effect of employing the scientific method and stressing empiricism was the...
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