...increase in phosphorus concentration resulted in a much stronger increase in algal growth rates. When nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were increased together the largest algal growth rates were shown. These results show that phosphorus is in fact the limiting nutrient in algal growth, and in order to see the highest increase in algal growth, both nutrients needed to be added. EFFECTS OF N AND P ENRINCHMENT ON WATER SAMPLES 3 The Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Enrichment on Water Samples from Encanto Lake and the Rio Salado River. Introduction Eutrophication is the direct result of non-point nutrient pollution, specifically phosphorous, in freshwater sources that leads to excessive algal growth, and lowers overall water clarity and quality (Kung 1991). There is an ever-increasing battle being fought to control eutrophication. In this battle it is important to understand that that we will never return to baseline levels of nutrient densities as seen in the past. When viewed under the “macroscope,” that is to look at the situation from a global...
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...5.4.1 Outline the processes of eutrophication Include increase in nitrates and phosphates leading to rapid growth of algae, accumulation of dead organic matter, high rate of decomposition and lack of oxygen. The role of positive feedback should be noted in these processes. Eutrophication can have a devastating effect on rivers and streams. Normally nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium limit plant growth. Human inputs of these fertilizers into water systems cause rapid plant growth follwed by death of the plants, decomposition of the dead organic matter and subsequent loss of dissolved oxygen in the water There are six stages:- PUT THE STAGES IN THE CORRECT ORDER. Add Images or sketches to visualize the process of eutrophication. ----------------------- Oxygen is used up quickly by the huge numbers of microbes as they respire and decompose the organic matter. The DO, dissolved oxygen, decreases. Fertilisers containing ntrogen. phosphorus and potassium used by farmers are leached from the soil. Animal manures from cattle containing nitrogen and some phosphorus runooffinto lakes and rivers. Domestic inputs such as sewage containg nitrates and phospahtes empty into lakes and rivers Fish and other aquatic animals may suffrocate due to lack of oxygen in the water. When the fertilisers and domestic waste enter lakes and rivers, algal utilise these extra nutrients, growing rapidly. There is an increase...
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...If one were to visit the U.S. Geological Survey website and searched for a definition of the word Eutrophication, they would see several definitions by various people or organization. Regardless of how it is stated it comes down to is a process that occurs in a body of water becomes over inundated with nutrients such as phosphates or nitrates (U.S. Geological Survey, 2011) In an unspoiled or pristine aquatic ecosystem there is the natural and balanced production of plants at a steady pace. New plants will biomass at a steady rate which is sustained by the nitrogen and phosphorus released as byproducts by microbial and animal metabolisms. Many times the balance of nitrogen and phosphorus is disrupted and changed due to human activity. With the increase of N and P comes the unnaturally high rate of plant production and organic matter (Cloern, Krantz, & Hogan, 2010). Many times this will occur due to discharges of untreated sewage, sewage treatment plants, or runoff of fertilizers from farm or lawns. Other times it may be due to a natural occurrence. Nutrients can come from many sources such as dead leaves, fish food, fish waste, dead algae and other plants. Under the normal circumstance a well-balanced pond or lake has enough oxygen to breakdown the organic materials and they decompose (Natural Environmental Systems, LLC, 2011). However, when the water becomes enriched with nutrients it promotes the growth of algae due the fact that it grows faster than larger vascular plants...
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...from sewage? Page 554 6. Identify three input controls and three output controls for dealing with solid waste. 7. Identify three input controls and three output controls for dealing with contaminated water. 8. Identify three point sources of pollution and three non-point sources of pollution (page 532): 9. What is the limit on fecal coliform bacteria in order for water to be considered to be safe for consumption (notes)? 10. Water pollution laws of the 1970’s have achieved: page 552 11. Large fish kills and drinking water contamination still occur because 12. Define cultural eutrophication and consider the order of events that result in its occurrence. Pages 539-541 13. How can we can prevent or reduce cultural eutrophication? Page 540 14. How can we clean up lakes suffering from cultural eutrophication? Page 540 15. What are Four reasons ground water does not naturally cleanse itself as rivers and streams do Pages 542-543 16. What level of dissolved oxygen is considered sufficient for most fish? (Lab notes) 17. What are some sources of oxygen for water systems? 18. The most abundant heavy metal in the Earth’s crust is 19. “Yellow Dog (or Yellow Boy) is a term that describes 20. 21. Why is chlorination of the drinking water supply essential? Page 534 & lab notes 22. What are some adverse effects that chlorination of water supplies...
