...| Organizations and Behavior | A Theoretical Perspective | Muhammad Ariful Islam 01-Aug-12 | Contents Introduction 3 1. Understanding of Different Approaches to Management and Leadership 3 1.1 Comparison of Effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations 3 1.1.1 Autocratic Leadership Style 3 1.1.2 Democratic or Participative Leadership Style 4 1.1.3 Free Rein Leadership Style 4 Table: 1 5 1. 2 The Best Suited Leadership Style in this Scenario 5 1. 3. How Organisational Theory Supports the Practice of Management 5 1.3.1 Classical Theory 5 1.3.2 Neoclassical Theory 6 1.3.3 Contemporary Theory 6 1.4. An Evaluation of Different Approaches to Management Used by Different Organizations 6 1.5. Organisations that Adopt Different Approaches of Management 8 2. Understanding of the Ways of Using Motivational Theories in Organisations 8 2.1 The Impact of Different Leadership Style on Motivation in the Periods of Organizational Change 8 2.2 An Effective Leadership Style Can Help to Achieve Organisational Objectives 8 2.3 Comparison of the Application of Different Motivational Theories within the Workplace 9 2.4 ‘Motivation can Increase Employee’s Performance’- A Justification with Argument 9 2.5 The Usefulness of a Motivation Theory for Managers 9 3. Understanding of the Mechanisms for Developing Effective Teamwork in Organisations 10 3.1 The Nature of Groups and Group Behaviour Within Organisations 10 3...
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...resources efficiently and effectively, that's called management. Modern management was based on The Principles of Scientific Management (F.W. Taylor by 1911) and Administration Industrielle Et Générale（H. Fayol by 1916). Nowadays, the subject of management have more development and more theories than the past, meanwhile many theories' disadvantage was discovered. Main theories of management 1. Classical theory There are a lot of theories of management in the world; one of the parts is called classical theory. Basically, this theory is emphasis on purpose, formal structure, hierarchy of management, technical requirements, and common principles of organization. It’s also emphasis placed on planning of work, technical requirements of organizations, systematic methods of management, and assumption of rational and logical behavior. Meanwhile propose that associated with division of work tasks, clearly defined duties, control and co-ordination of work, hierarchy, formal rules. There are two major classical sub-groups: i. Scientific Management (F.W. Taylor, 1911) Scientific management also called Taylorism. In the beginning of The Principles of Scientific Management (F.W. Taylor by 1911), Taylor thought that to prove the best way of management is a real scientific subject. This subject are based on clearly defined discipline, rules and principles, and further show that the fundamental principles of scientific management applied to human behavior - from the easiest personal behavior...
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...MANAGEMENT * DEFINITION: * Management is concerned with seeing that the job gets done: its task is all centered on planning and guiding the operations that are going on in the enterprise. – E.F.L. Brech * Management may be defined as the art of securing maximum results with a minimum of effort so as to secure maximum prosperity and happiness for both employer and employee and give the public the best possible service. –John F. Mee * Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups. It is the art of creating the environment in which people can perform as individuals yet cooperate towards attainment of a group goal. It is the art of removing blocks to such performance, a way of optimizing efficiency to reach goals. –Harold Koontz * Management is the development of people and not the direction of things… Management is personnel administration. – Lawrence A. Aplley Management is the act or skill of controlling and making decisions about business, department, sports team, etc. EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT * Pre-Scientific Management Era * Pre-Scientific Management School Management in some form or the other has been practiced in all organized efforts of man ever since the dawn of civilization. Evidence of the use of principles of management id to be found in the organization of public life in ancient Greece, the organization of the Roman Catholic Church, and the organization of military forces. * Classical...
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...Organizational theory NEOCLASSICAL AND MODERN THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 I Company background II Human Resource Department 2.1. Recruitment and Placement 2.2. Training and Development 2.3. Compensation 2.4. Employee Relations III Evaluation measurement Conclusion 17 Reference 18 Introduction This assignment is an overview of two important areas of management: Neo-classical and Modern theories. It will provide a general description of each of these management theories together with observations on the environment in which these theories were applied and the successes that they achieved. I NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY (1920s-1950s) The Traditional classical theory and its principles are attacked on the ground that they are contradictory, pay little attention to motivation, and make hasty pronouncements on what should be done without examining time assumptions underlying such pronouncements. As such, these principles do not represent the heart of knowledge of management but a small part of the total body of administrative management. As a reaction to schools of classical theory which over-emphasized the mechanical and physiological characters of management, came up the schools of neoclassical theory with a more human-oriented approach and emphasis on time needs, drives, behaviors and attitudes...
