...Leonel Solis CRJ 1113-001 @01596890 Date: 2/24/2017 Describe racial profiling and racially biased policing. Explain why these phenomena have become significant issues in policing. What steps have been taken to eliminate racial bias among police? I. Describe racial profiling and racially biased policing. An African American man and his family are seen driving in the Dominion by police officers whom immediately pull them over to question their reasoning for being there. This is an example of racial biased policing that has become a problem in today’s world. Racial biased policing include racial profiling which is: “any action taken by police officers due to the color or ethnicity of a person instead of the behavior that the individual is performing or information that leads officers to an individual fitting the description of who is engaging or has engaged in a criminal activity” (Schmallenger 2016). This now know type of policing targets multiple people on account of race, gender, sexuality, age and etc. II. Explain why these phenomena have become significant issues in policing....
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...Connor Inc. | Ethnicity and the Police | Public Opinion of Police By Different Ethnic Groups | | Patricia Connor | 11/19/2012 | The purpose of this study is to provide the reader with an overview on the public image of the police based on race. An in depth analysis is designed to provide the public, the police, and agencies alike the deliverables necessary to provide high quality of service. | Ethnicity and the Police Ethnicity and the Police The public opinion of police tends to fluctuate over time and may vary among different ethnic groups and communities at any given time. The events, factors, and forces that affect this opinion are numerous. Thus, leaving the public opinion of the police a slippery task to measure. With that being said, many perceptions of the police exist. These perceptions range from police misconduct to police corruption. However, for the purposes of this article, one will examine the perceptions of police misconduct in the United States and the factors that influence these perceptions. Through research, one was able to determine that citizens believe there are four types of police misconduct – verbal abuse, excessive force, unwarranted stops, and corruptions. However, to save on time, one will The public opinion of police tends to fluctuate over time and may vary among different ethnic groups and communities at any given time. The events, factors, and forces that affect this opinion are numerous. Thus, leaving the public opinion...
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...Patterns of Discrimination Student Name Class Instructor Date Deep in the veins of American history, discrimination is an issue that the country is still working to overcome. Throughout history, there are reports of police abusing discretion to satisfy their prejudiced beliefs. Some examples of this are the beating of Rodney King in 1991, the deaths of African American citizens during the Hurricane Katrina tragedy in 2005, detainment of Professor Gates, and, of course, the abuse of African Americans during slavery in the early days of America (Walker, Spohn, & DeLone, 2012). It seems eliminating all discrimination in law enforcement is close to impossible. Today, institutionalized, contextual, and individual acts of discrimination keep the attainment of pure justice just out of society’s reach. Types of Discrimination Institutionalized discrimination is not always intended, but occurs when a policy or procedure inadvertently leaves or singles out a specific group of people. In modern law enforcement practices, this form of discrimination is reflected through the war on drugs. Through research and years of enforcing drug laws, it has come to be expected that the common drug player will be an African American male. Hispanics are also commonly singled out through the war on drugs. While this discrimination is unintentional, African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to be arrested for drug related offenses than their white non-Hispanic counterparts. Because this...
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...Ethnicity and the Police Part I: Outline Jarel Thomas CJA/334 Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice February 27, 2014 Ebony Pullins-Govantes Ethnicity and the Police Outline Topic: Police Corruption and Citizen Complaints Relative to Ethnicity I. Introduction II. Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts A. The many complaints of police corruption B. How it is relative to ethnicity and discrimination III. Examination A. Police corruption in the United States B. Complaints by citizens of different ethnicity IV. Body A. Police Corruption 1. The crime that is not going down 2. Increased patterns of police corruption 3. Cases of police abuse throughout the United States B. Melendez-Diaz and the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment 1. The United States Supreme Court case on Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts 2. Forensic examiners violate the Sixth Amendment C. Citizen Complaints Against the Police 1. Civil Rights groups V. Prevention of Police Corruption 1. Regulating police by using what we know 2. Prevention of policing that is radically biased VI. Conclusion References Bayley, D. H., & Bittner, E. (1984). Learning the skills of policing. Law & Contemporary Problems, 4735-59. Brown, C. (1997). POLICE CORRUPTION: THE CRIME THAT'S NOT GOING DOWN. New Crisis (15591603), 104(3), 48. Retrieved from http://powersthatbeat...
