Free Essay

Ethical Dilemma

In:

Submitted By tyrikac
Words 1648
Pages 7
ETHICAL DILEMMA

CJS/211
September 1, 2014
Michael Raneses

ETHICAL DILEMMA
EBOLA VIRUS

Ebola virus appeared in Sudan, Zaire in 1976. The very first outbreak of the Ebola virus was named Sudan Ebola virus and it infected over 284 people, killing 53% of its victims. Another strain of the infection came infecting 318 people; this strain was called the Zaire Ebola virus. It had the highest mortality rate of 88%, and at this time the researchers were not able to pin point where the Ebola virus had originated from. The third subtype of the virus is known as Reston-Ebola and was identified in1989 when it infected monkeys that were being imported to Reston, Virginia from Philippines. The virus also has infected some of the patients, but the patients did not develop the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The fourth subtype had occurred during 1994 when an ethnologist was during a necropsy on a dead chimpanzee. The ethnologist accidentally infected herself while she was performing the necropsy on the chimpanzee.

Ebola has become more prevalent in Africa, where there is an outbreak. The Ebola virus is worsening in West Africa and the director of the Center of Disease Control and Prevention urge traveling warning to any person that may be going any of the three West Africa countries that have been hit by the outbreak. Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone the disease have killed all together more than 700 individuals this year alone. This outbreak can become a “global pandemic” if it is not taken care of in a reasonable time. The government has now declared this a human crisis that is above the control of the national government at this point. The Ebola virus is the largest that the African country has seen in the last 40 years. The expert’s says that during this outbreak that 60% of the people have become sick with the Ebola virus have died.

Senegal is the fifth country in the region to become infected with the virus; Senegal closed its border to Guinea over the fear that the Ebola virus outbreak was the deadliest virus that they have ever had. The outbreak is continuing to accelerate in West Africa and has killed 1,552 people. The total number of cases stands at 3,069 right now, with 40% recently occurring in three weeks. The fatality rate is 52%, Sierra Leone to 66% in Guinea. As of August 11, 2014 2,000 people has been infected and 1,000 have died. So far there is no cure for the Ebola virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) are coming together to have a meeting to determine preventive measurements to stop the further spread of the virus.

There have been several emergency assistance agencies that have offered to provide help, and the World Bank has offered to donate $200 m in assistance and the British Red Cross launched an emergency appeal to help those individuals that has been infected with the deadly virus. The WHO panel will also get together with a panel of experts on the ethics, to make decisions about the recommendations use of the experimental treatments. At this particular stage the WHO panel is not certain the individuals that will serve on the ethics panel of what type of recommendations the panel they will have. One thing that the World Health Organization (WHO) knows is that the panelist will have to address certain issues. They are going to want an accurate summary of the scientific evidence that is regarding the safety and the efficacy of any experimental drugs, which have not been tested on humans.

The underlying problem to why the Ebola virus is spreading so rapidly is because countries like Liberia does not have the adequate resources that are needed to deal with the problem at hand. Until the international communities begin to address the issues and eliminate poverty, it is going to be the same type of problems going on reoccurring in West Africa. Treating patients with Ebola can be a difficult ethical decision for doctors and nurses to make. Due to the fact that caring for individuals that have the infectious disease, can become life or death for question for the doctors and nurses to answer for themselves. If s doctor or nurse make one wrong move with one slip of a glove, they can now become infected with the disease their self.

This is an extremely ethical decision for doctors and nurse to make on a daily basis when it comes to the care of those that are infected with the Ebola virus. Dr. David Beyda who is a pediatric critical care specialist at phoenix Children Hospital is the director of the global health program as well at UA College of Medicine of Phoenix. He states that the students go through rigorous training before leaving to serve others that are in need of care, in order to help them raise awareness of the dangers that they come faced with when they are overseas.

Due to the Ebola virus outbreak many hospitals are closing down and many of the medical staff is fleeing from the area. People in the infected areas are in quarantine, and some are disobeying the orders of the government. They are dumping the infected bodies of their loved one in the middle of the streets. Schools are closed, people are not coming to work or some are just too afraid to report in to work. There are four Indian doctors that are being forced to treat individuals that are infected with the deadly virus , and the doctors says that some of their employees have taken their passport , which keeps them from leaving the country. There are many people that are dying every day to the illness and the health care system is beginning to fall apart in this region.

