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Ethic

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Submitted By silviayulianti31
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Kasus Etika : AMEX Products
"Saya belum pernah merasa sedemikian terkejut selama hidup saya !" ujar Riffe, manajer kantor AMEX Products di Palo Alto, California. "Saya tidak pernah berpikir bahwa hal ini dapat terjadi kepada kita. Kita adalah organisasi yang sangat ketat di mana semua orang mempercayai orang lain. Mengapa, orang-orang di AMEX merasa seperti keluarga ! Saya merasa dikhianati."
Riffe baru saja kembali dari persidangan Melissa Price, yang telah dihukum karena menggelapkan lebih dari $600.000 dana AMEX selama periode lebih dari enam tahun. Price merupakan salah seorang karyawan AMEX yang paling dipercaya selama 10 tahun. Sebagai orang tua tunggal dengan dua remaja putri, Price bertahan dengan usahanya sendiri, dan berhasil masuk ke komunitas universitas di mana dia memperoleh gelar sarjana dalam bidang akuntansi. Riffe mempekerjakannya sebagai pemegang pembukuan paruh waktu di AMEX ketika Price rnasih kuliah untuk membantunya. Dia melakukan pekerjaannya dengan baik sehingga, ketika dia lulus, Riffe memintanya untuk tetap bekerja di perusahaan dan memberikannya peran tambahan sebagai kasir, yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengumpulkan penerimaan kas harian dari pelanggan dan membawanya ke tempat penyimpanan malam hari di bank setiap hari setelah selesai kerja. Selama beberapa tahun, Riffe juga telah menaikan gaji yang bagus, memberikannya kompensasi pada tingkatan yang secara umum lebih tinggi dari karyawan lain dengan tingkat pendidikan dan pengalaman yang sama dengannya.
Price dengan segera menjadi karyawan keuangan "go-to" perusahaan. Dia bersemangat untuk belajar, dapat diandalkan, bertanggung jawab. Dalam waktu 10 tahun, dia tidak pernah mengambil hari libur, memilih untuk mengambil keuntungan dari kebijakan perusahaan yang memperbolehkan karyawan menarik tambahan kompensasi atas liburan yang diterima, tetapi tidak diambil pada akhir setiap tahun. Riffe menjadi semakin bergantung pada Price bulan demi bulan, karena usaha ini tumbuh untuk melayani lebih dari 1.000 pelanggan. Keterlibatan Price yang meningkat di bidang keuangan perusahaan membebaskan Riffe untuk menghabiskan waktunya mengerjakan bisnis barunya, menghabiskan semakin sedikit waktu atas masalah keuangan. Riffe telah memperhatikan bahwa, dalam beberapa tahun belakangan ini, Price mulai mengenakan pakaian yang lebih baik dan mengendarai mobil model terbaru yang trendi. Kedua anak remajanya juga mengendarai mobil model terbaru, dan keluarga tersebut baru-baru ini pindah ke rumah baru pada kawasan elit di kota tersebut. Riffe merasa senang bahwa dia telah berkontribusi terhadap keberhasilan Price. Tetapi beberapa bulan terakhir, Riffe menjadi khawatir karena, bukannya terjadi peningkatan pendapatan, saldo kas dan arus kas dari operasi AMEX justru menurun secara bertahap, yang terkadang menyebabkan perusahaan mengalami kesulitan dalam membayar tagihannya secara tepat waktu.
Di lain pihak, Price merasa kurang dihargai dan dibayar terlalu rendah atas semua kerja kerasnya. Setelah mengetahui sistem dengan baik, dan mengamati bahwa tidak ada seorang pun yang mengawasinya, Price mulai jatuh ke dalam jebakan yang sederhana tetapi mematikan. Sebagai kasir, dia bertanggung jawab menerima pembayaran pelanggan yang masuk melalui pos. Tanpa sepengetahuan Riffe, Price mulai me-lapping piutang usaha, yaitu skema penggelapan Price memulainya dengan menyalahgunakan (mencuri) beberapa cek pelanggan, mencairkannya, dan memasukkannya ke rekening bank pribadinya. Untuk menutupi kekurangan dalam akun pelanggan tertentu, Price akan menggunakan penagihan yang diterima kemudian dari rekening pelanggan lain. Dia melakukan ini tepat sebelum laporan bulanan dikirimkan ke pelanggan pertama, sehingga pelanggan tersebut tidak akan menyadari ketika dia menerima laporan bahwa pembayaran orang lain telah dimasukkan ke jumlah yang terutang kepada AMEX. Tentu saja, hal ini menyebabkan akun pelanggan yang kedua kekurangan, sehingga Price harus menyalahgunakan penagihan dari pelanggan ketiga untuk menutupi perbedaan dalam akun pelanggan kedua. Dia melakukan hal tersebut kepada banyak pelanggan, selama periode berbulan-bulan, dan dengan berani mencuri lebih banyak setiap bulan. Dengan akses tanpa batas ke kas dan akun pelanggan, serta dengan perencanaan yang hati-hati dan ketekunan yang konstan, Price menjadi sangat ahli dalam rnemainkan jurnal dalam pembukuan untuk mencegah siapa pun menemukan skemanya. Penggelapan tersebut berlangsung selama enam tahun, yang memungkinkan Price menyalahgunakan $622.000 dari perusahaan. Akun pelanggan yang mengandung salah saji akibat kecurangan akhirnya harus dihapus.
