...Stereotyping and prejudice, or evaluation, are ever present in modern society, therefore it is not surprising that researchers found an interest in these constructs and in trying to explain how and why they arise. Prejudice can be defined as a negative affective response towards members of an outgroup; whilst stereotype refers to the cultural beliefs which form a representation about outgroup members (Amodio &Devine, 2006). This essay examines the hypothesis that implicit stereotypes and evaluations are dependent constructs which necessitate each other to activate, by considering past literature on the subject. Gawronski, Deutsch, Mbirkou, Seibt and Strack (2008) studied the dependency hypothesis by measuring the effect of the reduction of automatic stereotyping on automatic evaluations. They found that when automatic stereotyping was reduced due to training in the affirmation of positive counterstereotypes, automatic negative evaluations were subsequently reduced as well. Furthermore, training in the negation of negative stereotypes, led to an increase in automatic stereotype activation and a subsequent increase in negative evaluations. Gawronski et...
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...w w w e tr .X m eP UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Level e ap .c rs om MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9707 BUSINESS STUDIES 9707/31 Paper 3 (Case Study), maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2011 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 2 1 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A LEVEL – May/June 2011 Syllabus 9707 Paper 31 Analyse the advantages and disadvantages for AC of greater use of electronic methods of communication. [10] Knowledge 3 marks Level 2 3 marks Two or more relevant points made or one point made plus knowledge of communication shown. 1–2 marks One relevant point made or knowledge of communication shown. Application 2 marks 2 marks Points made are well...
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...Early years self-evaluation form guidance Guidance to support using the self-evaluation form to evaluate the quality of registered early years provision and ensure continuous improvement Age group: Birth to 31 August following a child’s fifth birthday Published: September 2012 Reference no: 080103 The Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) regulates and inspects to achieve excellence in the care of children and young people, and in education and skills for learners of all ages. It regulates and inspects childcare and children's social care, and inspects the Children and Family Court Advisory Support Service (Cafcass), schools, colleges, initial teacher training, work-based learning and skills training, adult and community learning, and education and training in prisons and other secure establishments. It assesses council children’s services, and inspects services for looked after children, safeguarding and child protection. If you would like a copy of this document in a different format, such as large print or Braille, please telephone 0300 123 1231, or email enquiries@ofsted.gov.uk. You may reuse this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/, write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. This...
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...are: (a) to document the capital bud geting policies and practices of companies in India, a developing country, and contrast them with those of USA and UK, the developed countries, and (b) to ascertain how business executives look upon the linkage between corporate strategy and investment decision-making. Capital expenditure planning and control is a process of facilitating decisions covering expenditures on long-term assets. Since a company's survival and profitability hinges on capital expenditures, specially the major ones, the importance of the capital budgeting process cannot be over-emphasized. Sample and Methodology We have followed an intensive interview-cum-questionnaire method. Two questionnaires—one dealing with investment evaluation practice and second with other phases—were sent to companies which had agreed to participate in the study. In all, 14 companies were studied. The responding companies belonged to different businesses. In terms of size (sales and number of employees), capital intensity (net tangible fixed assets), volume of spending (capital expenditure incurred), and level of technology, they represent a variety (Table 1). The study relates to 1984. •-, Capital Expenditure: How Defined Strictly speaking, capital expenditure includes all those expenditures which are expected to produce benefits to the firm over more than one year, and encompasses both tangible and intangible assets. In practice, most sample companies followed the traditional definition...
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...Social Influence Social facilitation – The tendency for people to perform better on tasks in the presence of people than when alone. Triplett 1898 found that cyclists rode faster when racing together than when alone because of the competitive element. He also tests this with children and how long it took them to turn a fishing wheel 150 times. Sometimes they were alone and sometimes together, and found that many children worked in co-action CO-ACTION- people working together on the same task. Allport also found college students work in co action completing more multiplication problems together and when Chen looked at ants he found they dig 3 times as faster Allport said that competition is not always affects us if we do better and that sometimes it could just be the presence of an audience that could result in social facilitation. Though audience effect could also affect people in a negative way and cause them to do worse, this is known as social inhibition. AUIDENCE EFFECT – the impact of the individual task performance of the presence of an audience SOCIAL INHIBTION- The tendency for an individual to perform less well in the presence of others than when alone. AROUSAL THEORY OF SOCIAL FACILIATION Zajonc said that arousal acts as a drive that will bring out the most dominant response. In an easy or well-practised task our dominant responses tend to be correct so social facilitation occurs but in a unfamiliar task the dominant responses tend to be incorrect so social...