Even after the crisis is long over it is still gone to leave a long-term impact on the country. A number of trained doctors and nurse are already in short supply and shrinking daily as more and more health officials are become infected with the virus, quarantined or just too afraid to come to work. When we look at the situation right now in Nigeria they are dealing with a deadly epidemic that is spreading rapidly every day. Where in Nigeria there are 50 doctors to 4 m individuals. Sierra Leone has one doctor to 45,588 individuals, while in Liberia one doctor for every 86,275 individuals. As we can see this spreads very fast and rapid, so fast that WHO cannot deal with it and has declared a health emergency.
The only hope for the Ebola virus at this time is the ZMAPP which is an experimental drug that is composed of three antibodies that helps he immune system kill the virus. This drug was given to 18 infected monkeys that had the Ebola virus. This drug is the only hope to help fight the outbreak of the deadly raging disease that is taking the life of many individuals in West Africa. In a study the drug was given to monkeys 3 to 5 days after they had been infected with the virus and already showing symptoms. These monkeys’ symptoms improved, the the ZMAPP does its attached its self to the person cells and it helps the immune system kill off the virus. The ZMAPP was given to 7 individuals and two died. There is no more ZMAPP at this time because there was only a limited supply and it was given the 7 individuals. Before any other ZMAPP is made Biopharmaceutics Inc. what to ensure that they have the proper dose for a human and it is safe for people to use.

Ebola virus is a type of RNA virus that causes the disease Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Ebola virus gets is name form the river that runs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which was formerly Zaire) in Africa, which is where it was first recognized. Ebola belongs to one of the two RNA virus called Filoviridae. All together there are four subtypes of the virus and three of those are found in humans. They are called Ebola-Ivory, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Zaire. The fourth subtype is the Ebola-Reston and it has caused diseases in many nonhumans primates.

Once a person has been infected with the Ebola virus, some of the symptoms may include fever, weakness, severe headache, vomiting, dry cough, and stomach pain. A person usually starts to experience these symptoms four to six days after they have been infected with the virus. Other symptoms can include rash, hiccups, red eye, and internal and external bleeding. Once an individual become infected with the Ebola virus the virus begins to multiply within the body. When an individual has lighter skin the rash is more recognizable than an individual that has darker skin. If pregnant women happen to become infected with the Ebola virus her symptoms will include heavy vaginal bleeding and miscarriage. The Death of the fetus usually occurs during the second week of the symptoms, the women dies from blood loss.

References http://www.ebolavirusdisease.com/history.html http://ebola.emedtv.com/ebola/ebola-virus-symptoms.html http://ebola.emedtv.com/ebola-virus/what-is-the-ebola-virus.html http://atlanta.cbslocal.com/2014/08/01/cdc-the-bottom-line-is-ebola-is-worsening-in-west-africa/ http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/29/health/ebola-outbreak-senegal/index.html http://www.thedailystar.net/resolving-the-ethics-of-the-ebola-dilemma-36666 http://theconversation.com/who-gets-experimental-drugs-and-who-doesnt-the-ethics-of-ebola-treatment-29799 http://www.yumanewsnow.com/index.php/news/health/7549-treating-ebola-patients-is-difficult-ethical-decision-for-doctors-and-nurses http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/41913/the-ebola-outcomes http://www.cbsnews.com/news/zmapp-cures-monkeys-of-ebola-virus/

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...Ethical Dilemma Wilbert Thacker CMGT/575 December 1, 2014 Gordon Hodgson Ethical Dilemma Ethical dilemmas, also known as a moral dilemmas, are situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion. In such cases, societal and personal ethical guidelines can provide no satisfactory outcome for the chooser. Ethical dilemmas assume that the chooser will abide by societal norms, such as codes of law or religious teachings, in order to make the choice ethically impossible (Your Dictionary, 2014). As a project manager it is their job to manage and get to know their team. The CIO has informed the project manager that his/her team will be released and the department will be outsourced. In this situation the first step that should be taken is gathering all of the facts. The CIO has informed the project manager that their department would be outsourced and their team would be released but there was no reason provided. As a concerned project manager it is almost their obligation to research to what led up to this decision. A decision this drastic couldn’t have possibly be made over night. The main ethical issue here is it has to be a trust issue between the company they are providing the service for and the project management team. Most of those issues revolve around project management teams not completing a service on time or a service not meeting expectations. Many people will...