Apa yang menyebabkan Riffe mengetahui penggelapan ini ? Price mengalami kecelakaan mobil dan tidak dapat bekerja selama dua minggu. Karyawan yang menggantikan Price merasa kewalahan menerima telepon dari pelanggan yang ingin mendiskusikan perbedaan yang ada dalam laporan tagihannya atas jumlah yang dapat mereka buktikan telah dibayar. Penyelidikan lebih lanjut mengarah kepada Price, dan Riffe melaporkan kasus tersebut kepada pihak yang berwenang.
Akibat dari skema Price, perusahaan telah ditipu sebesar $622.000 selama beberapa tahun yang sebenarnya dapat digunakan untuk membeli peralatan baru, memperluas operasi, atau melunasi utangnya.
Diminta : 1. Apa masalah etika dalam situasi ini ? 2. Bagaimana hal ini terjadi dalam konteks perusahaan ? 3. Apa yang akan Anda lakukan sekarang, seandainya anda adalah Riffe ?

1.
Price adalah seorang karyawan AMEX bagian keuangan, yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengumpulkan penerimaan kas harian dari pelanggan dan membawanya ke tempat penyimpanan malam hari di bank setiap hari setelah selesai kerja. Dia bersemangat untuk belajar, dapat diandalkan, bertanggung jawab. Ternyata dibalik itu semua Price melakukan kecurangan (fraud), antara lain : a) Setelah mengetahui sistem dengan baik, dan mengamati bahwa tidak ada seorang pun yang mengawasinya, serta merupakan salah seorang karyawan AMEX yang paling dipercaya oleh Riffe sebagai pimpinan perusahaan. Maka untuk menjawab selama ini Price yang merasa kurang dihargai dan dibayar terlalu rendah atas semua kerja kerasnya, Price mulai jatuh ke dalam jebakan yang sederhana tetapi mematikan. Price mulai me-lapping piutang usaha, yaitu skema penggelapan Price memulainya dengan menyalahgunakan (mencuri) beberapa cek pelanggan, mencairkannya, dan memasukkannya ke rekening bank pribadinya. Penggelapan tersebut berlangsung selama enam tahun, yang memungkinkan Price menyalahgunakan $622.000 dari perusahaan. b) Membuat laporan tagihan dan pembayaran yang dengan sengaja menyalahsajikan kas, pendapatan, dan piutang tampak lebih baik dari yang sebenarnya, sehingga merupakan informasi keuangan yang menyesatkan baik bagi pelanggan maupun dalam pembukuan perusahaan. c) Skema penggelapan Price, mengakibatkan perusahaan telah ditipu sebesar $622.000 selama beberapa tahun yang sebenarnya dapat digunakan untuk membeli peralatan baru, memperluas operasi, atau melunasi utangnya. Tindakan ini menyebabkan perusahaan kehilangan kesempatan mengembangkan bisnisnya apalagi nilai tambah.