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...Aquatic eutrophication promotes pathogenic infection in amphibians Pieter T. J. Johnson*†, Jonathan M. Chase‡, Katherine L. Dosch§, Richard B. Hartson§, Jackson A. Gross¶, Don J. Larson , Daniel R. Sutherland**††, and Stephen R. Carpenter§ *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122, Boulder, CO 80309-0334; ‡Department of Biology, Washington University, Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130; §Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706-1492; ¶Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, P.O. Box 751403, Fairbanks, AK 99775; and **Department of Biology and River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI 54601 Contributed by Stephen R. Carpenter, August 16, 2007 (sent for review June 18, 2007) The widespread emergence of human and wildlife diseases has challenged ecologists to understand how large-scale agents of environmental change affect host–pathogen interactions. Accelerated eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems owing to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment is a pervasive form of environmental change that has been implicated in the emergence of diseases through direct and indirect pathways. We provide experimental evidence linking eutrophication and disease in a multihost parasite system. The trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae sequentially infects birds...
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...Oxygen shortages caused by senescence… …manure production exceeds the needs of crops to which the manure is applied; There is no use of time adverbials. Active Voice: Atmospheric deposition further contributes as a source of N. In aquatic ecosystems, these nutrients cause diverse problems such as toxic algal blooms, loss of oxygen, fish kills, loss of biodiversity. …eutrophication is a widespread problem in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal oceans… …excess fertilization and manure production cause a P surplus to accumulate in soil… …excess fertilization and manure production on agricultural lands create surplus N… Indirect questions …manure production exceeds the needs of crops to which the manure is applied; However, this pessimistic forecast could prove to be incorrect, because there are a number of ways that nonpoint pollution can be reduced. Without concurrent reductions in nutrient sources to soils, however, soil nutrients will continue to accumulate. Introducing solution: There are direct solutions. Fertilizer application can be reduced to match crop...
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...Q) How does your family contribute to the pollution of the environment?? Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Pollution comes from both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources. However, globally human-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation. Individuals cause pollution in their own ways. Like we every drop count, every individual has their contribution into the environmental pollution. Burning of plastics,deforestation, contamination of soil by dumping of waste even in households contribute to pollution. Smoking also causes air pollution, contaminating water sources , paving house frontage with tiles etc are the common errors which happen in the household. Frying chicken at the stove, spraying ants with insecticide, taking a hot shower, plugging in a room freshener, or sudsing the rug with detergent also causes pollution. Many common items found around our homes can reduce our air quality. While some sources, like oven cleaner, are obvious, others aren't. Cleaners, disinfectants and detergents...
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...Chesapeake program partners have mutual restorative objective, they tend to implement restorative actions based on their resources. Their restorative objective include but not limited to * Reducing Pollution * Restoring Habitats * Managing Fishery * Protecting Watershed * Fostering Stewardship 3. Point source nutrient loading is a form of pollution which can be easily regulated because the nutrients are known to originate from a specific location. However in a non-point source nutrient loading the nutrient’s origin is not easily identified, which makes this kind of nutrient loading difficult to contain. 4. The greatest contributor of nutrient loading in the bay is agricultural run-offs. 5. Eutrophication is the enrichment of the ecosystem with chemical substances such as nitrogen and/or phosphorous. It can also be said to be the ecosystem’s reaction to the introduction of natural and artificial substances into aquatic habitats. An excess amount of nutrient loading fuels the growth of certain dinoflagellates, causing algae bloom. Algae bloom then cause turbidity of aquatic bodies thus hindering the penetration of light to underwater grasses. It also creates dead zones in aquatic bodies where during decomposition, denies the water of oxygen and hence suffocates marine lives that need oxygen for survival. 6. Although these strategies to recreate a...