Words: 778 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...Option 2: EthicsGame Dilemmas ETH/316 Option 2: EthicsGame Dilemmas Introduction The project that was presented included the application of personal values in working through two different ethical dilemmas. In order to work through each of the dilemmas two analytical skill sets were used to come to a resolution. The first skill set involved the use of the four ethical lenses. The lenses include the Results Lens, Rights/Responsibility Lens, Relationship Lens, and Reputation Lens. The second skill involves the use of the Baird Decision Model which is a five-step process that gives a systematic approach to the resolution of an ethical dilemma. The five steps of the Baird Decision Model include: * Step 1: Be Attentive * Step 2: Be Intelligent * Step 3: Be Reasonable * Step 4: Be Responsible * Step 5: Be Reflective The combination of the ethical lenses with the decision model provides the groundwork to come up with, good value based, solutions to ethical conflict (Rian Brown,  2014). Mysterious Blogger The first ethical conflict that was presented was that of the “Mysterious Blogger.” In this simulation the Director of Information Technology, who is responsible for managing all internal information system functions which include systems programming, application programming, networks, and computer operations, is presented with an employee who is leaking the proprietary company information to the public through a blog sight as an anonymous...

Words: 1292 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Ethical Dilemma Assignment

...CONSENT FORM Thank you for being willing to take part in this interview exploring ethical conflict or turbulence. I would like to transcribe the content of this interview to form a written document to be submitted to Sheffield Hallam University as a piece of assessed piece of coursework. It is important that you only take part in this interview if you want to. As such I would be delighted if you would complete and sign this confidentiality questionnaire prior to the interview taking place. (i) In general terms are you willing to take part in this interview: and an edited transcript of the interview submitted to Sheffield Hallam? Yes (ii) Are you happy for your own name to be used in the transcript: or do you want the final transcript to written up with a pseudonym? Own name (iii) Are you happy for the names of other people and organisations to be used in the final transcript: or do you want all other names to be content of this transcription to be submitted to Sheffield Hallam? Pseudonyms (iv) Are you happy for me to submit the final transcript without you reviewing it - or do you want to reserve the right to see the final transcript before I submit? Submit unseen (v) Sometimes the ethical dilemmas described in these transcripts provide real life case studies that can be helpful to show other students, and can provide rich data for research projects. Would you be willing for this transcript to be used in further teaching or research - or would you prefer...

Words: 1766 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Gaming: Ethical Dilemma

...gaming. I see and the understand the catastrophic impact that gaming has on the people from my community, let alone my own mother, which is why I came to choose this topic. Three Research Questions 1.) Does gaming have any positive contribution to our society? I strongly believe it is crucial that we determine if gaming has an actual positive effect in our society or it is just an absolute disruption to our ethical views in life. I truly think that it is the latter but it is important that we take a look on different aspects of gaming as a whole before we can conclude upon it. 2.) Is there an ethical need for new regulations in gaming as a whole? It is critically important to review all the regulations that were put on gaming to identify if new regulations are necessary. With the affects that it has in our society, we need to determine what’s missing as far as regulations is concerned. 3.) When does gaming recreation becomes an ethical dilemma? When I hear the word ‘gaming’ I personally always associate it with ‘betting in monetary terms’. In my opinion, some of us never really think of gaming as recreation...

