...A low birth weight baby is a baby weighing less than 2500 grams at birth. According to the CDC and PNSS, low weight babies are at heightened risks of health disparities ranging from developmental delays to respiratory conditions. In a 2010 Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS) report, the overall low birth weight incidence was highest in African American babies at 11.7%, whites at 7.1%, Hispanics 6.4% and American Indians at 7.4% (CDC, 2012). Pre term infants are newborns born before 37 weeks gestation. Many long term complications are associated with premature infants including mental retardation, cerebral palsy, lung and GI problems, vision and hearing loss and death (CDC ,2012). Factors contributing to preterm births have been iron deficient mothers during their pregnancies, low gestational weight gain, low income, race and ethnicity, younger age of mothers, mothers who smoke and low education for mothers. In the PNSS 2010 report, African Americans had the highest rate of pre-term infants at 13.0%. Hispanics at 10.8%, American Indians 10.5% and whites at 9.7% (CDC ,2012). With recent demand for mothers to breastfeed exclusively for at least six months, these infants may have a better chance at fighting GI disorders and respiratory infections. Breast milk have been shown to have many benefits on all infants including reduced ear infections, increased brain IQ, reduced gastroenteritis, decreased sever lower respiratory tract infections, asthma, obesity, diabetes...
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...have uncovered specific design limitations or useful results, and this information is helpful in understanding the context of one's own study. We believe that known risks include prematurity, poor prenatal care, low socioeconomic status, non-white ethnicity, large size of the mother, younger or older mothers, smoking, alcohol consumption and a host of other factors. Electric and magnetic field exposures are not known risk factors but have not been studied extensively. Therefore we wish to study them. Cohort Study The "What will happen to me?" study follows a group of healthy people with different levels of exposure and assesses what happens to their health over time. It is a desirable design because exposure precedes the health outcome — a condition necessary for causation — and is less subject to bias because exposure is evaluated before the health status is known. The cohort study is also expensive, time-consuming and the most logistically difficult of all the studies. It is most useful for relatively common diseases. To assess suitability, we find out the commonality of the disease we wish to study. Does it occur in 10 percent of all births, 1 percent of births, or 0.001 percent of births? For example, if low weight occurs in 10 percent or more of all births, then we might investigate a relatively small group of newborns, say 200 to 400, and characterize...
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...Nigeria and UK. This paper will examine the influence of social class, race, culture, gender and age. It will also examine and try to explain the difference in mortality and mortality rates in UK and in Nigeria with the focus on analysing why health is socially determined. For example in Nigeria the life expectancy at birth is 51years whereas in UK is 80 (UNICEF 2010). Infant mortality (death) rate refer to number of children who died before they reaches the age of 1 years per 1000 birth live. Globally, infant mortality has decreased by 35 per cent from 88 per cent death per 1000 live birth to 57 per cent in 2010, The number of children under five of age who died yearly, has declined from more than 12 million death in 1990 to 7.6 million death in 2010, which shown that fewer children who are dying each day are closely to 12,000 than in 1990 according to the figure released by UNICEF and World Health Organisation in September 2011. The major causes of infant mortality rate in the world are respiration distress syndrome this leads to low oxygen absorption, collapsed lungs. Congenital disorder associated to immaturity (premature births), low birth weight ( child weighting less than the average gram) and lack of importance of life I.e. malnutrition, shelter, clear water, poor hospital infrastructure, sanitation, and HIV/AIDS contribute to child mortality (death) in typical population. W.H.O and UNICEF 2010. Malnutrition contribute to under five mortality rate with...
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...Problem One issue Healthy People 2020 recognizes is Maternal, Infant, and Child Health. They have different objectives that present problems in certain areas. The objective I chose is reducing infant death rates from 20 or more weeks of gestation. Their goal for 2020 is improve the health and well-being of women, infants, children, and families. Health People 2020’s target is .84 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Healthy People 2020 discuss disparities by marital status, race and ethnicity, age group, and country of birth. The Centers for Disease Control and Preventions state the five leading causes of infant death: birth defects, preterm births/ low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), maternal pregnancy complications, and...
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...Marlene has had Type 2 Diabetes for over 3-4 years. Both mentally and physically it is hard for her with diabetes. Marlene took metformin for her diabetes. Marlene Houchin says she can recognize the symptoms of high and low blood sugar. She said “When the sugar gets low, I get shaky and can not think clearly. If it gets high, you also get shaky but get very hot.” Marlene eats crackers, peanut butter, cheese and meats slices between meals so her levels do not get too high or low. Marlene said the hardest part about having diabetes is the want to eat something when you want to and hope you do not go too high with her levels. She said that risk factors for diabetes can cause heart troubles and amputation. We asked her what would you like others to know about diabetes and what would you tell someone who has recently been diagnosed with it; Marlene responded, “Be healthy, exercise, lose weight, and hope you don’t get it. Follow what your doctor says and be careful.” Marlene was thanked for taking the time out of her day for this...