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...decisions such as ordinary traffic stops, where federal law enforcement officers may not any characteristics such as the use of race/ethnicity, gender, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation to any degree (Guidance, 2014, p. 1). The second standard when conducting all activities other than routine or spontaneous law enforcement activities, federal officers may consider race, ethnicity gender etc. only to the extent that there is trustworthy information relevant to the time frame that links a person to a particular listed characteristic to an identified criminal incident, organization, scheme, a threat to national or homeland security, or violation to immigration law or authorized intelligence activity (Guidance, 2014, p. 1). However in order to rely on the listed characteristic, law enforcement officers must also reasonably believe that the law enforcement, security or intelligence activity to be undertaken is merited under the totality of the circumstances such as any temporal exigency and the nature of any potential harm to be averted (Guidance, 2014, p. 1). The Constitution protects against invidious use of irrelevant individual characteristics and stresses this should not be the sole basis of law enforcement action but the guidance policy itself sets requirements beyond the constitutional minimum that shall apply to the use of race, ethnicity, gender etc. by...
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...to much force or select criminal suspects based on their race or ethnic group their behavior can have negative consequences on the relationship established with the policing agency and members of the community. The behavior of the police ties are directly to the type of trust community members will have for police officers. If members of the community do not trust, the police because they do not display behavior fair and impartial the police will have difficulty persuading community members to cooperate in criminal investigations or even in community members report crimes. In order for the police officer to have the necessary skills and tools to establish a strong working relationship with community members that they must receive the proper training form his or her police organization. Organizational behavior is the actions and attitudes of the members of the organization. The police organization and the organizational structure will an enormous impact directly by the type of behavior demonstrated by the police officer (Maguire, 2003). How police organizations functions are essential to the behavior is affected by the leadership and the values and beliefs of other members of the police organization. In the policing agency, organizational behavior not only concern but also the members of the policing organization members of the community. The...
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...According to official statistics in 2000, 26 white people were arrested per 1000 of the population, with 113 per 1000 for ‘blacks’. According to the British Crime Survey the majority of crime is intra-racial, with 88% of white victims stating that white offenders where involved, 3% claiming the offenders were black, 1% Asian and 5% ‘mixed’. In British prisons, the number of African-Caribbean prisoners is proportionately, 8 times higher than would be expected. Hall et al.’s study of street crime (‘mugging’), known as policing the crisis, shows a particular kind of Marxist approach. According to Hall, the late 1970s were a time of crisis for British capitalism. The country was undergoing industrial arrest, there was a collapse in the economy and the political unrest in Northern Ireland was harsh. When capitalism is in crisis the normal methods of control of the population may be to a unsatisfactory standard, and it’s sometimes necessary to use force. However, using obvious repression needs some form of reason. It was in these circumstances that the media, basing their reports on police briefings, highlighted a huge increase in ‘mugging’. According to Hall, the focus on a relatively small problem, caused by a group who were already viewed negatively, served the purpose of drawing attention away from the crisis and focusing blame on young African-Caribbean males. This ‘moral panic’ then increased numbers of police on the streets, acting in a more repressive manner. Therefore,...
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...Racially biased policing I think that this article has a lot of truth for a person that does not experience the racial bias of the police they would be somewhat blind to the matter and to the person that has experience it this is something that has come very common in our society. I agree with the article when it states that must people have experiences with police discrimination either directly or indirectly. I personally believe that race does sometime play a factor in what a police believe is a criminal also the discrimination is not something that just happen. it has to do with the prejudice that officer might already had or as learned over the year to say that a person is prejudice just because they are a police would be a lie. Every person has some type of prejudice. Do races experience racially bias difference from each other I would say yes to be true some people in the same race have different experience with the police? For me I can only talk about what I know for my personally experience and the experience that others have told me about. I can say that there are stereotype that are place on people for example: an African American male that has a very nice car and dresses good and has a couple of dollars is a drug dealer. This is not always the case it could be that his family is well off and they can provide this luxury for their child, or that is person could be a professional person and just choice to dress like this when they are not working and yes there...