Words: 372 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Problem Solution: Remington Peckinpaw Davis Inc

...Running head: PROBLEM SOLUTION: Remington Peckinpaw Davis Inc. Problem Solution: Remington Peckinpaw Davis Inc. MMPBL510 / Implementing Organizational Initiatives University of Phoenix March 14, 2011 Problem Solution: Remington Peckinpaw Davis Inc. Remington Peckinpaw Davis is an asset group experiencing technical problems with its online trading services. The company needs to be more proactive in the research and development of its software and techniques and stop guessing the costs the project, given the failure of the first phase of the strategic implementation. “Successful implementation requires both technical and social skills. Project managers have to plan and budget projects as well as orchestrate the contributions of other” (Gray & Larson, 2006. p. 14). Table 1 Issues and Opportunities Identification | | | | |Issues |Opportunities |Reference to Specific | | | |Course Concept | |Data reliability: Harlan’s data, estimates |An effective project monitoring system can|“A project monitoring system involves determining what | |and development plans were not accurate, |assist (RPD) in ensuring that the...

Words: 541 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Frameworks of Ethics

...nurse, ethical dilemmas can arise at any moment. It is imperative that through proper education and training registered nurses have the ethical capacity and intelligence to work through these issues with compassion and integrity. Take into account he following case scenario; a 6-year-old child develops a high fever, vomiting, and convulsions at school. After seeking medical care, the diagnosis of meningitis is reached and the physician requests to start treatment from the child’s parents. The parents are divorced; the mother has primary custody but is not the biological parent. The mother is a Christian Scientist who insists that no medical treatment be initiated per her religious beliefs. The biological father resides in another state, but he insists that treatment be initiated and seeks independent consultation from another physician. Through ethical decision making with assistance from Uustal’s nine-step model, it is possible to identify the ethical dilemma presented, integrate the decision-making model to identify an ethical solution, and incorporate family dialogue to both parents of the child regarding the issue at hand. When an ethical decision must be made, one must first identify the ethical dilemma. "...An ethical dilemma is a common type of situation that involves two, or more, morally correct courses of action that cannot both be followed” (Purtilo, Ruth & Doherty, 2011, p. 57). Ethical dilemmas involve both ethical conflict and conduct. "An ethical dilemma occurs...

Words: 456 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...Ethical Dilemma (Author’s name) (Institutional Affiliation) Abstract This research paper seeks to resolve a particular case of an ethical dilemma. This has been necessitated by the fact that ethical dilemmas are a recurrent part of life. Moreover, ethical dilemmas have become a key point of argument in the field of ethics and interestingly, philosophy as well (Garsten & Hernes, 2009). As an inividual, I find myself facing moral dilemma situation quite frequently which makes the exploration of this subject a fascinating intrigue. This exhaustive research thus attempts to integrate all the possible actions that can be undertaken to lead towards the understanding of ethical dilemma. Methodologies used to accomplish this include the three stage ethical dilemma solving process that duly applies two main approaches. These approaches are consequentialist and deontological which have been widely applied to give step by step details on how to handle the given ethical dilemma. The article dissects on subsequent decision making after thorough strive to balance between what is morally acceptable within a person’s surroundings and self interests entrenched in a human being. A thorough discussion on the particular viewpoints of ethical dilemma has unearthed the common result of individuals getting torn between self morals and societal expectations.. Finally, the research concludes that there is a need to evaluate decisions based on viewpoints arising...

Words: 1725 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

An Ethical Dilemma

...Case Study: An Ethical Dilemma Name Institution Case Study: An Ethical Dilemma Question 1 Dr. Vaji would like to meet with Leo in order to discuss ways in which adolescent clients may be retained. Also, he wants to help him improve his treatment skills. Unfortunately, he does not know how much the information he was provided with by the other graduate students might influence their conversation and final supervisory report. As a result, he finds himself in an ethical dilemma because he is concerned on how to grade the student from his earlier reports or should he take into account the information he has just received from the other students. Apparently, he was not convinced enough by Leo Watson’s thought paper, so he advised him to incorporate more of the findings on ethnic discrimination into his papers and provide more complex perspectives. In other words, Watson was to provide more information from viewing the world through another person’s eyes. As a result, he might have taken the idea far enough to start behaving in the same manner he had described the ethnic minority would, which was prone to violence. On the other hand, Leo Watson as a person might possess the attributes described to Dr. Vaji by the other students as derogatory, harassing, and insulting to other ethnic groups. Seemingly, the nature of this dilemma has been framed by some APA Ethical principles. First, integrity plays a part simply because it demands honesty, accuracy, and truthfulness from psychologists...