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...Informative Outline Topic: “Postpartum Depression” General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about Postpartum Depression Thesis: Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that can greatly effect new mothers. Knowing how to recognize their symptoms and treating it can greatly increase chances of a healthy, happy living. Attention Getter: Imagine a bright sunny morning, lite clouds low chances of rain which is a great example of a perfect day. You receive a call from someone who is about to have a baby. Who can believe an already perfect day can get any better. The mother is in labor and the baby is due any second now. The most joyous, exciting, life-changing and memorable moment in anyone’s life is about to happen. With no time to waste, you rush to the hospital to meet the new bundle of joy. While at the hospital it does not take much time for an individual to notice that the mother seems sad, irritable, and would not touch the baby. A few weeks later it is as if her condition has not improved. The mother seems to be experiencing what is known as postpartum depression. Preview of Main Points: 1. First, I will explain what is postpartum depression 2. Secondly, I will discuss the symptoms 3. Finally, I will discuss the treatments that are...
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...Health Disparities in Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes of Women in the United States The Health Resources and Services Administration, defines health disparities as “population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care” (Mandal, 2014). This paper will focus on the health disparities existing within the United States between women of various ethnicities. Specifically, the disparities we will discuss incorporate preterm births, low birth rates, and infant deaths. First, a brief background will be presented, followed by two solutions to combat the issue, and finally I will conclude with my recommendations for the foremost beneficial approach to combat these distressing disparities. Background...
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...Obesity has become an epidemic in this country over the last decade. It is especially an issue in the impoverished areas of the country. The obesity rates in many similar countries have not grown nearly as rapidly as that of the United States. The rate of obesity in impoverished American children may be rapidly increasing due to the influence of their caretakers, low income, poor access to healthcare, lack of physical activity, deprived living conditions, and a lack of access to resources due to their location. Obesity is more prevalent in minority communities, but obesity rates and race do not actually have any direct correlation. “For a long time researchers have tracked...
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...the significance of the issue itself, and its impact on both infants and teenage mothers. I will consider this topic looking at populations in New Zealand and include international comparisons. In the last century there has been significant changes in family size, reproductive patterns and population dynamics. As shown by the New Zealand Health Information Statistics, when looking at births, it is apparent that New Zealand women now have fewer children, later in their lives, and many forgo parenting altogether (Statistics NZ , 2003). New Zealand is said to rate high in International comparisons for teenage pregnancy. However, most recently reports have indicated a drop in our teenage birth rates. Statistics New Zealand (2002) reported the birth rate for teenagers (aged under 20 years) dropped by 6.5 percent, from 27.7 per 1,000 in 2001 to a new low of 25.9 per 1,000 in 2002. The following table summarises these significant changes in birth patterns by age of mother over the past ten years. Distribution of Live Births by Age of Mother 1992 and 2002 Table 1. Statistics New Zealand Another recent report from the National Youth Health Survey, suggests that most school students in New Zealand have never had sexual intercourse. Further more, of those who do report being sexually active over half (males 63.3%, females 59.7%) report always using contraception to prevent pregnancy (Adolescent...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study According to Jordan, childbearing is universally treated as a life crisis event. In most societies birth and the immediate post partum period are considered a time of vulnerability for mother and child. It is a time of ritual danger for the entire family. Most societies tend to have certain sets of practices and beliefs in childbirth. Practices and beliefs of each society have common goals namely, the maintenance of well-being and preservation of life of a new mother and her newborn. Confinement is the period after the birth and is perceived as a critical condition for a mother. At this period, women are considered to be in a weakened state due to the loss of blood during the delivery of the baby. Because a woman is weak, she is susceptible to all sorts of all illnesses and diseases. Therefore, there are a number of cultural practices which must be observed in order to gain strength and to avoid illness.[i] The puerperium is a time of great change which spans a period of transition from the pinnacle of experience of birth to the assumption of the joys and responsibilities of family life. Well-integrated post-natal care has an important role to play in assisting this transition and launching the family in their new life together. The puerperium is a period of 6 weeks which begins as soon as the placenta has been expelled. During this time a number of physiological and psychological changes take place: ...
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...the teenager and the baby. Babies born to teenagers compared to older mothers have “lower birth weights, increased infant mortality, and increased risk of hospital admission, less supportive home environments, poorer cognitive development and if female, a higher risk of becoming pregnant themselves as teenagers” (“Teenage pregnancy: trends, contributing factors and the physician's role.,” 2007, para 1.). Teenaged mothers have a tendency to feel isolated because their friends are out having fun and these mothers are at home taking care of the baby. They also have an increase in mental health problems and have fewer educational and employment opportunities. (“Teenage pregnancy: trends, contributing factors and the physician's role.,” 2007). Demographics In the United States, teenage birth rate has seen a decline of eight percent from 2007 through 2009, reaching a historic low at 39.1 births per 1,000 teens aged 15 – 19 years. Birth rate for this age group fell in nearly all races in 2009 and were at the lowest levels ever reported in the United States (CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). In the State of Kansas in 1995 girls from the ages of 15 – 19 the birth rate was 94.6, in 1996 89.2, and in 1997 87.9, showing a steady decline in teenage pregnancies (CDC: Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2000). Locally, Planned Parenthood offers a variety of service to teens with no questions asked. One of these services is providing birth control methods. Providing...
