...Deductive and Inductive Criminal Profiling In when interpreting the personal and behavioral characteristic to identify a suspect of a crime, two primary forms of logic can be using in conducting an investigation: inductive and deductive. Inductions consists of generalizations or assumptions that are formed based on what has been observed. Inductions, like predictions, may not always be accurate. Profilers who develop their logic base off of experience or observation without any provable or verifiable science based theories, ultimately allow bias conclusions to form. On the contrary, deductive profiling is an evidence-based, process-oriented method of investigative reasoning based off of the behavioral patterns of a particular offender...
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...Examining the criminal justice system reveals that minorities are over-represented, primarily because of racial prejudices within the system. The well-publicized war on drugs is one of the main causes for this over-representation, for it has primarily targeted poor people of color. As Walker et al (2003) note, despite repeated studies showing there is little difference in the level of drug use between blacks and whites in the United States, three-quarters of the people incarcerated in American prisons for drug trafficking, dealing, or abuse are African-American. In social terms, one of the most troubling problems with America’s war on drugs is that it appears to be motivated at least in part by racism. As Mason (2000) notes, under New Jersey’s Operation Pipeline drug interdiction program, for example, eighty percent of the motorists stopped by police were black and just thirteen percent were white. Sentencing laws also appear to be racist, for they punish minorities more. Getting caught with four-hundred grams of cocaine requires no mandatory prison term, but possessing four-hundred grams of crack can lead to life in prison. One of the most blatant demonstrations of prejudice in the criminal justice system is racial profiling. According to critics, racial profiling is a unfair law enforcement strategy that enables police officers to stop and question African-Americans simply because of their race. According to Malley (2000) racial profiling is a process...
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...of crime documentary, TV play series and Hollywood thriller, offender profiling has already become the most famous work of law enforcement in the world. Offender profiling is a frequently-used method in criminal psychology, but there are also some people who worry about the abusing of offender profiling by the police or crews(eg. Arrest someone only because he and the general criminal has one thing in common, or even just base on the color of the skin). This essay will focus on a series of queries and common questions about offender profiling. More information on this article will be presented in the introduction. Offender profiling(CP) has also been called criminal profiling, psychological profiling or crime scene...
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...and punish terrorist acts here in the United States as well as around the world, to help law officers, and to strengthen U.S. measures. Three essays have been studied on this subject, (U.S. Patriot Act – Damian Coles, and The Patriot Act: Wise beyond Its Years – John Ashcroft, and Cassady Pitt - U.S. Patriot Act and Racial profiling: Are there consequences of discrimination?) to come up with this critical argument essay. There are advantages and disadvantages of the Patriot Act. Although The Bill of Rights gives us privacy that could be invaded, is effectual for our country because this helps law enforcement have more resources and more freedom to help. Here are two disadvantages of the Patriot Act to be discussed. First racial profiling and, second America’s right to privacy under the Bill of Rights. When someone is considered a criminal or terrorist just because of how they dress, look, or the religion they practice, this is racial profiling. Racial profiling was a problem in the United States even before 9/11 and the Patriot act. During WWI Japanese Americans were put into camps even if they had never lived in Japan and were born in the United States. Because of 9/11 and the terrorist attacks it has been brought back to the front of our minds; this does not mean that the Patriot Act is a bad thing. We had racial profiling before and will continue to have it because at some time or another people will be looked at...
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...Profiling in our Society Today Have you ever felt targeted by police officials and looked at as a criminal? To be accused of a crime but not because you have done something wrong, but because of your ethnicity or religion. To be discriminated against not just by citizens with in our society but the security officials and by the government we as citizens are supposed to confide in and feel protected by. If you can relate to this question, then from one aspect you understand the emotional feeling tied to being profiled. In the article “Ethnic and Religious Profiling Violates Civil Liberties” the author Lee’s purpose is to provide valid arguments of how the events of 911 have fueled the increased acceptance of ethnic and religious profiling against Arab and Muslim immigrants. The author strongly articulates her point and uses several sources as arguments, but her use of circular reasoning fails to persuade her reader. The authors evidence and reasoning is much stronger when pervasive pattern is summarized, well informed evidence bringing to light the issues we face towards profiling is not going away. Reading Lee’s essay there was flow that was evident from the introduction and throughout the body to the conclusion because the author keeps to the same idea in the introduction as in the conclusion that immigrants faced injustice and were profiled for terrorism because they were Arab or Muslim. The author executed clear topic sentences that goes hand in hand with the overall flow...
