...Experimentation Critique Stem Cells Abstract According to human guidelines, human stem cell research is questionable. The main ethical dilemma revolves around whether or not an embryo is a human being of a cluster of cells. Stem cell research has the ability to provide treatment for many of today’s incurable diseases and disorders, and it is apparent this type of research produces many ethical issues in which one can consider both positive and negative for such research. Experimentation Critique Introduction Stem cell research is a modern method of discovering new medical break throughs. Research is involoved, using human embryos, causing heated moral debates. Human –nature and goal-based ethics theories apply to this controversial debate. The debate lies in the determionation of the embryos with moral status is owed. There has been extensive research in the underlying law and religious ethics surrounding the use of embryos for medical reasons. Discussed, is the debate, controversy, and opinion of government officials, in relation to the ethics involving stem cell research. Issues/Conflict Stem cell research proposes many ethical issues. The basis of this issue is that embryonic stem cells research holds such vast promise for so many people but obtaining the cell means destroying embryos. The ethical conflict brought on by stem cells means destroying embryos. The ethical conflict brought on by stem cell research is whether or not it is acceptable by social standards...
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...Stem Cells and the Future of Developmental Medicine Stem cells have a remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. Stem cells undergo processes to form new types of cells which can have a specialized function. According to this function, lives could be saved by the formation of new tissues and organs. Some of the specialized cells are muscle cells, brain cells or blood cells. Although stem cell research is debatable due to moral concerns, its positive medical benefits exceed the negative social consequences. Stem cell research is a complex subject that has two main types which are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Bongso and Lee explain that there are three methods in which embryonic stem cells can be retrieved. These are from embryos left from fertilization treatments, embryos produced for this function or by moving genetic material from one cell to another. The second two methods are considered to be immoral compared to the first one due to ethical reasons (2005, p.14). They also clarify that the cells should be tested to insure “Embryos are of high quality and free from both genetic and infectious diseases” (Bongso & Lee, 2005, p.15).Couples that have extra embryonic cells either donate them to childless couples, research or are get rid of them (Bongso & Lee, 2005, p. 16). Development in stem cell research has shown potential to cure life threatening diseases. Stem cells have helped in liver repair...
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...ABSTRACT Stem cells have offered much hope by promising to greatly extend the numbers and range of patients who could benefit from transplants, and to provide cell replacement therapy to treat debilitating diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. The issue of stem cell research is politically charged, prompting biologists to begin engaging in ethical debates, Stem cell research offers great promise for understanding basic mechanisms of human development and differentiation, as well as the hope for new treatments. However, human stem cell research also raises sharp ethical and political controversies. This paper will discuss the types of stem cells as well as some of the controversies involved in stem cell research. Introduction According to Wikipedia, stem cell can be defined as “biological cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide (through mitosis) and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells.” A stem cell could be regarded as one of the basic building blocks of the human body. Stem cells are important because they have the ability to become different cell types, and scientists are working on developing ways to use stem cells to repair or regenerate damaged organs or tissues. This could lead to therapies for a whole range of conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's, although at present it is impossible to tell whether this will happen...
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... Baylois Francois, Grass Kathleen, (2006) “Stem cell trials: Lessons from gene transfer research”, 23-26. When I first heard of stem cell research I wondered how the government could refuse Stem cell research, something that holds the cure for diseases like Alzheimer’s , Cancer or even HIV/AIDS. I didn’t know the background story and how stem cell research borders on the morality of what is ethical and what isn’t. Is it acceptable to save one life but kill another? The critics and the religious minded who believe life begins at conception see this as murder, while proponents praise it as innovative and groundbreaking, in helping save millions of lives. This Cutting-edge new experiment challenges and goes against numerous religions that oppose killing human life, which makes it so controversial. The issue of stem cell research largely involves the destruction of five to seven year old embryos, and raises the morality of this experiment. It questions our principals and makes us wonder are we really sacrificing a life or saving one? You have to choose between two wrong things. While there is immense excitement among scientists and people of the possibility of the millions of human lives stem cells can save there is also a great safety concern as well. Stem cell research has always been a very relevant topic. Over the last decade politicians, Scientists and theorists have debated on the medical advancement of stem cell research, its regenerative medicine and the remarkable...