Words: 1466 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...Legal and Ethical Principles in Health Care 08/19/2015 Ethics is a study which seeks to understand the nature, purposes, justification, and the founding principles of moral rules and the systems they comprise. Ethics deals with values relating to human conduct. It focuses on the rightness and wrongness of actions, as well as the goodness and badness of motives and ends. In the healthcare industry, ethics is about anticipating and recognizing healthcare dilemmas and making good judgments and decisions based on the patient’s needs and wishes. Also ethics is about the universal values that work in unison with the laws of the land, our Constitution, and where the Constitution remains silent, we rely on the ability of caregivers to make the right choices using the wisdom of Solomon to do good. An ethical dilemma has risen here in given situation. It can occur whenever a choice involves giving up something good and suffering something bad, no matter what course of action is taken. Ethical dilemmas often require caregivers to make decisions that may break some ethical norm or contradict some ethical values. In the given situation, decision must be made depending upon various dimensions of dilemma and the issues related to the same; and of course the ethical principles: base for decision making. Dimensions of given Ethical dilemma: * Relevant information Here, the information given about the patient includes that a male patient is 96 years of age and...

Words: 1310 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Ethical Dilemmas

...What primary relationships do you see between legal and ethical issues faced by nurses in their practice? How would you explain these relationships to others? What would you say are at least two ethical dilemmas that are often faced by nurses in their daily practice? Explain how accountability and responsibility play a role when nurses face with these dilemmas. One of the most well known ethical dilemmas that nurses can face in their career is their patient's belief system. One example is the familiar dilemma of when a patient has a strong religious belief that interferes with sound evidence base medical practice. For example Jehovah Witnesses forbid blood transfusions under any circumstance. Even when it's the difference between life and death, the answer will always be no blood transfusion. Most knowledgeable and experience nurses will attempt to explain the necessity and benefits of the blood transfusions, but it's also understood that it's the nurse's job to support patient's rights. Nurses often face unique challenges because of the amount of time they actually spend with patients and their family. Nurses are typically the ones who actually witnesses the patient's or family's struggle to make crucial decisions. Most often nurses are engaged with the patient and their family more than any other healthcare provider. One key fact to recognize is nurses bring with them their personal values, which at times can be in direct conflict with what their patient wants...

Words: 942 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...was pretty sure she was a pseudo seizure patient. When it came to looking at what drugs she could be given, the only drug she was not allergic to was Morphine. When doing assessments on the patient, she would always say that her pain was an 8-9 before pain medication and a 7/10 after pain medication. Every 4 hours the patient would put her call light on and complain of pain. However, the patient showed no signs of pain as she was doing her hair and putting on makeup to look good for her boyfriend who was coming to see her soon. With the patient requesting pain medications frequently, showing no apparent signs of pain or seizure activity and allergic to every type of medication makes me suspicious of the patient drug seeking. So the ethical dilemma is should the patient be given pain medication when they requests it every 4 hrs, when not appearing to be in pain? The three options that I was alternating between were medicating the patient as ordered when they request it, give the patient half the dose ordered when they request it, or delay the patient’s dose to every 6 hours or not give it at all. The moral principles involved are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and accountability. Medicating the patient when they request it would be upholding to the principle of autonomy. Beneficence is an action done for the benefit of the patient. Administering pain medication upon request may be promoting good for the patient, as we want the patient to be pain free, which in return allows...

