...ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΕΑΡΙΝΟ ΕΞΑΜΗΝΟ 2011 ΚΠΕ 364 ΕΥΡΩΠΗ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΣΟΓΕΙΟΣ ΓΡΑΠΤΗ ΜΕΛΕΤΗ I ΘΕΜΑ: ΟΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΕΣ ΕΠΙΠΤΩΣΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΝΤΑΞΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ ΣΤΗΝ Ε.Ε. ΜΙΧΑΗΛΙΔΗΣ ΜΑΡΙΟΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ Σελ. 1. Πρόλογος 2 2. Πορεία ένταξης της Ελλάδας στην Ε.Ε. 3 3. Πολιτικές επιπτώσεις της ένταξης 4 - 7 4. Η εμπειρία της Ελλάδας από την προσχώρηση της στην Ε.Ε. 8 - 9 5. Συμπέρασμα 10 6. Βιβλιογραφία 11 ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ Μέσα στα πλαίσια της εργασίας – μελέτης την οποία αποφάσισα να πραγματοποιήσω επέλεξα να αναλύσω εις βάθος τις πολιτικές επιπτώσεις που επέφερε στην Ελλάδα η ένταξη της στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση το 1981. Με τον όρο πολιτικές επιπτώσεις αναφέρομαι στην επίδραση που είχε η προσπάθεια εξευρωπαϊσμού της Ελλάδας στις πολιτικές δομές και κατ’ επέκταση στις κοινωνικό – οικονομικές προεκτάσεις του θέματος. Πιο συγκεκριμένα θα αναφερθώ στη στάση των μεγάλων κυρίως κομμάτων απέναντι στην Ε.Ε. και τον αντίκτυπο που είχε αυτή τους η στάση διαχρονικά αφού διαρκώς μεταβάλλονταν ανάλογα με τα συμφέροντα και τις επιδιώξεις τους. Ο εξευρωπαϊσμός αναφέρεται σε διάφορα σχετικά φαινόμενα και σχέδια της αλλαγής. Μπορεί επίσης να αναφερθεί στη διαδικασία μέσω της οποίας η πολιτική και η οικονομική δυναμική της Ε.Ε. γίνεται μέρος της οργανωτικής λογικής, της εθνικής πολιτικής και της χάραξης πολιτικής καθώς και στη διαδικασία στην οποία ένα θέμα (είτε πρόκειται για ένα πολιτισμό...
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...How useful are theories of integration to understanding the development of the European Union? BY IRABOR PETER ODION 07037830536 p24real2000@yahoo.com. “There is no historical precedent for the creation of a multinational, multicultural, and multilingual federation of states with mature social, economic, political and legal systems. In this regard the EU is a colossal and original enterprise.” From the beginnings of its development, there have many causes for the development of what is now the European Union (EU). This essay examines theories of integration and evaluates their validity in explaining the development of the EU. Then, by scrutinising these theories, this essay will seek to establish which, if any provide a comprehensive explanation for the development of the EU. Theories of integration offer explanations of how and why supranational governance has developed. Whilst there are undoubtedly many different causes and factors which have contributed to the development of the EU, this essay primarily focuses on neo-functionalism and intergovernmentalism as well as some new theories of integration which seek to explain the development. Although federalist and functionalist...
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...conclusions regarding whether vertical integration results in the most profitable application of a merger structure versus considering a horizontal or diversified integration approach. Hence, the topic surfaced during Satterlee’s (2018) comments relating to multinational corporations (MNC) and the three extensive types of MNCs concerning production, operations management, and functionality as the operational focus. Therefore, further research may reveal if one type of integration is more applicable when one considers a production merger or an operations style merger among the corporations considering these financial endeavors and...