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...Criminologist and forensic psychologists share many similarities although they have a few differences. This essay will attempt to explain these similarities and differences. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminals whereas forensic psychology is the interaction of the study of psychology and the law, it is also a branch of applied psychology which is concerned with the collection, examination and presentation of evidence for judicial purposes (Haward, 1953) furthermore they hold a doctorate degree in a field of psychology. The role of a criminologist is to investigate a variety of reasons to why criminals commit crimes. In order to investigate how these crimes are committed, they must consider psychological and social factors furthermore consider if any biological situations could have led the criminal to commit the crime. The role of a forensic psychologist is to provide the legal system with sound psychological information from a sound research base (Grisso, 1987). A forensic psychologist role is similar to a criminologist role to an extent that they also work with prisoners and offenders moreover they also apply the psychological theory to criminal behaviour to figure out what makes criminals commit these crimes. The premium goal of a forensic psychologist is to The first act of psychologist taking part in the justice court was in 1896 when Albert testified at the trial of Munich man accused of murdering three women. Within the United Kingdom the prison...
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...Social Justice and Equality: Racial Profiling Galina Shlikht, Nicole Gordon and Becky Overstreet City University of Seattle Author’s Note Galina Shilkht, Student, City University Nicole Gordon, Student, City University Becky Overstreet, Student, City University Social Justice and Equality Team Outline (All) Conflict and Solutions 1. Faulty communication Sometimes criticism can be given inappropriately. This can result in hurting the feelings of group members leaving them feeling devalued. When this happens, we as a team believe the first thing that must be done is to be honest and let the group know how you feel. So we must acknowledge the conflict. The next appropriate step would be to discuss the conflict with all of the team members. After this, we should try and understand the situation and reach an agreement. One of the agreements could be that criticism be given appropriately and constructively. 2. Time management With work, kids, and living in different time zones it can be a challenge to find the time that works best for the three of us to discuss the details, questions, and/or concerns about our essay together. Our solution to this is to set up exact times and day, sort of like an online appointment, for when the three of us can be available via Facebook group message. 3. Personality clashes We all have our own way of doing things. Our styles of working might be different and sometimes this can cause a conflict with each other...
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...Discrimination and Disparity S Fraser June 9, 2011 Cultural Diversity Issues in Criminal Justice CJA/344 Discrimination and Disparity Discrimination exists in today’s society whether it is acknowledged or not; it is becoming more common and more accepted every day. It is happening everywhere, schools, churches, government, and even within the criminal justice system. Often times, disparity is a product of discrimination or vice versa. The following essay will discuss discrimination and disparities that exist within the criminal justice system as well as a contrast and comparison of the two terms. The definition of disparity is the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree; difference (free dictionary, 2009). Disparities can also exist in gender, income, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity. When relating to the criminal justice system, disparities exist in police departments, correctional facilities and in court procedures. In law enforcement, disparities are everywhere from hiring practices, promotional opportunities, and police response. For example, a 2009 article about racial bias in law enforcement stated that Blacks and whites engage in drug offenses at about the same rate. The article continued to say: “Since there are six-and-a-half times as many whites in this country, you would think there would be then proportionally six-and-a-half times as many whites being arrested...
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...Cesare Beccaria’s essay “An Essay on Crimes and Punishments” was about the great need that existed for changes in the criminal justice system, even back in 1764 when it was published. His thoughts and opinions inspired others, which then inspired changes in the government such as “prison reform, for the termination of the death penalty in many European nations, and even for more humane means of execution in those nations that retained it.” (Halfond, 2016, p. 2). He wanted to ensure the rights of criminals and citizens alike were protected and to stop the severity of punishments. His ideas influenced the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights, as well as the abolition of the death penalty in some states. Cesare Beccaria is known as the father...
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...Allegations of the use of excessive force by U.S. police departments continue to generate headlines more than two decades after the 1992 Los Angeles riots brought the issue to mass public attention and spurred some law enforcement reforms. On Staten Island, N.Y., the July 2014 death of Eric Garner because of the apparent use of a “chokehold” by an officer sparked outrage. A month later in Ferguson, Mo., the fatal shooting of teenager Michael Brown by officer Darren Wilson ignited protests, and a grand jury’s decision not to indict Wilson triggered further unrest. In November, Tamir Rice was shot by police in Cleveland, Ohio. He was 12 years old and playing with a toy pistol. On April 4, 2015, Walter L. Scott was shot by a police officer after a routine traffic stop in North Charleston, S.C. The same month, Freddie Gray died while in police custody in Baltimore, setting off widespread unrest. The policeman in the South Carolina case, Michael T. Slager, was charged with murder based on a cellphone video. In Baltimore, the driver of the police van in which Gray died, Caesar Goodson, was charged with second-degree murder, with lesser charges for five other officers. There have been no indictments in the earlier cases. These follow other recent incidents and controversies, including an April 2014 finding by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), following a two-year investigation, that the Albuquerque, N.M., police department “engages in a pattern or practice of use of excessive...