Words: 1086 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...Ethical dilemma: Indirectly Using Child Labor Child labor now becomes a complicated problem, which affects all regions of the world. According to the telegraph online, “Even at big company, as Apple, said that 91 children under the age of 16 were discovered to be working last year in ten Chinese factories owned by its suppliers. “ The company did not examine the suppliers, and the suppliers squeezed the child labor, finally, the company gets more profit. The ethical dilemma in this essay is that whether it is ethical for a company not to examine if they indirectly use the child labor. I will apply two ethical theories to this ethical dilemma, the Kantian ethics theory and the Utilitarianism theory. In the Kantian ethics theory, he says, “we should do the right thing regardless of reward or loss”, which is core ideas of his ethics theory. Furthermore, in his famous work Groundwork Metaphysics of Morality, he says, “Nothing is good in itself but the good will.” Additionally, in the Utilitarianism theory, it is roughly based on calculating or measuring benefits versus burdens. There are two core philosophers in the Utilitarianism theory, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. I will explain this two theories and how the company fall into the dilemma as follows: Firstly, there is no doubt that it is an unethical matter. As for the Kantian ethics, he thinks there is no relationship between the purpose and ethics; whatever effect of the purpose is content, happy, or kind. We only...

Words: 1696 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...By definition, an ethical dilemma is a situation that will often involve an apparent conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another. When one combines this definition with the many problems employees and management face on a daily basis, you are bound to have plenty of examples for many different kinds of businesses, regardless of what the business is or the line of work. This internal conflict that people experience can cause many issues in today’s workplace, and in the next few paragraphs I will explain how, why, and produce some examples. One of the most popular examples of an ethical dilemma is the story of the man whose family is starving and he steals a loaf of bread for his family’s survival. At its core, this example covers all the bases: conflicting imperatives with regards to a need for food and breaking the law by stealing the food. There can be arguments made on both sides with no clear decision on what the right thing to do would be. When translated into today’s work environment, employed persons have conflicting thoughts and feelings every day because they face problems at work but also in their personal lives as well. Anytime one has two completely different sets of problems their chances for an ethical dilemma will rise. According to Puja Lalwani, who writes articles for buzzle.com, “A lot of people believe that there is no room for ethics in the workplace. In a world of fierce competition where everyone...

Words: 1751 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...MANAGER’S ETHICAL DILEMMA -- # 1 1、Ethical Dilemma The primary problem is whether Sally Cook should accept Bossey’s offer to get higher value for her stock. Then the question is what Cook should do? 2、Stakeholders ① Ralph Bossey: He has the right to use the way of takeover to make money, even if it will cause harmful effect on employees in that company and development of community health. ② Stockholders (like Sally Cook): They have the right to choose to accept the attractive offer from Bossey or not. ③ Employees: They have the right to guarantee a stable job in the company. 3、 Alternative Actions and Consequences. ① Accept the offer from Bossey. If Cook accepted the offer, she can get double current market value for her holdings. But it will cause lay off many employees in Graham Corporation. It can also restrain company’s nutritional improvements and product innovation. Finally, it will influence the development of community health. ② Not accept the offer. If Cook does not accept the offer, it will benefit many employees and community health. But she has to extend the working time to gain a better life to eliminate her financial worry. 4、 Analysis From my opinion, I think Cook should not accept the offer from Bossey. The following reasons are the factors that Cook should consider before she makes final decision. From a legal point of view, what Bossey does is legal. The way he uses to take over the company is also legal, but his action will have negative effect...

Words: 654 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Ethical Dilemma

...Ethical Dilemma CJA 324 June 29, 2015 Ethical Dilemma According to Your dictionary (1996-2015) an ethical dilemma is defined as a situation where someone must make a choice between two or more options, all of which will result in a negative outcome. Today we are faced with many ethical dilemmas that force us to examine the situation and surrounding events in depth to discover a better way of doing things. One such ethical dilemma is the legal age to vote in elections. The Constitution The twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees every American “the right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age” (The National Constitution Center, n.d.). In America the legal adult age is considered 18 years. As an adult, an 18 year old will pay taxes on income he or she has earned. They pay sales tax on items they have purchased. They are old enough to drive a car and to join the military. These are the arguments many have given in favor of lowering the voter legal age form 18 years to 16 years, but there is another side to the story – one of opposition to lowering the age and in favor of returning the legal age to voting rights to 21 years of age as originally set forth by the United States Constitution. The United States Constitution was adopted in 1789, at which time voting was reserved for male property owners ages 21 and older...

Words: 1093 - Pages: 5