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...Management is studied in business academics since earlier times and it is considered as an integral part to understand business operations. People have been changing and redesigning organizations for centuries. Though the 20th century is noticeable in history as an 'Era of scientific management', still it does not indicate that management tactics were not used in yester years. Many studies indicated that Management theory evolved with "scientific" and "bureaucratic" management that used measurement, procedures and routines as the basis for operations. Firms developed hierarchies to apply standardized rules to the place of work and penalized labour for violating rules. With the "human relations" movement, companies emphasized individual workers. Modern management theories, including system theory, contingency theory and chaos theory, focus on the whole organization, with employees as a key part of the system. The evaluation of management theory can be categorized in to different parts: * Pre-Scientific Management Era (before 1880), * Classical management approach Era (1880-1930), * Neo-classical Management Era (1930-1950), * Modern Management era (1950-on word). Classical Management approach includes Scientific Management, Administration Management, and Bureaucracy Management, human relation. Neo- classical Management includes Human relation and Behavioural Management. Modern Management includes Quantitative Management, System Management Approach, and Contingency...
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...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Objectives Introduction Historical Perspective Theory in Management Classification of Management Theories Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set the background about various...
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...Identify and explain the main changes that have occured to the employment relations environment. A successful employment relationship is the fundamental element of any successful business or organisation, hence, it is essential and the reason of all the organizations continues seeking methods to improve and maintain these relationships. There are many philosophers and writers have studied and written lots of different theories and approaches that are related to employment relationship. These theories and approaches have changed rapidly from the classical era to the modern era. Furthermore, illustrating issues that have evolved through changes in the employment relations environments such as the nature of work, technology, managerial regimes, regulation, policy and globalisation. The purpose of this essay is to identify and explain the main changes that listed above. The second part of this essay identifies those changes or improvement of employment relations environment that can benefit both the employers and employees by creating a healthy and supportive working environment. Employees who have strong employment relationships, are more satisfied and keen on work, also, they tend to have helpful and friendly co-workers as well as high levels of employee trust and commitment with employer. The establishment of regulation and policies such as labour law, minimum wages, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) enhance safety and security in workplace. Thus, strong employment relationships...
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...HBO - PRELIM Task 1(a) According to Taylor (1909), “Scientific Management is an art of knowing exactly what you want your men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way”. In Taylors view, if a work is analysed scientifically it will be possible to find one best way to do it. It implies application of scientific principles for studying & identifying management problems. In this, he proposed that by optimizing and simplifying jobs, productivity would increase. He also advanced the idea that workers and managers needed to cooperate with one another. This was very different from the way work was typically done in businesses beforehand. A factory manager at that time had very little contact with the workers, and he left them on their own to produce the necessary product. There was no standardization, and a worker's main motivation was often continued employment, so there was no incentive to work as quickly or as efficiently as possible. Taylor believed that all workers were motivated by money, so he promoted the idea of "a fair day's pay for a fair day's work." In other words, if a worker didn't achieve enough in a day, he didn't deserve to be paid as much as another worker who was highly productive (Taylor, 1909). Hence scientific management is a thoughtful, organized, dual approach towards the job of management against hit or miss or Rule of Thumb. Principles of Scientific Management 1. Development of Science for each part of men’s job (replacement...
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...Question: (i.) Critically evaluate the classical theory of organization and management in the light of contemporary business environmental changes facing managers in Nigeria (ii.) How did the neoclassical and contingency theories improve on the imperations of the classical approach? (i.) Critically evaluate the classical theory of organization and management in the light of contemporary business environmental changes facing managers in Nigeria Classical organization theories (Taylor, 1947; Weber, 1947; Fayol, 1949) deal with the formal organization and concepts to increase management efficiency. Taylor presented scientific management concepts, Weber gave the bureaucratic approach, and Fayol developed the administrative theory of the organization. They all contributed significantly to the development of classical organization theory. Taylor's scientific management approach The scientific management approach developed by Taylor is based on the concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification. Acknowledging that the approach to increased productivity was through mutual trust between management and workers, Taylor suggested that, to increase this level of trust, • the advantages of productivity improvement should go to workers, • physical stress and anxiety should be eliminated as ...
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...2 APPROACHES TO ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT Organisational behaviour is a discursive subject and much has been written about it. The study of organisations and management has therefore to proceed on a broad front. It is the comparative study of the different approaches that will yield benefits to the manager. The study of organisations, their structure and management is important for the manager. Identification of major trends in management and organisational behaviour, and the work of leading writers, provide a perspective on concepts and ideas discussed in more detail in other chapters. Learning outcomes After completing this chapter you should be able to: ■ identify major trends in the development of organisational behaviour and management thinking; contrast main features of different approaches to organisation and management; evaluate the relevance of these different approaches to the present-day management of organisations; explain the relationships between management theory and practice; assess the value of the study of different approaches to organisation and management; recognise the relationship between the development of theory, behaviour in organisations and management practice; establish a basis for consideration of aspects of organisational behaviour discussed in subsequent chapters. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Critical reflection ‘It is often claimed that what leading writers say is an important part of the study of management and organisational behaviour. Others say that...