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...Eutrophication Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes rich in dissolved nutrients from fertilizers or sewage, thereby encouraging the growth and decomposition of oxygen-depleting plant life and resulting in harm to other organisms (Encarta dictionary 2007). This is one of the ecological problems that are affecting PAU thought others don’t see it as a problem. Thus, the essay will discuss further on how it is started and evidences of its existence, how to minimize or prevent it from eventuating, and how it affects the environment in which we live in and give a real case study of its effects. Eutrophication began to develop on the lakes of PAU when the campus department stopped cleaning the lakes in order to let the birds to lay their eggs on the flowers growing in the lakes. This is evident in lake two. This has led to eutrophication due to the overcrowding of plant life in the lakes. Some proof that the lakes are becoming entropic are that they smell, overgrowth of plants means the level of oxygen is depleted and less penetration of sunlight, algae are starting to cover the surface of the lakes. Therefore, this shows that lakes here at PAU are starting to become eutropic. Prevention is better than cure therefore it is better to prevent the lakes from becoming eutropic than to cure it after it has become eutropic. As stated in the article, ‘How to cure Eutrophication’ (2012, May 17) that a pond that has become eutropic is hard to rehabilitate. This is...
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...Data: SITE #1: Horse Creek Dissolved Oxygen: 8.3 ppm Total Nitrates: 0.2ppm Total Phosphates: 0.8ppm Hardness: 3.3ppm (Calcium and Magnesium) BOD: 3.6ppm pH: 7 Temperature: 8°c Flow Rate: 36 ft3/sec Turbidity: 99.4% Coliform: Positive SITE #2: Yokohl Dissolved Oxygen: 7.2ppm Total Nitrates: 1.6ppm Total Phosphates: 0.8ppm Hardness: 3.2ppm (Calcium and Magnesium) BOD: 5.1ppm pH: 7.5 Temperature: 11°c Flow Rate: 14 ft3/sec The creek with the most nutrients, turbidity, flow rate, and lower temperature seemed to have a greater variation and number of different species. Organism Identity (Morpho-Species) SITE 1 | # Of Individuals | May Fly 1 | 18 | Mayfly 2 | 26 | May Fly 3 | 41 | Stonefly 1 (larvae) | 16 | Stonefly 2 | 31 | Dragonfly 1 (larvae) | 8 | Dragonfly 2 (larvae) | 6 | Crane fly | 4 | Ketisfly | 14 | Blackfly | 18 | Diving Beetle 1 | 6 | Diving Beetle 2 (Boatmen) | 7 | Water Striders | 14 | Worm 1 | 12 | Worm 2 | 16 | Tadpoles | 8 | | | Total: | 245H’= -2.626564532 | Organism Identity (Morpho-Species) SITE 2 | | Mayfly 1 | 16 | Mayfly 3 | 14 | Stone Fly 1 | 3 | Stone Fly 2 | 10 | Crane Fly | 9 | Black Fly | 38 | Water Striders | 17 | Beetle 1 | 3 | Worm 1 | 19 | Worm 2 | 27 | Worm 3 | 7 | | | Total: | 163 | | H’= -1.925108694 | Analysis and Discussion: Abiotic factors such as rain and oxygen levels in water may affect the life/quality of an aquatic system, in this...
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...1. There are many ways in which human activities may lead to an imbalance in biochemical cycling: Something that the natural environment is unfamiliar which can harm the chemical imbalance. One of the many negative impacts caused by eutrophication and increased algal growth; is a decrease in the oxygen available, known as anoxia. These anoxic conditions have the ability to harm fishes and other aquatic animals. However, it is true that algae produce oxygen, but that is possible when an enough amount of light is available. Eutrophication reduces the clarification in water and visible light underwater. When there isn’t enough visible light for algae they stop the production of oxygen and begin the consumption of oxygen. 2. Opportunistic species...