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...Economic Integration The concept of “Economic Integration” has been growing in significance for the past 50 years and was established by economists who investigated the early attempts of European countries to combine separate economies into larger economic regions.18 More specifically, economic integration—also called “regional integration”—refers to the discriminate reduction or elimination of trade barriers among participating nations. This also implies the establishment of some form of cooperation and coordination among participants, which will depend on the degree of economic integration that ranges from free-trade areas to an economic and monetary union. Integration among countries in a geographical region to reduce, and ultimately remove, tariff and non-tariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production among each other. For examples: EU (European Union), NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) Level of economic integration: The levels of economic integration divided into five different levels and they are shown in figure 1.0. The first one is the Free Trade Area, Custom Union, Economic Union, Monetary Union and then the political union. These five levels are inter- linked with each other; first we have to have the come up with the identification of the free trade area among the participant. Than to ensure the exchange of the goods among the participant a custom union will be required. This custom...
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...ECIPE OCCasIOnal PaPEr • no. 2/2010 REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN ASIA: THE TRACK RECORD AND PROSPECTS By Razeen Sally Razeen Sally (razeen.sally@ecipe.org) is Director of ECIPE and on the faculty of the London School of Economics www.ecipe.org info@ecipe.org Rue Belliard 4-6, 1040 Brussels, Belgium Phone +32 (0)2 289 1350 ECIPE OCCASIONAL PAPER ExECuTIvE SuMMARy This is the season for regional-integration initiatives in Asia. There is talk of region-wide FTAs, and there are east-Asian initiatives on financial and monetary cooperation. But grand visions for Asian regional blocs are not achievable. Regional economic integration is most developed in east Asia, but only because of manufacturing supply chains linked to global markets. South Asia is the most malintegrated region in the world. And east and south Asia are much less integrated in finance than they are in trade and FDI – due to highly restrictive national policies governing financial markets. Asia’s existing FTAs are “trade light”. They are largely limited to tariff cuts, but have barely tackled non-tariff regulatory barriers in goods, services and investment, and are bedevilled by complex rules of origin requirements. An APEC FTA initiative has gone nowhere – entirely predictable given such a large, heterogeneous grouping. An east-Asian or a pan-Asian FTA, by discriminating against third countries, would compromise regional production networks linked to global supply chains. Moreover, huge economic...
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...North American Economic Integration: NAFTA and Beyond Dr. Igor M. Paramonov, Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, Calgary, AB, Canada ABSTRACT This paper examines various possibilities for future economic integration within and beyond the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Previous publications have suggested three potential trajectories including development within the envisioned original structure, deepening, and widening of NAFTA (Clement et al, 1999). It is necessary to revisit these directions while summarizing major developments and new perspectives. Vision and hard work are required for NAFTA to remain one of the most economically competitive regional trading arrangements in the world. In addition to NAFTA, each member nation has pursued its own plans to integrate with countries and regions beyond North America. The most recent developments involve trade negotiations between Canada and the European Union, as well as both Canada and Mexico’s considerations to join the nine countries of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Pact. The United States cooperates with a group of smaller developing economies within the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR). This paper presents ongoing analysis of governmental, academic, and other sources for the purpose of teaching in the field of international business, including the uncommon course of “Business under NAFTA.” INTRODUCTION Is the “Age of NAFTA” over? This is a legitimate...
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...A politically and economically united Europe is desirable The prospect of a united Europe has been in the minds of people since ancient times. The Romans, during their heyday, desired to conquer the entire European continent, and nearly succeeded. Between then and now, there have been other attempts to unify the European continent under one ruler - people such as Charlemagne, Napoleon and Hitler. It is only now that the unification of Europe seems to be possible, but in such a way as has never been thought of in the history of civilized man. No longer is the move towards a single ruler or a conquest of land. Today's unification is one of political and economic borders, in which the "conquered" nations gain a seat in an international High Authority and all people involved prosper. At least, this is the goal of the growing organization in Europe. In the course of history many famous people have spoken or dreamt of a United Europe, ranging from George Washington, Napoleon Bonaparte, or Giuseppe Mazzini to Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. But probably the clearest, most concrete vision was articulated by the French writer Victor Hugo. This vision can only be understood against the background of the historic upheavals in nineteenth-century Europe that Victor Hugo experienced at first hand: several wars between France and Germany, Victor Hugo’s enforced exile in the Channel Islands because of his opposition to Napoleon III, the traumatic annexation of Alsace-Lorraine...