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...PART A: The Principal of family determination in organ donation ABSTRACT: This article is written by Mingxu wang,, Wen zang, Xueliang Wang. In this article the point which is stressed upon is that wether family should be given the right to give consent for organ donation of a person if he himself has not stated any statement regarding his will on organ donation. Many ethical views of different societies are discussed, especially the Chinese including the Confucians. Some cases are also explained at the end in which the families of the dead are taking decision about the organ donations. Other problems relating to this matter are also highlighted. There are many school of thoughts based on different religions and different societies. In this article the Chinese, Confucians and Mencius are discussed in detail. The Chinese place their families at a very high position. They give a lot of importance and thus during the process of deciding wether to donate the organs or not, the family is given the highest authority. Confucians however not in favour of the process of organ transplantation. Their point of view is different. They like to keep their moral values. According to them the parts of an individual are gifts from their parents and they should not be messed with.They should be left as such. My opinion, after reading this article, is that after a person dies and he has not stated that wether he would not like to donate the organs then the decision...
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...Stem Cell Research Legislation Manny Garcia Jr English 135 Ms. Miller February 12, 2010 Abstract This paper explains that the ethical dilemma involved in stem cell research is a rather straight- forward process because to achieve its full potential this type of research requires using stem cells from fetuses. As well the history of Stem Cell Research Legislation in United States and what the current legislature state of affairs is and where the law on stem cell should go in the future. The issue of stem cell research burst on the scientific in November of 1998 when researchers first reported the isolation of human embryonic stem cells. The discovery, made by Dr. James A Thomson, a biologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, offered great promise for new ways of treating disease. The cells, which are derived from several day old embryos, can theoretically differentiate into virtually any type of human cell, from blood cells to skim cell. Scientists hope to find ways of using them to repair damaged tissue. Although research is only in the early stages, there is a growing consensus among researchers that many very effective medical treatments can be realized through cloning stem cells. This is because these cells can be made to replicate specific human tissues. These cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissue to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions, and disabilities including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, spinal...
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...Stem Cell Research: A Road to Recovery Lisa Wainwright Kaplan University CM220 Stem Cell Research “Recent studies suggest these cells may hold the secret to treatment — even cures — for some of our most baffling diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.” (Reaves, 2001) With constant development in science and medicine, it was only a matter of time before scientists and doctors would be on the verge of finding cures for diseases that people everywhere have been waiting for. Stem cell research began around 1981, when scientists discovered controllability in the development of mouse embryos; however, it wasn’t until 1998 that scientists discovered how to originate human stem cells from embryos and cultivate them in a lab. (U.S. Department, 2009) President Barak Obama signed Executive Order 135005, “Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research Involving Human Stem Cells,” on March 9, 2009. Section 1, Policy, reads, “Research involving human embryonic stem cells and human non-embryonic stem cells has the potential to lead to better understanding and treatment of many disabling diseases and conditions. Advances over the past decade in this promising scientific field have been encouraging, leading to broad agreement in the scientific community that the research should be supported by Federal funds…. including human embryonic stem cell research, to the extent permitted by law.” (Obama, 2009) There are those who argue that stem cell research should be limited...