Dalam situasi ini, masalah prinsip etika―integritas yang dilanggar oleh Price. Kecurangan adalah suatu tindakan yang memiliki implikasi ekonomi, hukum, dan etis, dari sudut pandang etika, bahwa : * Seorang karyawan AMEX yang paling dipercaya, menyalahgunakan kepercayaan dengan melakukan me-lapping piutang usaha. Seharusnya memelihara dan meningkatkan kepercayaan, untuk memenuhi tanggung jawabnya dengan integritas setinggi mungkin. * Sangat ahli dalam memainkan jurnal dalam pembukuan, pelaku kecurangan melakukan hal tersebut demi keuntungan ekonomi jangka pendek mereka sendiri, sementara yang lainnya mengalami kerugian ekonomi yang mungkin jauh melampaui keuntungan yang diperoleh pelaku kecurangan. Kecurangan melanggar hak banyak orang demi kebaikan sementara segelintir orang, dan akhirnya tidak memberikan kebaikan pada siapapun. Pada akhirnya, semua orang mengalami kerugian! Kecurangan adalah tindakan paling tidak etis dalam bisnis ! 2. Hal yang terjadi dalam konteks perusahaan, antara lain : a) Unsur pertama dari segitiga kecurangan adalah motif. Motif biasanya timbul dari kebutuhan kritis atau keserakahan pada diri orang yang melakukan kecurangan. Pada waktu lainnya, pelaku kecurangan mungkin memiliki kebutuhan keuangan yang sah, seperti emergensi medis, tetapi dia menggunakan cara yang tidak sah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Artikel terkini dalam Wall Street Journal menunjukkan bahwa pencurian oleh karyawan meningkat akibat kesulitan ekonomi. Dalam setiap kasus, sikap yang ada dalam diri pelaku adalah, "Saya menginginkannya, dan orang lain memilikinya, sehingga saya akan melakukan apapun untuk memperolehnya." b) Unsur kedua dalam segitiga kecurangan adalah kesempatan. Dalam kasus AMEX Products, kesempatan untuk melakukan kecurangan biasanya muncul akibat lemahnya pengendalian internal. Hal yang dapat mengganggu unsur kunci pengendalian, meliputi pemisahan tugas yang tidak tepat dan/atau akses ke aset yang tidak tepat. Lemahnya lingkungan pengendalian, seperti CEO yang mendominasi, dengan mengabaikan pengendalian apapun yang telah ditetapkan perusahaan dalam operasi untuk transaksi keuangan. c) Unsur ketiga dari segitiga adalah rasionalisasi. Pelaku terlibat dalam pemikiran yang terdistorsi, seperti: "Saya layak mernperoleh hal ini;" "Tidak ada seorang pun yang memperlakukan saya secara adil;" "Tidak akan ada orang yang pernah tabu”. 3. AMEX Products harus segera memperkuat pengendalian internalnya, antara lain : a) Perusahaan segera mempekerjakan orang yang berlainan, tanpa akses ke kas, untuk membuat catatan piutang usaha pelanggan; b) Perusahaan segera menggunakan sistem kotak terkunci untuk semua cek yang diterima melalui pos. Cek tersebut dikirimkan ke kotak terkunci bank AMEX, lalu dikumpulkan oleh seorang karyawan bank dan segera disimpan; c) Remittance advices yang menyertai cek dipindah secara elektronik dan diteruskan kepada pemegang pembukuan piutang usaha AMEX yang kemudian digunakan sebagai dokumen sumber untuk memposting jumlah, yang ditagih dari pelanggan; d) Karyawan lainnya, yang tidak menangani kas maupun bertanggung jawab memegang pembukuan pelanggan, akan merekonsiliasi laporan bank bulanan AMEX; e) Mengharuskan setiap karyawan mengambil waktu liburan yang diterima, dan merotasi karyawan lain menduduki posisi tersebut ketika karyawan bersangkutan sedang cuti.

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...Critical Thinking and Ethics Aliya Johnson GEN/201 April 28th, 2015 Critical Thinking and Ethics Critical thinking and ethics are concepts that are very important to use in order to be successful either academically and/or professionally. When it comes to critical thinking and ethics both are very universal; and allow for creative views and ideas to collaborate. In order to get better understandings of how critical thinking and ethics can affect your career both professionally and academically we must first analyze these skills. Critical Thinking One analysis I would like to make is how critical thinking and ethics can impact our lives; which means that we have to first understand the definition of critical thinking. According to D.C. Phillips, “critical thinking is referred to generalized standards and principles of reasoning on which reasons for judgements could be based.” (Norris.S, 2014) In other words, people usually base their judgements on what they believe are generally right. Critical thinking allows us to be able to determine whether or not something is ethically right or wrong or maybe in between. There are six steps one can take towards critical thinking. The first step to critical thinking is being able to remember all events that may have taken place. Then, you have to understand the situation that’s going on around you. For example, you may want to “ask yourself if you can explain the situation in your own word.” (D.Ellis...

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