...London School of Engineering and Materials Science Laboratory report writing instructions DEN101 - Fluid Mechanics 1 Flow Rate Measurement Experiment A. Student Student Number: 1234567 Version 2.0, 27 November 2010 Template for Word 97-2003 Abstract This document explains what is expected in your Fluids 1 lab report. The sections that should be covered are outlined and a structure you could follow is proposed. Detailed advice on how to edit the report is given. The document concludes with the marking criteria for this lab report. Table of Contents Abstract 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Writing 3 1.2. Editing and formatting 3 1.3. Content of the introduction 4 2. Background and theory 4 3. Apparatus 4 4. Test 4 5. Experimental procedure 4 6. Results 5 7. Discussion 5 8. Conclusions 5 9. References 5 10. Appendix A: Marking criteria 6 Introduction Before starting to write a report, you should think about what is your audience. Am I writing for colleagues who want a lot of detail how it is done, or am I writing for my boss who just wants an executive summary as he has no time for details? In general, there is not a single type of audience and we have to make our writing suitable for the detailed read, as well as the fast perusal. To understand what is required from you in this report, please have a look at the marking criteria in the Appendix. 1 Writing To limit...
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...Lab Report 1.2 Separating Components of a Mixture I. Objectives: 1. To know the best way of separating mixtures and substances. 2. To know the some ways of separating mixtures and substances. II. Materials: STATION 1 * White sand * Clean bottle * Rice grains * Spoons * Rags * Strainers STATION 2 * A glass of water * Table esalt * Alcohol lamp * Matches * Clean bottles * Stirring rods * Small beakers * Biscuit can cover * Tripod * White Sand * Rags STATION 3 * Ground charcoals * Rags * Iron filings * Magnet * 2 clean cups * Stirring rods III. Procedures: STATION 1 1. Examine each sample of sand and rice grains. 2. Name some properties of each sample. Prepare a data table for observations. 3. Put a tablespoon each of the sand and rice grains in a clean bottle and stir. 4. Again observe the properties of sand and rice grains and note down any changes. 5. Describe some methods for separating sand from rice. 6. Try the method that your group thinks is the most efficient. 7. Describe your results. STATION 2 1. Examine samples of water, sand and table salt. 2. Name some properties. 3. Fill a small beaker with water. 4. And in small propertions,half a spoon of salt, stirring the water after each addition. 5. Compare the appearance of salt before and after adding it to water. 6. Apply heat to the beaker and observe...
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...PROC 6131 FOOD PROCESSING II Lab #3 SPRAY DRYING Date of Experiment Performed: 01/30/2013 Date of Submission: 02/11/2013 Instructor: Iraj Mehrnia Submitted By: RAMYASHREE. J (100508620) Lab Partners: Ashok Bikku UMA Naren Anil Vishwa Anuj Kunal ABSTRACT: The main Objective of this experiment is (1) To become familiar with a spray-drying operation (2) To observe the overall efficiency of a spray dryer (3) To measure the moisture content of the final product at several air outlet temperatures (4) To observe differences in the final product using different total solids (TS) in the feed (5) To observe how the quality of the final powder is affected by the temperature of the air, feed, and outlet; solids in the feed; and degree of optimization We worked on spray dryer by using milk as sample and the final product was milk powder. The moisture content of the initial and final product was test and the product was found to have more moisture content than the specified. The procedure and the technique of the experiment was correct and accurately carried out but the instrument was not properly working. The texture and the colour of the product were similar to the commercial milk powder. The texture was very fine and the colour of the milk powder was pale...