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...Roichelle Marble Sociology 134 Bryton Fredrick May 3, 2015 The criminal justice system has caused a lot of heartache and pain due to its unfair, racist, biased opinion. Resulting in killings, shootings, and protests. There are a variety of races that make the headline stories of these events, but there is a specific race that repeatedly makes headlines of newspapers. The shootings and killing of African-Americans teenage boys have been the trending topic lately. It is hard to distinguish why these events happen. Certainly, there is no one, or race, to blame for this happening, however, understanding the root cause may help. The high incarceration rates of minorities is an examples and the killings proves how the criminal justice system is extremely flawed to this day and has always been built off of the privilege whites inherited and that blacks do not have. It has been proven time and time again that black and whites are not equal within the criminal justice system. History even says that the early conception of the criminal justice system and punishments were formed under conditions of colonialism and slavery. An example is white police offers repeatedly killing African American Males and being found not guilty; from Emmitt Till to the Ferguson case. Which is history repeating itself, the more things change, and the more they remain the same. In each generation, new tactics have been used for achieving the same goals—goals shared by the Founding Fathers (Alexander)...
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...of policing in the United States. Overall what the relationship is like between the police officers and the different ethnic groups and social classes. This paper will be covering the law enforcement practices that have been used in the past and at present times towards the groups and classes of people. It will also cover the three different era’s that took place in the policing history. It will give examples towards the way minorities were treated in past. The political era of policing was characterized by officers as an intimate relationship with the community and the police force was influenced heavily by politics (Robert McNamara and Ronald Burns, 2009). During the political era of policing there were race riots and racial controversy in major cities like Philadelphia and Boston. During this period police officers were not formally trained on how to deal with unruly citizens and would choose violence to get the point across. During the reform era police officer were dealing with a lot of riots and outburst that were racially motivated. One incidence started when and off duty police officer in 1964, shot and killed a black teenage boy. This caused a tension between the white officers and the black community. The police officers were considered the enemy in many cases. Racial profiling was something the public would consider a common thing, when a white police officer solely focused on the black community’s when riots started. The community era of policing which...
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...Laws were created in the United States for a variance of different reasons. The laws confirm and set regulations for later legislatures to follow. The laws guide citizens and other figures from wrongdoing. Most laws, however, are directed at protecting the citizens under the law. The amendments in the Constitution, however, significantly play a role in protecting the citizens under the United States Constitution. Of the amendments, the 4th amendment grants citizens the rights against “unreasonable searches and seizures” (Schmalleger 2013). However, if this amendment is breached, the exclusionary rule applies, regarding any evidence obtained illegally unusable in trial. The evidence that is obtained illegally may not be used on the accused. The exclusionary rule protects citizens from unlawful searches. For example, if an officer pulled over a citizen for speeding, the police officer has the right to question the driver. The police officer also reserves the right to check for a valid driver’s license and insurance. However, for a routine traffic stop, the officer does not have the right to search through the trunk of the accused without a warrant. The law grants reasonable searches, as opposed to unreasonable searches – searches without a warrant. The exclusionary rule applies to all evidence obtained and related to a case. The Fruit of Poisonous Tree Doctrine denotes that “later evidence that derived from the illegal seizure” may also not be permissible in court (Schmalleger...