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...The effects of poverty The effects of poverty are serious. Children who grow up in poverty suffer more persistent, frequent, and severe health problems than do children who grow up under better financial circumstances. * Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight, which is associated with many preventable mental and physical disabilities. Not only are these poor infants more likely to be irritable or sickly, they are also more likely to die before their first birthday. * Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness. These children also have a much higher rate of accidents than do other children, and they are twice as likely to have impaired vision and hearing, iron deficiency anemia, and higher than normal levels of lead in the blood, which can impair brain function. Levels of stress in the family have also been shown to correlate with economic circumstances. Studies during economic recessions indicate that job loss and subsequent poverty are associated with violence in families, including child and elder abuse. Poor families experience much more stress than middle-class families. Besides financial uncertainty, these families are more likely to be exposed to series of negative events and “bad luck,” including illness, depression, eviction, job loss, criminal victimization, and family death. Parents who experience hard economic times may become excessively punitive and erratic, issuing demands backed by insults, threats, and...
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...increasing among those who do not depend on welfare, such as families dependent on a low wage earner. The difference in earnings between those in well paid secure jobs and those in low paid often insecure jobs has widened since 1979. 3. The incomes of the poor have not kept up with the majority. Child Poverty Action Group claim that the income of the poorest tenth of the population fell by 6% in real terms between 1979 and 1988/9, while the average income rose by 30%. 4. Benefits have fallen behind both prices and average earnings. Groups as likely to be poor: 1. The unemployed - official statistics estimate 2.9 million at the end of 1992. 2. Low wage earners (below two thirds of median male earnings) - according to the Low Pay Unit 36% of workforce in 1979, but 41% in 1989. 3. Families - people with children tend to be worse off than childless couples. Real value of child benefit has declined. Family Credit only has a 40% take up rate. According to Family Expenditure 1990 the average income of the poorest 25% of the single population was £155 a week, while for the poorest 25% of lone parents it averaged £74 a week. 4. Disabled - disproportionately represented among those with low incomes. 5. Old people - In 1988 those over pension age numbered 18% of the population, of which two thirds were women Class and poverty Most poor people are working class. Peter Townsend notes that most low paid, unemployed, elderly, sick and disabled poor, hold or have held unskilled...
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...Childhood Obesity Shaleta Lathon PE 112-02 Saint Xavier University In Today’s society one in three American children are either overweight or obese, which is triple the rate it was in 1963 (American Heart Association, 2014). Childhood Obesity is not limited to the United States it is becoming more of a problem for every child all over the world. Childhood obesity is defined as having excess body fat, and being overweight means that having excess body weight from fat, muscle, bone water or a combination of these factors (CDC, 2013). A way to determine if a child is overweight is by using the body mass index chart. This chart can determine if a child is at an unhealthy weight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese (CDC, 2013). There are many health issues for those who are overweight or obese such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and more. There has been a lot of research conducted on childhood obesity from kindergarten to middle school, whether or not appetite is linked to obesity, and whether or not children should have bariatric surgery to remove the fat. Obesity is a major problem because it causes many health problems. Children that are overweight or obese are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure or high cholesterol (CDC, 2013). In a sample of obese children 70% hat at least one risk for cardiovascular disease (CDC, 2013). Children who suffer from obesity are also more likely to suffer from joint and bone problems (CDC, 2013). Being overweight...
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...Task P3 Explain the possible influences on dietary intake. M1 Discuss the similarities and differences in the nutritional and energy requirement of two groups of individuals. M2 Assess how influences on dietary intake may affect the nutritional health on individuals. D1 Make realistic recommendations for minimising negative influences of individuals in a specific health and social care environment. In this report I shall be explaining the possible influences on dietary intake of students at Our Lady’s Convent High School (OLCHS). I am going to be writing a report that will be explaining the possible influences on dietary intake on the students of Our Lady’s Convert High School. It shall contain information about the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Black British population. A description of the causes, symptoms and treatment of the condition, personal preferences access to food outlets, choices of food at morning break, results of questionnaires. Our Lady’s Convent School is a Catholic girl’s school located in Stamford Hill. The school’s ethnics has all races. The school’s ethnics is mixed making up of Africans, black Caribbean, Asian, white, Hispanic and so on. 80 percent of the school population are Catholics, 65 percent are Black African or Black Caribbean and about 4O percent of the students do not speak English as their first language. It is located in a deprived area. As deprived as it is, it is also surrounded by many schools. Stamford Hill has two main...
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