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...“Embryo Research is ethically justifiable.” - Discuss Genetic engineering is an umbrella term for all gene modification and research that is taking place in modern science. Embryonic research has results in multiple successes including stem cell research but has come under serious controversy for using potential life for gain with no regard for that life. T - Kantian Ethics is purely deontological looking at doing duty for duties sake not the outcome of an action therefore for Kantian ethics to agree with the statement Embryonic research must pass the categorical imperative. I - An example of embryonic research includes eugenic genetic engineering in which germ-line therapy to create a better ‘race’ of people by changing the genetic makeup of future generations. C - Although eugenic genetics is illegal in most countries, examples have been seen throughout history such as Hitler’s arian race in which he tried to exterminate other unworthy races like jews. K - Eugenic engineering would have to passed the principle of universalisability; in which the moral choice would have to be universal across everyone worldwide without conflict interests. Eugenic engineering would not be successful, by choosing to create a certain race it would create huge conflict from those who do not fit the model. Minorities would be ignored and potentially discriminated upon. E - When applied to the issue, the principle of universalisability becomes an unrealistic choice to make an ethical decision...
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...Gm 520 Final Stem Cell Research Legislation Manny Garcia Jr English 135 Ms. Miller February 12, 2010 Abstract This paper explains that the ethical dilemma involved in stem cell research is a rather straight- forward process because to achieve its full potential this type of research requires using stem cells from fetuses. As well the history of Stem Cell Research Legislation in United States and what the current legislature state of affairs is and where the law on stem cell should go in the future. The issue of stem cell research burst on the scientific in November of 1998 when researchers first reported the isolation of human embryonic stem cells. The discovery, made by Dr. James A Thomson, a biologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, offered great promise for new ways of treating disease. The cells, which are derived from several day old embryos, can theoretically differentiate into virtually any type of human cell, from blood cells to skim cell. Scientists hope to find ways of using them to repair damaged tissue. Although research is only in the early stages, there is a growing consensus among researchers that many very effective medical treatments can be realized through cloning stem cells. This is because these cells can be made to replicate specific human tissues. These cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissue to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions, and disabilities including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's...
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...Who Can Stem Cell Research Save? Human stem cell research is a widely controversial topic in the United States. Most controversy concerns are religious, moral, and legal contestations regarding human embryos. Research on human embryos have been approved in other countries such as Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Greece, Britain, Denmark, and the Netherlands, it remains a controversy issue in the United States. In the United States the States are split on whether it’s enforcing a complete ban or allowed funding in some States for stem cell research. President Clinton passed Dickey Amendment which cut off all Department of Health and Human Services and all federal funding for stem cell research on human embryos. Private funding was still aloud for the research. In 2001 President George Bush approved limited funding because of the great outcomes it could one day give us with cures for diseases and disorders. On the first issue, are these embryos human life? Well, one researcher told me he believes this five-day-old cluster of cells is not an embryo, not yet an individual but a pre-embryo. He argued that it has the potential for life, but it is not a life because it cannot develop on its own. An ethicist dismissed that as a callous attempt at rationalization. "Make no mistake," he told me, "that cluster of cells is the same way you and I, and all the rest of us, started our lives. One goes with a heavy heart if we use these," he said, "because we are dealing with the seeds of...
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...Jacob Byers Prof. Carver W131 29 Sept. 2013 A Question of Ethics: Egg Harvesting for Stem Cell Research Stem cell research brings to mind cloning, treatments for disease, and other positive things. What you don’t think about are the women affected through the harvesting of the embryotic eggs required to conduct this research. Dr. Diane Beeson’s article “Egg Harvesting for Stem Cell Research: Medical Risks and Ethical Problems” illustrates the issues of short and long-term effects of ovarian stimulation, risks to offspring, and the exploitation of women. She uses this information to develop an argument against the use of unauthorized and unstudied drugs and the misleading language used to exploit young women. She establishes credibility by using statistics and plays on a sensitive issue by bringing up risks to offspring to develop her argument. Medical treatments developed from stem cell research range from cancer treatments to replacing damaged brain cells. Though these seem to outweigh any of the negative side effects, those abnormalities caused from ovarian stimulation can directly affect the reproductive capabilities of many females. Dr. Beeson explains the most serious and immediate short-term effect is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The symptoms of mild cases of OHSS range from nausea to abdominal distention, respiratory difficulty, and other abnormalities (Beeson and Lippman). More severe cases are ‘by no means rare’ according to the American Society...
