...STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE Troposphere | Closest to the earth and most weather happens here. Temperature drops as you go higher. Wind speeds increase. Most unstable layer. End of the sphere is marked by the tropoPAUSE- an isothermal layer where temp remains constant. | Stratosphere | Steady increase in temperature. Marked by the STRATOPAUSE. Atmosphere is thinner here. | Mesosphere | Temperature decreases to -90. No water vapour or dust to absorb radiation. Very strong winds at 3000 km/hr. MESOPAUSE | Thermosphere | Increase in temperature from the absorption of UV radiation | Greatest amount of energy coming into the atmosphere is from insolation (short wave solar radiation). The amount of this energy from the sun is determined by: *Solar constant- varies slightly & affects longer term climate rather than short term *Distance from the sun- Earth’s orbit around sun can cause variation in distant *Altitude of the sun in the sky- equator receives more energy as rays are head on. At 60 degrees N or S its at an angle so there’s twice the area to heat up & more atmosphere to pass through *Length of the day & night Some radiation is absorbed by ozone, water vapour, co2, ice particles, and dust reduce the amount reaching Earth. & clouds also reflect radiation back! ALBEDO is the ratio between the amount of incoming and reflected radiation. (Usually at 4%) Short wave radiation is converted to heat and heats the surface of earth, while longer...
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...different cities or states, you can change your oil at home in just about the same time as a quickie- lube shop. Changing your own oil requires a few tools, and they are common tools so once you buy them they will generally last for years. Let us look at those tools now (pictures on separate page): * You’ll need an oil filter * You’ll also want the proper oil for your car – check the owner’s manual for the right weights and types * A funnel * A Oil Filter Wrench * A Basic socket set * Safety Glasses * Oil Catch Container * Car Jack * A safe, secure set of blocks or wheel ramps so you can get beneath your car. Once you have all the right tools ready, it’s time to begin. Step 1: Warm It Up You will want to warm up the car by running it for about ten minutes, then shutting it off this will make the sludge will move out of the engine easier. Step 2: Drain Oil After the car is raised for easier access, and the parking brake is set for your own safety, you can remove the old oil. Place the container under the oil drain plug and loosen its bolt with your wrench, and remove the plug. Be careful to your body out of the way of the hot oil. It should take no more than ten minutes to drain the old oil completely. Step 3: Screw the Oil Plug back in (Vital Step) It’s easier to forget this step than you think. Put the plug bolt back in the pan with your wrench. Step 4:Remove Filter Remove the old oil filter and replace it with...
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...CLOUDS AND WEATHER Clouds * A cloud is visible aggregate of small water droplets and/or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere and can exist in a different of shapes and sizes. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air. * Some clouds are accompanied by precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail, sleet, and even freezing rain. BASIC FORMS OF CLOUDS Clouds are classified based on their appearance and height 1. Cirrus – characterized by high, white, thin and wispy fibers similar to a feathery appearance. 2. Cumulus – consists of globular individual cloud masses. It is similar to a cauliflower structure. 3. Stratus – best describes as sheets or layer covering much or all the sky. LEVELS OF CLOUDS 1. High Clouds – this above 6000 meters a) Cirrus -> thin and delicate and appear as book filaments sometimes called “mares tales.” b) Cirrocumulus-> consist of fluffy matters. c) Cirrostratus -> appear as flat layer. 2. Middle Clouds – have a prefix also part of their name ranging from 2000-6000 meters. a) Altocumulus-> composed of globular masses compared to cirrocumulus which are larger and denser. b) Altostratus-> produce a uniform white to grayish sheet covering the sky with the sum or moon visible as a bright spot. 3. Low Clouds – have a prefix alto part of their name ranging from 2000-6000 meters. a) Stratus-> are uniform fog like layer of clouds that commonly covers much of the sky. ...
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...On a warm summer day in Texas, a little tornado was playing in the yard. He was twisting and twirling about when his friend Tommy came over. Tommy said to the little tornado, “Hey Tim! Guess what!” Tim the little tornado exclaimed, “What is it Tommy?” A cheeky smile formed across Tommy’s face as he said, “My mother told me how tornadoes are made.” “Oh that is ridiculous”, Tim stated. “Everyone knows that a cloud hand delivers the baby tornado to the mommy tornado.” This made very Tommy angry. “Well go ask your mother! I know I am right! My mother never lies”, and with that Tommy left. Confused by what had just happened, Tim then proceed to continue twisting and twirling in the yard. Later that night at the dinner table Tim asked his mother, “Mom,...
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...northern hemisphere direct the path of high pressure weather systems (anti-cyclones) and low pressure systems (depressions). Storm events in the UK are attributed to the presence of depressions. Depressions are areas of low pressure and are formed by warm tropical air coming into contact with colder air. As the warm air is of a lower density, it rises due to this collision. Thus, an area of low pressure is created as there is less air at the Earth’s surface. These air masses meet due to the influence of the Polar Front Jet Stream which as it travels in its meandering pattern across the UK (as opposed to being north/south of the UK), the cold air masses north of the PFJS and the warm air masses south meet. As the pressure becomes lower in accordance with more warm air rising, it causes the pressure gradient to steepen, consequently causing the winds to increase in strength and speed (they come from a south-westerly direction due to Coriolis). The rising air cools and eventually condenses, forming clouds which thicken and precipitate. As the depression advances, the cold front will eventually catch up with the warm front and form an occluded front. This is known as the decay of a depression and as the vast majority of the warm air has already been forced upwards, cool air begins to fill in the depression. At this point the weather conditions become more stable as cloud cover decreases, as well as the amount of precipitation and strength/speed of winds. Temperate storms occur when...