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...Ethnicity Stephen Lawrence (racial murder) Victimology Victimisation = when you make someone a victim, stop and search, police making people criminal. Official Statisitics. · Black people make up 3.5% of the population but make up 11% of the prison population. Unfair Treatmeant and Racism Reiner 2000- Canteen culture amongst the police, including: suspicion, macho valuse and racism. victimology - victim bias Insitituational racism - Describes any kind of system of inequality based on race. Phil Scraton and Kathryn Chadwick, apply this idea to the way that black people are treated as 'muggers' is conirmation of the assumption that immigrants belong to a culture of criminality. They argue that this view is prevalent in media coverage and political commentaries. They also argue that and ideological construction of black criminality have influence differential policing and discriminatory punishment in specific neighbourhoods. They argue that criminalisation goes hand in hand with marginalisation. That policing and the targeting of particular communities have marginalised black people. Legitimate Opportunity- American Dream+ Illigitimate Opportunity- Merton MacPherson Report (1999) Police institutionally racist Waddinton 2004 - published in the british journal of criminology argues that the police do stop s proportionately higher number of blacks compared to whites. However, he argues that there are more ethnic minority youths out at night in inner cities and that...
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...Antonio Montoya CJA/334 March 15, 2015 John France Police Influence on Society Problems between law enforcement and ethnic and social class groups have always existed. It is hard to believe that law enforcement has discriminated in the past. Many persons argue that police officers may arrest other ethnic groups compared to other one's such as African American, Hispanic, or Asian before they would arrest a Caucasian. Some persons may also believe that a police officer will arrest a person coming from a lesser socioeconomic class before arresting a person from a more wealthy place. However, the bad thing, is that even though the criminal justice system denies these types of accusations, history has proven opposite. History of Policing Long time ago law enforcement officers were for the most part Caucasian males, and their height had to be five foot 10 inches or above. Even though this particular requirement does not exist today, before when it was taken into consideration it meant that Hispanics and Asians could not even try looking forward to a career in law enforcement. As for Africans Americans they were in fact able to meet the height requirement, but unfortunately other discrimination practices stopped them from advancing to higher rank. The good thing is that later on a law passed which was "The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin...
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...To what extent do the official statistics on crime and ethnicity provide a valid picture of the criminal activities of ethnic minorities? The purpose of official statistics is to provide us with an unbiased, objective and informative look at crime rates within the UK. However, although the statistics themselves may, to a certain extent, be reliable, the way in which they are obtained is not. Police in different areas may deem certain areas of crime a priority and thus report and record these accordingly. Also, biases within the system itself against those from ethnic minorities may affect the resulting statistics to portray an uneven account of criminal activity. The relationship between crime rates and ethnicity is extremely complex due to other factors such as the difficulty of identifying a person’s ethnic origin and the cultural and social differences between ethnic groups. It has been shown on a variety of occasions that male black youths are disproportionately selected by the police to be ‘stopped and searched’; this then results in higher numbers of black youths being charged with offences as they have been caught doing so. However, the same crimes are probably being committed by other subcultures within society, but as both the media and police do not focus on them, they are not being seen. There are many flaws with official statistics and therefore their reliability. For example, there are sections of crime that are...
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...instance of selling drugs, certain drugs such as crack, a drug used primarily by African Americans, result in longer prison sentences and higher penalties. On the other hand, cocaine, a drug used primarily by Whites, ensues fewer penalties. Our laws must take ethnic differences into account because not all crimes result in the same course of punishment. In this paper, I will discuss the impact of culture on the criminal justice system and describe contemporary methods used by the police department and security firms while working with diverse populations. Furthermore, I will detail nondiscriminatory practices within the criminal justice system and outline Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles in relation to police departments. Race and ethnicity are important factors to incorporate into laws. Many of the current laws are outdated in the sense that they do not take cultural differences into account. Current US populations have a different racial and ethnic make-up than when most laws and the Constitution were created. Present day America has numerous immigrants, legal or otherwise, who must live and abide by outdated, and at times, unfair laws. Immigrants, on a whole, are fearful of being a part of the criminal justice system, whether as a witness, perpetrator, or victim; they are fearful of being deported back to their home country where they are usually worse off. Laws must take into account all populations...
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