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Evaluate the Contribution Psychological Research Has Made Towards Our Understanding of How Children from Birth to Five Learn and Develop Competencies in the Processes of Observation, Problem Solving, Exploration,

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Evaluate the contribution psychological research has made towards our understanding of how children from birth to five learn and develop competencies in the processes of observation, problem solving, exploration, experimentation and prediction, thinking and decision making.
Introduction
The aim of this essay is to evaluate the developmental theories of ‘Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy’ (PSRN) and an ‘Exploration and Investigation’ aspect of ‘Knowledge and Understanding of the World’ (KUW) in Foundation stage children. This essay will explore Piaget and Vygotsky and their points of view on PSRN and issues which arise from development and it will consider current research and documents relevant to practice and the implications and recommendations for early years practice. Furthermore key concepts of emergent numeracy, mark making, counting and number development will be explored. The skills of observation, problem solving, exploration, experimentation and prediction, thinking and decision making fall into all six aspects of children’s learning and development and these skills led themselves to science and teaching as well as PSRN on which this essay is going to focus on. Theoretical approaches
Piaget’s constructivist theory saw children as actively constructing their knowledge of the world, for themselves, and as being active seekers of solutions to problems (Martin 2007). It could be agreed as practitioners acknowledge the importance of child-led activity as being essential for meaningful learning and development. The ‘Early Years Foundation Stage’ (EYFS) (DCFS 2008) also recognises that during child-initiated activities children can explore, learn, practice and use new words and mathematical ideas. Through exploration and investigation of objects and materials children “learn about change and patterns, similarities and differences, and question how and

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