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...Study Guide: Final Exam Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for the Final Exam will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Earthquakes and Structures (Chapter 6) * Know the definition of an earthquake (pg. 190). * Know the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake. Which is located at the source of the earthquake? Which is located on the surface of the earth directly above the source? * Understand the concept of elastic rebound. What is it? How are earthquakes produced via elastic rebound? * Know the three basic types of seismic waves * Body waves - P waves (push/pull-- motion parallel - travel through solids/liquids/gas) * Body waves - S waves ("shake" -- motion perpendicular - travel through solids -- slower velocity than P waves) * surface waves (complex motion -- causes greatest destruction -- * ). What is the particle motion in each type of wave (e.g., particles move parallel to the direction of travel in P waves)? Which type of wave travels the fastest? Which type of wave is the slowest? Which type of wave arrives first at a seismic station? Which type of wave is the last to arrive at a seismic station? Which type of wave causes the most damage? Know which mediums each type of wave will move through (e.g., S waves will only move through solids). * Know the difference between a magnitude scale and an intensity scale. - Intensity: measure of the degree of earthquake...
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...Homeostasis is defined as an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback control, so as to stabilize health and functioning regardless of the outside changing conditions. When we sweat, our body is naturally cooling itself. Many parts of your body are involved in homeostatic mechanics. The Kidneys regulate water and minerals, also called osmoregulation. After you eat a salty meal your body will naturally try to eliminate the unnecessary salt through urination. For this to happen water is needed. Drinking more water will help this happen. It also regulates salt concentration. Thermoregulation regulates the body’s temperature. Based on your environment, the skin will regulate the body temperate. Warm blooded animals keep their body temperatures at a consistent temperature regardless of their environment. There are different layers of skin, which have different functions. The epidermis is the outer most layer of skin. It is responsible for protecting the underlying tissues and organs. The middle layer is made of living cells. When they become dead they approach the surface. The inner most layer is where your skin pigment is and where melanin is absorbed. The dermis is where you find blood capillaries that nourish the skin cells. Sweat glands are also located in the dermis. Sweat glands secrets sweat to cool and regulate the body’s temperature. Hair reduces heat loss and assists in temperature regulation as well. The Erector muscle...
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...University of Phoenix Material Earth and Earth Materials I Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Complete the WileyPLUS® GeoDiscoveries Earth Drag and Drop from Chapter 1. Label and describe each letter in the space below. [pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Part...
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...Discuss the impacts of storm events in the British Isles and evaluate the responses to them (40 marks) The British Isles has a Cool Temperate Western Maritime Climate which is owing to its location at the edge of a continent, between two seas and subject to the influences of five major air masses; north-westerly, south-westerly, northerly, easterly and southerly. British climate is classified as temperate as it rarely features the extremes of heat or cold, rain, drought or wind that are common in other climates. Basic characteristics of this climate include temperature, precipitation, wind and air masses. The mean summer temperatures in the UK are lower than the average for its latitude which is due to the cooling influence from the Atlantic Ocean with its daily maximum being about 30 degrees. The average monthly values rarely exceed 16 degrees. In the winter, the average temperatures are above freezing (2-7 degrees) in coastal areas and relatively high winter values are owed to the warming influence of the sea. Oceans have an ameliorating effect on the temperature in the British Isles ad so it isn’t too hot or too cold. Also within the British Isles, precipitation occurs throughout the year yet varies in relief in upland areas, for example, western coast rainfall totals can exceed 2,500mm whereas a short distance further east in low land areas in the shadow of mountains, annual totals can be as little as 500mm. Most of the rainfall is brought by frontal systems moving from...
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...“Living in Poverty” Poverty is known all over the world. It can strike you, it can beat you or you can be lucky enough to defeat it. Poverty is fluctuating periods that somehow never are welcome. In the essay “Living in Poverty” written by Richard Wright we hear about his own experiences through poverty which he was born into in 1958. The main character’s father worked as a coal miner and his mother as a shop worker in a department store. Through the essay we follow this character, first known as the blackest five-year-old-boy in their street, then as a teenager, and in the final part as an adult educated man. The writer uses a lot of coloured and offensive adjectives through the essay which give the readers a more intensive and exciting experience. It gives the story life and meaning while the readers create more powerful images in their heads. You can for example see that on page 8, line 71-72: “Home was warm, school was stimulating and challenging”. Furthermore, the writer sometimes uses humor and on page 8, line 60-69 you can see that. At the same page line 79-82 we see another example on that: “...I fell in love with Bible stories and colourful pictures, although I wasn’t entirely convinced about virgin births, miracles and risers from the dead.” Even though it is noticeable statements you can’t avoid reading it with a smile on your lips. This technique also gives the reader a more thrilling experience and in this occasion the writer wants to lighten the story up, in...