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...1 of 17 Xianghui(Ray) Chen 2153583 China and Global Financial Crisis US-Led TPP VS China-Backed RCEP —Applying Main IR Theories To US Policy-Making Process And Relevant Developments The backdrop of the TPP and RCEP WTO and TPP TPP and TTIP are drawn from the two precedent successful free-trade experiments, the EU and NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement). EU originated from the European Coal and Steel Community, before developing into the Common Market and further into European Community, and finally, into the EU. 1The ‘living’, ‘evolving’ treaties and agreements of the EU very much guide the living agreement of TPP/TTIP. NAFTA originated from CUSFTA (Canada-US FTA), which was implemented in 1989, and followed by NAFTA, ratified in 1994. Both EU and NAFTA existed before the WTO finally replaced GATT at the beginning of 1995. The replacement not only greatly expanded sectoral coverage but also replaced the GATT’s quite weak dispute-settlement mechanism.2 The liberalization and integration of trade had mainly proceeded under the auspice of WTO prior to the year 2000. With the evolvement characterized by the widening of the trade agenda to include the movement of people and not just that of goods, services, investments and capital,3 international society called for an update of the WTO. Although the Doha round did inspire some discussion in 2001, developing states fundamentally refused to open their market to the services and goods of the developed ones...
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...trading system as well as on the economic and political relationships between countries, is a topic on which both economists and policymakers are divided. The available literature on this subject is overwhelming, with authors that include Paul Krugman, Alan Winters and Jagdish Bhagwati. This paper will provide a brief overview of the different stages of regional integration, examples of such regional agreements, and the basic elements of each type of regional agreement. Thereafter, I will give my own opinion on the rise of regionalism and the global implications this phenomena holds. Table 1: Stages of economic integration, their basic elements and examples of agreements Stages of Economic Integration Basic elements & examples of agreements Basic elements and examples of agreements Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Zero tariffs between member countries and reduced non‑tariff barriers e.g NAFTA Customs Union (CU) FTA + common external tariff e.g SACU Common Market (CM) CU + free movement of capital and labour, some policy harmonization e.g Mercosur Economic Union (EU) CM + common economic policies and institutions e.g EU Table 1 provides the stages of regional...
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...different economic integration and how each form affects international trade? Introduction Definition of economic integration: International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), it’s economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. It is the presupposition of international trade that a sufficient level of geopolitical peace and stability are prevailing in order to allow for the peaceful exchange of trade and commerce to take place between nations. Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade taking place among them prior to their integration. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers with the goal of increasing the combined economic productivity of the states. Economic integration refers to the coordination of national economic policies as a means of boosting international trade, market activity and general cooperation among economies. Formal international economic unions are a recent phenomenon, but former International Monetary Fund economic counselor Michael Mussa traces the roots of global economic integration to the medieval era...
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...Multi-Layered and multi-levelled? Public law architectures for the 21st century Since the 19th century the world has changed. Some aspects of life have changed more, others less. The means of communication, technology and transportation of the 21st century, for example, are light-years away from those of the 19th century. Public law concepts have not kept pace. In the words of an author of the book reviewed here, reflecting on the concept of ‘the state’ and the problem of sovereignty: in political as in constitutional legal theory, we still need to cut off the King’s head,1 as we are still entrenched in the philosophical and constitutional language of the 19th century.2 But recently, with European integration and globalisation, change has also occurred in the traditional concepts of public law such as “state” or “constitution”. The book edited by Bamforth and Leyland is about this change over the last thirty years or so.3 “Public Law in a Multi-Layered Constitution” is a significant contribution to a better understanding of how public law is transformed, in Great Britain and elsewhere. The title of the book as well as its introduction (pp. 1-26) state that its central theme is the transformation of the British constitution into a “multi-layered constitution.” This is meant to refer to a constitution that “contains multiple, but inter-connected and sometimes overlapping European and national layers”,4 where “power (both legislative and political) has been spread away from the Westminister...