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...Information Technology Essay Current online marketing strategies deliver immense benefits to the modern global firm by way of better market reach, cheap and convenient transaction possessing, multiple online payment options and real time consumer data management. Marked benefits are commonly discernible in the area of internet based business-to-business or B2B, and business-to-consumer or B2C e-commerce models. These online commerce models rely on digital marketing for their success, which in turn in essentially a remarkable success of information technology and data management techniques. However, the growth of digital marketing is getting severely affected by the misuse of technology by criminals and unscrupulous persons in various ways. Such misuse of technology encompasses identity theft, data loss and other data security breaches. Increasing information security breaches and cases of identity theft in recent times threaten the marketing of products and services either online or offline like never before. This paper attempts to understand issues and outcomes of identity theft, data loss and security breaches on the present and future global marketing environment by examining several secondary sources of information. 2. What is identity theft? We can help you to write your essay! Professional essay writers Our writers can help get your essay back on track, take a look at our services to learn more about how we can help. Essay Writing Service Essay Marking Service Place...
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...Discrimination Essay Ashley Gallegos CJA/344 10/23/2011 Jacquelyn Bradway In America disparity and discrimination has a strong presence in everyday life as well as in other countries around the world. Even though these are two different actions they have the same result showing others they are different and should be treated as such. When it comes to disparity its definition states that it is inequality in form or a difference. When it comes to discrimination its definition states that it is an action that treats someone inferior because of their race, sex, national origin or age. Do these actions take place in the world of criminal justice for example in law enforcement practices, court procedures or correction populations? Law Enforcement Practices Law enforcement is an admirable job and any individual who takes on this job role should be appreciated and respected. But what should citizens do when disparity and discrimination become intertwined and a part of the law enforcement job? An issue among law enforcement for decades has been racial profiling; this issue is the reason why many judicial consent decrees have been designed, to help start avoiding racial profiling dating...
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...DeErica Martin “In 2008, more than 2.3 million Americans (0.7 percent of the US population) were incarcerated, in nearly 1,700 state, federal, and private prisons, and more than 5 million Americans were under other forms of custodial supervision, including probation and parole, for a total of 7.2 million Americans-3.2 percent of the US population-under some form of custodial of supervisory control of the criminal justice system (120).” African American men make up a majority of the US prison population. This is bad being that some African American men are look down upon. It was mentioned that all African Americans men that are incarcerated is about 5 percent compared to the 1 percent white men that are incarcerated. This means that African Americans men are 10 times more like to be incarnated then white men. Thesis: The purpose of this essay is to analyze the causes to African American incarceration such as racial profiling, sentencing disparities, and exonerations; having a life is not what they have....
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...weapon is another cases, more impulsive trigger finger when confronted by black men and are more cautious with white. “In our minds, young black men are associated with danger.” This is a result of what happen in Ferguson Michael Brown was and unarmed teenager that was shoot. By putting cam in police car on there body may improve behavior.Even though it remains ubiquitous policies can suppress prejudice that affecting the society. Gerke expresses racial profiling attained student prospect. The “stop and frisk” practice have a great impact on student performance and channeling them into the punitive criminal justice system. He has shown the gender gap, feminist and masculinity between blacks and Latino.In addition, boys masculinity establish...
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...that you can answer questions on; Forensic and Health/Clinical. In each of these two sections, there will be a choice of four questions. You will only choose two questions per section, so pick which questions you are going to answer and cross out the others. Choosing which questions to answer may be difficult than it first appears because some questions may sound similar. You need to become familiar with the layout and wording of questions prior to your exam. * Know your timings For each question you should allow more time to answer part (b) than part (a) because part (b) carries more marks. Try to divide your time equally between all four questions on the paper in order to maximise your marks. It is a bad idea to do two brilliant essays on Forensic Psychology and then to find you have very little time to write your two Health and Clinical answers. Example Exam Question and Mark Scheme...
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