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...STEM CELLS Science has made many discoveries over the years and its discoveries have helped us understand why things happen and why they happen. We have had many great scientists who devoted their lives in laboratories testing many natural and chemical reactions. Medicine is a field in which over the years science has made a lot of improvements and many scientific tests helped us found the cure of many deadly deceases. Even though there has been a lot done there is still a lot more to be accomplished. In 1981 scientists started testing one of the most amazing discoveries of medicine, Stem Cells. Stem Cells are cells that have the potential to develop into many different types of cell in the body during early life and growth. These serve as a repair system by dividing themselves without any limits to replace other cells, such as muscle cells, red blood cells and brain cells. One of the most potential uses of human Stem Cells would be to replace the necessity of organ donation, which nowadays the demand is very high. These cells can replace specific cells type and renew tissue to help cure Alzheimer’s decease, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart decease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. One good example is to generate healthy heart muscle cells in a laboratory then transplant the cells into a patient with a heart decease. Type 1 diabetes is another serious condition, which many people suffer specially in this country. New studies...
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...always going to be aborted or non-viable embryos. Gathering stem cells from these non-viable or aborted embryos, does no additional harm and provides a way for scientists to continue research for the greater good (Master and Crozier 56). Furthermore, only allowing the use of excess embryos in research means that no embryos will be created and destroyed for the specific research purposes alone (Master and Crozier 59). Likewise, working towards a viable replacement for embryonic stem cells will allow for all moral concerns to one...
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...policymaking outside of their HCO's? List some legal and ethical dilemmas to consider when creating new policies. Through hospitals within the United States, Healthcare Organizations have an Ethics Committee. Ethics Committees have become a requirement within hospitals when it comes to providing the professionals of healthcare the education that is needed about designing and reevaluate hospital policies, biomedical ethics and clinical ethics for sessions. Throughout the years, there has been a steady increase to roles Institutional Ethics Committees play in ethics. HIPPA also have a committee which is baptized as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Compliance Committee. Their task is to confirm how healthcare organizations are reacting to the encounters of HIPPA compliance throughout time. When it comes to the method of the healthcare policies, Medical Management Committees can persuade political parties outside from their healthcare organizations. Because the Democratic Party tends to be on the liberal side, Medical Management Committees can get in touch with the Democrats who are usually for reasonable and valuable healthcare. There are many individuals who support this and would like to see growth of government backing in those areas. Back in 2004, there was a debate between Bush and Kerry. Kerry wanted to engage in a federally funded stem-cell research program under severe ethical regulations but at the same time did not want to turn his back...
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...Human Subjects Research (HSR) Series CITI Program’s HSR series consists of modules from two basic tracks, Biomedical (Biomed) and Social-Behavioral-Educational (SBE), and a set of Additional Modules of Interest. Organizations may group these modules to form a basic Biomed or SBE course, or a course that combines the two tracks. The Additional Modules of Interest should be used in any course variation, if relevant. The basic Biomed modules have three corresponding sets of refresher modules and the basic SBE modules have two corresponding sets of refresher modules. These refresher modules are intended to provide learners with a review of what was covered in the basic level modules. It is generally recommended that organizations select refresher module requirements that reflect their selections for the basic course(s). Refresher courses should be taken in a cycle at an interval specified by your organization (for example, Refresher Stage 1: 3 years after completion of basic course; Refresher Stage 2: 6 years after completion of basic course). Three additional standalone courses are available: Institutional/Signatory Official: Human Subject Research, and IRB Chair. The Institutional/Signatory Official: Human Subject Research course provides a general introduction to the roles and responsibilities of the institutional official at an organization holding a Federalwide Assurance (FWA). The IRB Administration course offers members of an Institutional Review Board’s (IRB)...
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