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...a wholesale importation of the European approach may be inopportune at the moment. The issues are examined by using economic convergence modelling perspectives. In general, the findings clearly suggest that further work remains before ASEAN will be able to fully benefit from having a single currency area. I. Introduction this is an achievable, or even a desirable, goal. The recent successful introduction of a common printed currency in the euro zone brings renewed interest to the topic of whether similar approaches might be successfully implemented in other regions. One region that may be a promising candidate for this process is Southeast Asia, comprising the ASEAN member countries. Like the European Union (EU), the integration of the ASEAN nations was initiated for political reasons. Many of...
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...The cultural challenges that Europe is facing now Subject: Cultural challenges coming from European integration and globalization processes current in European Union. Introduction In the post war period Europe started to go through many processes of integration. With the time passage this processes started to have a bigger geographical range as well as they started to be present in more dimensions of social, economic and political life. On the top of that strong globalization processes are taking place all over the world, which also has its strong reflection in shape of Europe. Economy, culture and educational become one of the main issues for Europe in globalization and integration processes. The creation and expansion of European Union a form which never was present in any other place in the history is a significant and irreversible creation. European Integration – does it really concern also the way in which we perceive or will perceive our culture? Some scholars started to use term of Europeanization as the less inclusive and less biased than European Integration itself. Will next generations and new European perceive themselves as European? We can multiply such a questions. This short essay will attempt to answer the main question stated in the title in prism of cross-cultural aspects. What is national culture? In a scientific sense it means a certain class of objects, phenomena and processes, or definite ways of behavior. However, in the philosophical sense the...
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...------------------------------------------------- European Integration: ------------------------------------------------- An Illegitimate child? http://www.economist.com/node/21555927 BAS 2013 Nicole Ogorzałek Words: 955 ------------------------------------------------- European Integration: an illegitimate child? The European Union is facing hard times ahead. With each new treaty or another political agreement, the discontent with the European Union seems to be growing. While the Eurobarometer shows that the citizens still believe it to be beneficial to be part of the EU, the dissatisfaction is rather directed at EU policy (London School of Economics and Political Science, 2013). Whether it’s the question of enlargements, social policy or country bail-outs, the Europeans seem to be disagreeing more and more with the top of the European politics. However, nowhere is the Eurosceptism as marked as it is in Britain. And it doesn’t seem to lessen. On the contrary, organising protest against new EU-initiatives has never been easier (The Economist, 2012). Of course, looking back at Britain history it’s not hard to understand why words like “United States of Europe” or “the European Superstate” fire up the public indignation (Donnelly, 2012). Those trying to appease the opponents try to point out the benefits Britain’s EU membership brings, like political and economic stability and developments. Furthermore, the very nature of the EU forces everyone to make concessions in order to...
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...Let Europe arise! Introduction In this short essay I am going to focus on the current state of the EU and its process of integration which is something what reaches to a far history. Because already after the Second World War the thought on the European integration emerged. In 1946, Winston Churchill had his speech about uniting Europe, and even now it is still a current issue. Every day we hear about globalization and integration of states which should ensure economic prosperity and political stability for participating states by mutual cooperation and also many communities regarding this have been established. First of all, I am going to briefly outline Churchill’s speech and Declaration by Schuman. Then I am going to try to reflect the main concepts of those two speeches in today’s situation. I am going to discuss what result were brought by the process of integration. And finally, I am going to take a look at the most important community in Europe, the European Union and its goals which still have to be done. Protagonists Churchill and Schuman “Winston Churchill (…) was one of the first to call for the creation of a ‘United States of Europe’. “ He believed that peace could be guaranteed only by a united Europe and that united Europe would bring happiness, prosperity and glory. According to him, the first step must have been to create a Council of Europe (europa.eu). Schuman’s speech took place in 1950 and its purpose was to create a European Coal and Steel Community...
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