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...Torres 1 Luis A. Torres Group #11 USC Chemistry 322b Formal Lab Report 6th November 2015 I. II. Enzymatic Resolution of 1-Phenylethanol and Diastereomer Analysis Objective/Abstract Enzymatic transesterification reaction was performed to study the resolution of diastereomers using 1H-NMR analysis. The stereo-selectivity of acylase I, an enzyme, for a 50:50 racemic mixture of 1-phenylethanol was determined. In the first of a two-step reaction, 1-phenylethanol was reacted with vinyl acetate with the help of acylase I to form an ester, unreacted 1-phenylethanol, and vinyl alcohol. The unreacted 1phenylethanol was separated from the ester by column chromatography and confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In the second reaction, the unreacted 1-phenylethanol was reacted with (R)-(-)-acetoxyphenylacetic acid to form a diastereomer ester. In the latter reaction, four different 1-phenylethanol samples were used in order to compare 1HNMR data of the resulting diastereomer esters and determine which enantiomer of the 50:50 racemic mixture was preferred by acylase I. Those four samples were: (1) racemic 1-phenylethanol, (2) unreacted 1-phenylethanol, (3) (R)-1-phenylethanol, and (4) (S)-1phenylethanol. After 1H-NMR analysis, it was found that the (S)-1-phenylethanol was preferred by acylase I. III. Introduction and Background Information Scheme 1: Reaction of 1-phenylethanol with vinyl acetate in the presence of the enzyme acylase I to produce 1-phenylethyl...
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...IB Chemistry Lab Report Design Example— Effect of Temperature on Solubility of Potassium Chloride in Water Research question How does temperature affect the solubility of potassium chloride in water? Hypothesis As the temperature of water increases, the particles of solid Potassium chloride, KCl, which are absorbing energy from its surrounding, start moving more easily between the solution and its solid state because. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the particles will shift to the more disordered, more highly dispersed solution state. I predict that as the temperature of a KCl and water mixture increases, then the solubility of the KCl will also increase. Variables Dependant variable The dependant variable will be the solubility of Potassium chloride in water that will be calculated at different temperatures. The solubility will change as temperature increases. Independent variable The control variables need to be constant in order to get valid and accurate results. The temperature of the solutions. Controlled variables The volume of distilled water used to dissolve Potassium chloride in each beaker The amount of Potassium chloride deposited into each beaker. The volume of the solution extracted by the syringe. Weight of each 50ml beaker Materials 6 Syringes 1 Heating plate 6 distinctly labeled 50ml Beakers 1 Electric Balance 6 Stirring Rods Distilled Water 6 distinctly labeled 100ml Beaker Controlling...
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...Leaf Lab Report Background Cells and organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization, and the availability of resources influences response and activities. For example, water and macronutrients are used to synthesize new molecules, and, in plants, water is essential for photosynthesis. Organisms have evolved various mechanisms for accumulating sufficient quantities of water, ions, and other nutrients and for keeping them properly balanced to maintain homeostasis. Plants absorb and transport water, nutrients, and ions from the surrounding soil via osmosis, diffusion, and active transport. Once water and dissolved nutrients have entered the root xylem, they are transported upward to the stems and leaves as part of the process of transpiration, with a subsequent loss of water due to evaporation from the leaf surface. Too much water loss can be detrimental to plants; they can wilt and die. The transport of water upward from roots to shoots in the xylem is governed by differences in water (or osmotic) potential, with water molecules moving from an area of high potential (higher free energy , more water)to an area of low water potential (lower free energy, less water). The movement of the water through a plant is facilitated by osmosis, root pressure, and the physical and chemical properties of water. Transpiration creates a lower osmotic potential in the leaf, and TACT (transpiration, adhesion, cohesion, and tension) mechanism...