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...FALE 1033 WRITING FOR SCIENCE Topics Covered Introduction to effective writing skills Writing thesis statement and topic sentences Definition , exemplification and classification Description Cause and effect Interpreting diagrammatic information Comparing and contrast Proofreading and editing Text Used 1. 2. Main Text: Oshima, A & Hogue. ( 1997). Introduction to Academic Writing. New York: AddisonWesley, Longman Zimmerman. (2003).English for Science. Singapore: Prentice Hall Additional Text Brannan, B. (2003). A Writer’s Workshop: Crafting Paragraphs, Building Essays. McGraw Hill Trible,C. (2003). Writing Oxford: Oxford University Press Method of Assessment 2 Assignments + 1 Test Assignment 1 -15% (Outlines) Assignment 2 – 15% (interpreting data) Test – 10% (Grammar/proofreading) Final Examination- 60% Section A- Essay Section B- Grammar Section C- Interpreting Graphic Data LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO EFFECTIVE WRITING SKILLS What is Science Writing? Science writers are responsible for covering fields that are experiencing some of the most rapid advances in history, from the stunning advances in biotechnology to the exotic discoveries in astrophysics. A science writer may include coverage of new discoveries about viruses, the brain, evolution, artificial intelligence, planets around other suns, and the global environment, to name a few topics Aims and objectives for writing for science To provide students with the necessary knowledge of the...
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...changed my life. However, one time that sticks out to me vividly is when my teacher analyzed my essay in front of the class. I always thought I was a great writer , but when I got papers back with the grades I didn’t want, I was confused. It felt like all my hard work was never good enough. At first I thought that getting your essay read and critiqued by everyone in the class was pointless and insignificant. After we had finished I realized that some benefits had came out of the class critique session. Back when I was in IB English class the teacher used to give us grammar warm ups everyday. One day she decided to change our...
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...Which Essay is Better: A Narrative or A Descriptive? Ever read a story and say to yourself, “What’s happening?” Whenever I read a descriptive essay, that’s what I would say. In this essay I would be comparing and contrasting two types of essays, a narrative and descriptive. I have chosen “Are the rich happy?” by Stephen Leacock 1916 and “Sister Flowers” by Maya Angelou, n.d. By writing my essay, I want to give my views on each and decide which I would rather write. Narrative Essay A narrative essay reflects a personal opinion that is based on your own experiences. This helps you bring a reader into your very own mind and shows him/her the topic you’re writing about through your eyes. Telling a story or event the way it happened for you. It also could provide a sort of lesson or moral to be learned from the outcome of the story as well as what the writer did that contributed to it or not. It’s more on a personal level that any one reading could say that happened to them or that they learned from the story by not doing whatever it was that the writer did. In Stephen Leacock’s “Are the Rich Happy?” the author writes about his experiences with his friends, with of modest income. Most of it, all in his opinion, points out the problems or troubles those with an existential amount of funds in their bank accounts. He goes on to give some examples that he encountered several of his friends going through. “A friend of mine who has ten thousand dollars a year told me the other...
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...ELS Effective Learning Service Essay Writing For appointments contact: els@qmu.ac.uk or elsinternational@qmu.ac.uk web: www.qmu.ac.uk/ELS Contents Page What do tutors want to see in an essay? 2 What are the key stages in writing an essay? 2 What is an essay? 3 The structure of an essay 4 Analyse the task 5 Make a structure plan 6 Reading and researching 7 Reflect and evaluate – refine your plan 8 Writing the first draft 9 What is a paragraph? 10 Signalling words within paragraphs 11 Linking ideas between paragraphs 12 Writing the introduction 13 Writing the conclusion 14 Academic writing style – a very brief guide 16 Planning an essay – a mindmap with an overview 17 1 What do tutors want to see in an essay? • that you have understood the question • that you have structured the work clearly and logically • that you show evidence of relevant reading What are the key stages in writing an essay? • analyse the task • ask yourself what you know and need to know about the topic • make a plan of the structure of essay • read and research and note-take • reflect on and refine your plan • write the first draft – main body, then introduction and conclusion • plan your time and set goals This leaflet will outline the key stages you need to go through and will also show you how to write a good paragraph, an introduction, and a conclusion. Subject preferences may vary. It is always a good idea to check the preferred format for your...
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...The two pieces I’m going to compare and contrast are both similar, but different at the same time. I chose the painting by Jacques Raymond Brascassat called “A Bull Fight” while at the museum. Then I went home to research other paintings on the museums website and chose “A Gust of Wind” by Gustave Courbet. In my essay I’ll discuss what makes them similar art pieces and how they compare different to each other. Plus, I will describe how each painting used the same visual elements, but also very different ones at the same time. The first painting I will be discussing is “A Bull Fight” by Jacques- Raymond Brascassat which will show the information on how the painting was composed. And it will discuss the differences in this painting compared...
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