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...Fertilizes and pesticides have been really important to farmers all over the world and the consumption of such chemicals increase every year even though in Greece the consumption decreases. “Fertilizers are any solid, liquid or gaseous substances containing one or more plant nutrients in known amount, that is applied to the soil, directly on the plant (foliage) or added to aqueous solutions (as in fertigation) to maintain soil fertility, improve crop development, yield and/or crop quality” (International Fertilizer Industry, No Date). From the other hand “pesticides are chemicals used to prevent, destroy, or repel pests” (EPA, 5/9/2012). Fertilizes and pesticides have a big history which starts decade ago as technology improves the methods of using pesticides and fertilizers changes rapidly. The first pesticide according to Toxipedia (Katerina Lah, May 09 2011) was created by the Chinese around 1000BC and it was sulfur, the Chinese were using sulfur back then to control bacteria and fungus. Sulfur is also used nowadays from farmers in fungides to protect the plant from diseases. The next big invention again by the Chinese was arsenic, arsenic was uses as insecticide (Kill insects) and as herbicide (Weed killer). This category of pesticides is called mineral and metals, but the most important pesticides that humans use are the synthetic ones. The most important synthetic pesticides are the DDTs. DDT was firs use in huge amount in WWII to control the lice that spread typhus and...
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...The Effects of Water Pollution on the Economy Terri Cunningham ECO 405 Dr. Page July 25, 2014 Every human has five basic needs in order to survive: food, water, air, shelter, and warmth. Of these five needs, three are in grave danger from the effects of pollution. The water and air supply are being contaminated on a daily basis, and as a direct result, spreading to the food supply. A variety of pollutants from a number of sources are constantly being introduced into the environment, with most people none the wiser. Most of the population is aware of, or can extrapolate the negative effects environmental pollution can have on a person, plant, or animal’s physical health, but many don’t realize the major impact that pollution can have on a country’s economic health. With the global population increasing every moment, the demand for food resources rises right along with it, putting a strain on the planet’s water resources. As farmers scramble to produce more crops to meet the growing demand, they inadvertently add more harmful contaminates to the water supply. According to a Bloomberg article, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development said that this surge in agricultural production and water pollution costs billions of dollars in developed countries like the United States, France, and Spain, and is ready to surpass that mark in China and India (Patel, 2012). The chemical pesticides and fertilizers widely used in agricultural farming leech into...
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...Impact of hypoxia to the catfish industry Oxygen is important for aerobic organisms, especially for fish who live in the aquatic environment with routinely low dissolved oxygen (Wang et al., 2017b). Under aquaculture conditions, hypoxia can be caused by natural phenomena (e.g., weather, temperature, or water flow rate), water pollution and eutrophication, high stocking density, and improper use of aeration (Green et al., 2016; Wu, 2002; Zhang et al., 2010). In spite of the strong tolerance of catfish to low oxygen, hypoxia can still lead to huge economic losses. Exposure to low oxygen stress can affect the growth rate (Mallya, 2007), feed conversion rate (Buentello et al., 2000), and increase the susceptibility to infectious diseases of catfish...
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...It is important to the wellbeing of animals, humans, and the environment that our society had clean water not only in and around areas of Lake Huron but for the world as a whole. “About 70 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water. But water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers.” (How much water is there on, in, and above the Earth?, 2013) The impact of polluted water can affect many different sources that can greatly impact our society in a negative way. “The effects of water pollution are varied. They include poisonous drinking water, poisonous food animals (due to these organisms having bio accumulated toxins from the environment over their life spans), unbalanced river and lake ecosystems that can no longer support full biological diversity, deforestation from acid rain, and many other effects. These effects are, of course, specific to the various contaminants.” (Rubin) In order to help prevent the negatives effects happening in Lake Heron, the public must be informed and governmental agencies need to create more action in improving this matter. Figure 1: (http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/GreatLakes/2ColumnSubPage/STEL02_173901.html) Lake Heron, located between Michigan and Canada, is the third largest bodies of water in the world and covers at least 23,000 square miles. (Zimmermann, 2013) Lake Huron is popular for its fishing both privatized (commercial)...
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