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...Ateneo de Naga University High School Grade 7 Science: Third Term Unit and Syllabus Lesson Plans (Regular Program) School Year 2013-2014 Teacher: VINCENT EDUARD A. STA.C LARA LG 7414 Unit V. EARTH AND SPACE 36 sessions | D E S I R E D R E S U L T S | ESTABLISHED GOALS 1. Demonstrate understanding of the physical features of the Philippine archipelago and its natural resources, including the ways by which these resources are conserved and protected.2. Demonstrate understanding of the different phenomena that occur in the atmosphere and how they affect human activities.3. Demonstrate understanding on the occurrences of eclipses.4. Demonstrate understanding of the relationships of the seasons and the position of the sun in the sky.• C1.2 Desire to improve themselves, to continually gain a deeper understanding of who theyare, and to become more authentically free and decisive in their actions• C1.6 Develop the perspectives over central ideas, methodologies, and conceptual geographies of the variety of intellectual disciplines • C1.7 Seek meaningful application of knowledge and skills to life situation• C1.10 Grow in awareness of the global nature of many social problems and relates them to the current issues and historical antecedents• C2.1 Acknowledge that there are universal values which qualify a truly human life• C2.2 Accept their weaknesses and strengths with genuine humility• C2.6 Respect respectable law and...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...The purpose of the enzyme lab conducted was to observe the chemical composition of cells. In order to do so we tested for the presence of organic molecules. Molecules are what forms when atoms bond together. Organic molecules of cells include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which are composed of smaller molecules known as monomers and polymers. Polymers are joined monomers. A chemical reaction links monomers together occurs and releases a water molecule, this is called dehydration synthesis. Hydrolysis separates polymers into monomers by using water to break bonds. Organic catalysts called enzymes are proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction. In the lab we used Biuret reagent to test for proteins, iodine solution to test for starch, paper to test for lipids. In the first lab, we tested for the presence of proteins in samples by using blue solution called Biuret reagent, which changes to purple when a protein is present and pinkish-purple for peptides. First test tubes were marked at 1cm and then filled to the mark with water, albumin, pepsin, and starch. Next, five drops of Biuret reagent was added to the sample, covered with Parafilm, and swirled to mix. The water remained clear, indicating the sample lacked the presence of proteins, and thus was our negative control. The albumin sample observed changed to an orange-purple color, indicating the presence of protein. The peptin sample changed to a pink-purple hue, testing positive for presence of peptides...
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...Environmental Science Table of Contents Lab 2 Water Quality and Contamination 21 Water Quality and Contamination Concepts to Explore • Usable water • Ground water contaminates • Ground water • Water treatment • Surface water • Drinking water quality Figure 1: At any given moment, 97% of the planet’s water is in the oceans. Only a small fraction of the remaining freshwater is usable by humans, underscoring the importance of treating our water supplies with care. Introduction It is no secret that water is one of the most valuable resources on planet Earth. Every plant and animal requires water to survive, not only for drinking, but also for food production, shelter creation and many other necessities. Water has also played a major role in transforming the earth’s surface into the varied topography we see today. While more than 70% of our planet is covered in water, only a small percent of this water is usable freshwater. The other 99% of the water is composed primarily of salt water, with a small percentage being composed of 23 Water Quality and Contamination glaciers. Due to the high costs involved in transforming salt water into freshwater, the Earth’s population survives off the less than 1% of freshwater available. Humans obtain freshwater from either surface water or groundwater. Surface water is the water that collects on the ground as a result of precipitation. The water that does not evaporate back...
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...rich tradition for the treatment of these infectious diseases (Titilope et al., 2012), both infectious and non-infectious. Attah et al. (2012) makes similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from similar claims with the evaluation and development of compounds from medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases which is one of the areas that is gaining grounds and acceptability world-wide (p.1). According to the World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be the best source to acquire different effective drugs and, therefore, those plants should undergo investigation to have a better understanding of their properties, safety and efficacy (Rajeh et al., 2010; Nascimiento et al., 2000). There are some published reports describing the antimicrobial activity of various crude plant extracts (Igoli et al., 2005; Alzoreky et al., 2003). It is estimated that there are about 2.5 million species of higher plants and the majority of these have not yet been examined for their pharmacological activities (Ram et al., 2003). In relation with the applications of herbal plants, weed, which is a plant that grows out of place and is competitive, persistent and pernicious (James et al., 1991), have been a part of civilization and many ancient documents speak of humans battling weeds in the crops they grow and also found to be resistant to most of the microbial disease that made us interested to know the potency behind (Ibrahim et al., 2012). Furthermore, according to...