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...Sustaining Employee Performance Heather Tullis HRM/300 (BSAM1K5D82) May 2, 2016 Dr. LauraAnn Migliore Sustaining Employee Performance The jobs that I have chosen to use within my company are: Store Manager: Responsible for the overall management of the store including the sales, financial, operation, and human resources to ensure maximum profitability. Sales Representative: Responsible for ensuring a great customer experience and maximum profitability. Performs various sales and register transactions and aids in controlling shrink through customer interaction. Performance Management Performance management is the process by which an organization ensures all employees are aware of the level of performance expected of them in the assigned role. This is including individual objectives and overall organizational objectives including improving productivity, employee growth, and time management. Performance management is a cycle of planning, executing, monitoring, analyzing, and forecasting. The systems are set up as a goal for each member of the team to achieve their personal goals and company standards that are expected. Performance management comes into factor on a daily basis with the Store Manager through constant communication on the daily business outcome and the results of the entire team. The sales associates’ knows what the daily expectations for the volume of the day and uses daily communication to notify the rest of the team...
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... | Age group: 0–19 Published: January 2015 Reference no: 120100 Contents Introduction 4 What is the purpose of school inspection? 4 How does inspection promote improvement? 4 Key features of the framework for school inspection 5 What are the legal requirements for the inspection of schools? 7 What determines the timing of a school’s inspection? 10 What are the principles of school inspection? 13 What is the relationship between school self-evaluation and inspection? 14 Who inspects schools? 15 Inspection grades used to make judgements 15 Schools judged to be causing concern 17 Part B. The process of inspection 18 What happens before the inspection? 18 What happens during the inspection? 19 What happens after the inspection? 22 Introduction What is the purpose of school inspection? 1. The inspection of a school provides an independent external evaluation of its effectiveness and a diagnosis of what it should do to improve. It is based on a range of evidence available to inspectors that is evaluated against a national framework. 2. Ofsted’s inspections of schools perform three essential functions. They:...
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...Version 1.0: 0110 HIJ General Certificate of Education Business Studies 2131 BUSS3 Strategies for Success Post-Standardisation Mark Scheme 2010 examination – January series Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme...
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...Section A: Audit Practice Part b (i): Why is the audit of cash important part of the audit? From an auditing standpoint, cash is an important account because cash transactions affect all other business and financial processes. Businesses acquire cash by selling goods or services, disposing of fixed assets, or acquiring debt or equity. The same businesses put their cash to use through purchasing, paying employees, and buying inventory. Audits are an important part of business. Cash audits check that money has been handled properly, and performance audits ascertain whether employees are doing their jobs properly. Corporations are likely to undergo tax audits to ensure proper tax reporting and withholding. Audits may be performed in-house by management or human resources, by a third-party consulting firm hired specifically to perform the audits or by IRS agents who are auditing company tax records. The audit of cash is considered an important part of an audit mainly due to almost all business transactions will be ultimately settled through the cash accounts, the audit of cash accounts also assists in the verification of other asset and liability accounts as well as revenue and expenses. Some of the investor relies on the accuracy of the cash account to evaluate the financial health of the company. They use current asset which include the cash account to compute several financial measures. Other than that, cash is the highly liquid asset in a company and it is an area of high...
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...AS History: Enquiry Paper Guidance Question (a) – The Comparison. In question (a) the focus is on the direct comparison of two sources. Without explicit comparison candidates will not get above Band IV. A substantial number of candidates still adopt a sequential approach, and others limit themselves to a low Band III by confining their comparisons to a brief conclusion after a sequential analysis of the two Sources. A continuously comparative approach is required. Candidates should, however, not assume that a comparison is established simply by the introduction of comparative words and phrases such as ‘whereas’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘by contrast’, or by setting points from the Sources alongside each other. Similarity or difference of content has to be demonstrated in relation to a point which is genuinely comparable, either because both Sources refer to it or because one draws attention to it but the other ignores it. Likewise comparison of qualities other than content requires assessment of the same qualities in both Sources. Another common weakness is a failure to realise that comparisons are only relevant if they relate to the issue raised in the question. * Sequencing is a major problem. There is a reluctance to select issues and themes from the two Sources and build the comparison around these. Many candidates, often able, prefer paraphrase. Two separate accounts are provided with perhaps a final paragraph making a few belated comparisons. * Not focusing...
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...• • • ask questions about the ideas and information presented in the text and; to comment thoughtfully by engaging in a process of evaluating or; making judgements about the validity or relevance of the text to your research or field of study. Part of the process of being critical is to use the information gathered from questioning to understand the topic from different perspectives and in relation to relevant theoretical frameworks in the field. Furthermore, asking the right questions will help you to make links with previous information, develop a position and arguments to support it. What is meant by evaluation? Evaluation is the process that encourages you to show an understanding of the text content by analysing the purpose and the structure of the text, assessing and making judgements about its appropriateness according to various academic criteria. What is meant by analysis? To approach a topic analytically is to examine carefully the content, issues and structure, by separating them into component parts and explaining how they interrelate. The ability to summarise is another skill that is essential to writing a critical review. To summarise means to express the main points of an idea or topic in fewer words and without including examples or details. Criteria For Evaluating Academic Texts Critical evaluation necessitates understanding and analysing the text and then evaluating according to various criteria. The following is a list of criteria that can be referred...