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...Management Theory Introduction and Main Points Civilization is the product of those who came before us. The evolution of modern management thinking begins in the nineteenth century and flourished during the twentieth. The twentieth century has witnessed a revolution in management theory ranging from classical theory to the Japanese management approach. Today's management theory is the result of the interdisciplinary efforts of many people. The Founders The beginning of the modern organization occurred primarily during the middle of the nineteenth century with the rise of the factory system, principally in the textile industry, where automation and mass production became the cornerstone of productivity. Management thinking, however, was slow to evolve during the century. The need existed to define what management was in the first instance as well as to operationalize it in meaningful terms for an organization. During this period two principal management theorists took up this challenge and emerged as the so-called Pre-Classicists of management thought. Pre-Classicists In the nineteenth century, Robert Owen and Charles Babbage seriously addressed the quest for the development of management theory. Owen was an entrepreneur and social reformer while Babbage was a noted mathematician with a strong managerial interest. Robert Owen (1771-1858) Robert Owen's ideas stemmed from his ownership of a cotton mill in New Lanark, Scotland where he developed a strong interest in the welfare...
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...INTRODUCTION Although modern management theory dates primarily from the early twentieth century, there was serious thinking and theorizing about managing many years before. Two events are especially significant to management history. First, in 1776, Adams Smith published The Wealth of Nations, in which he argued the economic advantages that organizations and society would gain from the division of labor (or job specialization). The second important event is the industrial revolution. Starting in the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, it became more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home. These large, efficient factories needed someone to forecast demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make products, assign task to people, direct daily activities, and so fort. That “someone” was managers, and these managers would need formal theories to guide them in running these large organizations. It wasn’t until the early 1900s, however, that the first steps were taken toward developing such theories. The evolution of modern management thinking begins in the nineteenth century and flourished during the twentieth. EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Today's management theory is the result of the interdisciplinary efforts of many people. THE FOUNDERS The beginning of the modern organization occurred primarily during the middle of the nineteenth century with the rise of the factory system, principally...
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...Fundamental Concepts about and Evolution of Management Thought 1.1. Introduction In any teaching-learning process, the development of concepts is essential and fundamental. As a field of study, management requires the development of concepts. Unless the most basic concepts of a field of study are developed at the outset, the teaching-learning process of a particular field of study would be difficult to carry out. Therefore, the first unit of this material aims at developing the most fundamental concepts about management. 1.2. Meaning of Management What is Management? Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups, accomplish efficiently selected objectives. It is concerned with: 1.2.1. identifying the aims and objectives of an organization 1.2.2. implementing policies by setting procedures, programmes and strategies to help in the achievement of organizational aim and objectives; 1.2.3. brining together all the various factors of production (People, money, materials, machinery, methods, and activates); 1.2.4. making the best possible use of the factors of production; 1.2.5. exercising control over the performance of the factors of production; and 1.2.6. providing conditions in which the persons associate with the organization-owners, employees, customers, and the community at large-derive maximum satisfaction (pagare, 1981) Terry and Franklin (1997:4) define management as the distinct process consisting of activities...
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...1. Introduction 2. Executive summary 3. Theory of organizational structure 4. Types of organizational structure 5. The nature of the organizational structure 6. Case study 7. Task 1 8. Task 2 9. Task 3 10. Conclusion 11. Recommendation 12. Reference Introduction Any operating organization should have its own structure in order to operate efficiently. For an organization, the organizational structure is a hierarchy of people and its functions. The organizational structure of an organization tells us the character of an organization and the values it believes in. therefore, when we do business with an organization or getting into a new job in an organization, it is always a great idea to get to know and understand their organizational structure. Executive summary In this assignment, I describe about the theory of the organization, the types of the organization, and the nature of the organization. As task 1, 2 and 3 I have explain about Paul Rogers’ card design business. Theory of organizational structure The theory of organizational structure is a product of the industrial revolution to help businesses appropriate their workforce. Classical school Henry Fayol is acknowledged as the founder of the Classical Organization theory and is one of the pioneers of management thought. He divided the business activities into six areas- technical, commercial, financial, accounting, managerial functions and protecting the assets of the organization...
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...Assignment On- “The Evolution of Management Thought and The Patterns of Management Analysis” Submitted To: Professor Dr. Abu Hossain Siddique Department of International Business University of Dhak 9th Batch, EMBA Date of Submission: 4th July,2012 INTRODUCTION Although modern management theory dates primarily from the early twentieth century, there was serious thinking and theorizing about managing many years before. Two events are especially significant to management history. First, in 1776, Adams Smith published The Wealth of Nations, in which he argued the economic advantages that organizations and society would gain from the division of labor (or job specialization). The second important event is the industrial revolution. Starting in the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, it became more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home. These large, efficient factories needed someone to forecast demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make products, assign task to people, direct daily activities, and so fort. That “someone” was managers, and these managers would need formal theories to guide them in running these large organizations. It wasn’t until the early 1900s, however, that the first steps were taken toward developing such theories. The evolution of modern management thinking begins in the nineteenth century...
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