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...Abstract There is strong interest in "going green," including using products that cause less environmental damage when they are disposed of. In this environmental sciences project, you will compare the toxicity of "green" and conventional liquid detergents using worms as test organisms. Objective The objective of this environmental sciences project is to determine if green detergents are safer for the environment than conventional detergents. Introduction Reduce, reuse, recycle. These are typically known as the three R's of the environment. Every year, Americans throw away billions of containers and other packaging materials that end up in landfills. Reducing the amount of waste you produce is one way to help the environment. Another way to help the environment is to recycle. Many of the things we use every day, like paper bags, soda cans, and milk cartons, are made out of materials that can be recycled. Recycled items are put through a process that makes it possible to create new products out of the materials that come from the old ones. Reusing is another way to help protect the environment. The idea is simple: instead of throwing things away, try to find ways to use them again. The use of grey water to irrigate plants is an example. Grey water is the water produced by showering, cleaning clothes, washing dishes, etc. It does not include human waste (that is called black water, and is not safe to use for irrigation). Clearly, if grey water is to be used for growing...
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.........................................................................................................3 1.2 History . .....................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Their Businesses ...................................................................................................................................4 1.4 Mission .......................................................................................................................................................5 2. QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORIES ................................................................................................5 2.1 Working Procedure of Labs: ............................................................................................................6 3. POL Products being tested at PSO Laboratories .......................................................................9 3.1 PMG (Premium Motor Gasoline) ..............................................................................................................9 3.2 HSD (High Sulfur Diesel) ........................................................................................................................ 11 3.3 LSFO & HSFO ....................................................................................................................................... 12 3.4 HOBC (High Octane Blending Component) .................
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...| | | Name : Damian ClarkeSubject : Environmental ScienceUnit 1Centre: St. Mary’s CollegeCentre Number : 160073Candidate Number : 1600730296 | [Title : Human Impact on the Water Quality of the Santa Cruz/San Juan River] | | Table of Contents | Page Number | Site Reports | | Site 1:: Reservoir Road, Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 2 | Site 2:Akal Trace, La Pastora, Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 3 | Site 3:Cantaro Extension Rd, Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 4 | Site 4:Mt Hololo Rd Santa Cruz, Trinidad | 5 | Lab Reports | | Lab 1:Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand | 7 | Lab 2:Total Suspended Solids | 10 | Lab 3:Total Dissolved Solids | 12 | Lab 4:Macro Invertebrate Fauna | 14 | Final Report | | Problem Statement, Objectives | 17 | Methods of Data Collection | 18 | Literature Review | 19 | Presentation and Analysis of Data | 20 | Discussion of Findings | 22 | Conclusions | 23 | Recommendations | 23 | Bibliography | 24 | Site Number: 1 Date: 28/11/13 Site: Reservoir Road, Santa Cruz, Trinidad (Control site – Furthest Upstream) Objective(s): To investigate a section of the river with little or no human impact to use as a control site. Activities: The class arrived at site 1 around 9:15am. Observations of the riverbed, the water itself, human influences and both flora and fauna were made. Also...
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...successfully completed my Semiar-1 project report on the topic ‘Distillation Process’. I would also show my gratitude towards my Programme Leader Dr. Monika Thakur and our HOD Dr Amarinder Singh Bawa for including such a project in my course curriculum which gave me a chance to gain knowledge as much as I can in this field. Thank you Varun Gadodia BTech Food Technology IV semester Amity Institute of Food Technology Introduction This report examines the distillation process. This will enable the reader to understand the necessary components along with distillation calculations. Distillation is a process that separates two or more components into an overhead distillate and bottoms. The bottoms product is almost exclusively liquid, while the distillate may be liquid or a vapour or both. The separation process requires three things. First, a second phase must be formed so that both liquid and vapour phases are present and can contact each other on each stage within a separation column. Secondly, the components have different volatilities so that they will partition between the two phases to different extent. Lastly, the two phases can be separated by gravity or other mechanical means. Distillation differs from absorption and stripping in that the second phase is created by thermal means. The report also high lights the important equipments/methods...
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