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...other approach to cognitive development. (12 marks) [AO1 = 4 marks, AO2 = 8 marks] Examiners must read the whole response prior to marking in order to make a band judgement about whether the response is Very Good (10-12), Good (7-9), Average to Weak (4-6) or Poor (1-3). Examiners should be guided by the band judgement when annotating scripts. AO1 Up to 4 marks for knowledge of the information approach to children’s cognition. Likely content: * emphasis on cognitive efficiency * task analysis in terms of cognitive processes involved * focus on specific cognitive processes such as memory and problem-solving strategies and stages within these processes * changes identified by Bee (1997) * increased capacity * processing efficiency * rule development * metacognitive awareness * the computer analogy * the active nature of information processing * Siegler’s (1996) overlapping waves theory – use of different strategies overlapping in time. Relevant evidence includes: * Siegler (1976) - balance scale problem * Siegler & Jenkins (1989) adding strategies * Flavell (1966) study of spontaneous use of memory strategies Up to two marks for description of relevant evidence. AO2 Up to 8 marks for evaluation of the information processing approach and for comparison with other approach(es). Possible content: * knowledge of differences between the information processing approach...
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...AHP If the problem was given to us, we would like to use AHP approach to Data quality evaluation. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multicriteria decision support method designed to select the best from a number of alternatives evaluated with respect to several criteria.It is taken by carrying out pairwise comparison from which priorities are developed which can be used in ranking the alternatives. Criteria used in the AHP based approach to data quality assessment in banking are 1)Accuracy; 2)Completeness; 3)Consistency; 4) Timeliness; 5)Uniqueness; and 6)Validity. These criteria also have further subcriteria, for example under Completeness, sub criteria include Account Information, Customer information, Data Records and Interface files while a subcriteria under Accuracy is Business Indicator Range. All these variables are taken into consideration in ranking data quality. For ranking the data quality, a five step approach is adopted. 1)Structure the evaluation of hierarchy.(Goal level, criteria level, subcriteria level and alternative level) 2)Construct pairwise comparison matrices. 3)Obtain the priorities vector. 4)Test consistency 5)Weigh data quality weight and evaluate. Dimension judgement matrix is used to see reciprocal relation between two criteria. For the priorities vector, eigen vector is calculated for each relative judgement matrix and the eigen vector is normalized.This vector gives us the relative importance of each subindex to data quality.Consistency...
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...4.2.5 Critical accounting judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainty This section describes the critical judgements that the Group has made in the process of applying the accounting policies. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union (EU). The accounting policies applied by the group also comply with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This means that we are required to make estimates and assumptions. We believe that, of the company's significant accounting policies (see note 2 - Significant accounting policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report), the following may involve a greater degree of judgement and complexity, which in turn could materially affect the net income if various assumptions were changed significantly. Critical judgements in applying accounting policies The following are the critical judgements, apart from those involving estimations (see below), that the Group has made in the process of applying the accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the financial statements: Revenue recognition - gross versus net presentation of traded SDFI volumes of oil and gas production As described under Transactions with the Norwegian State (see note 2 - Significant accounting policies to our Consolidated Financial Statements included...
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...Int. J. Production Economics 69 (2001) 15}22 Strategy management through quantitative modelling of performance measurement systems U.S. Bititci*, P. Suwignjo, A.S. Carrie Centre for Strategic Manufacturing, DMEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G11XJ, UK Received 30 March 1998; accepted 29 September 1999 Abstract This paper is based on previous works on performance measurement and on quanti"cation of relationships between factors which a!ect performance. It demonstrates how tools and techniques developed can be used to evaluate the performance of alternative strategic choices through a quantitative approach to modelling of performance measurement systems. The paper provides a brief background to the research problem and preceding works. The tools and techniques used are brie#y introduced. Use of these tools and techniques to evaluate the performance of alternative manufacturing strategies is demonstrated. Finally, the capability of the approach to deal with dynamic environments is demonstrated 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. using sensitivity analysis. Keywords: AHP; Performance measurement; Prioritisation of performance measures; Dynamics of performance measures; Resource allocation 1. Introduction The nature of competition has changed dramatically over the last two decades. Quality, speed, and #exibility, in addition to cost, have emerged as the three most important competitive attributes [1}4]. This has made the traditional "nancially based performance...
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