...Assignment # 1 Evidence-Based Policing Abstract [This paper talks about evidence based-policing. I describe evidence based-policing and discuss and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of evidence-based policing. I also discuss about examples of where evidenced based policing has been utilized and summarize the impact and consequences. This paper explains a great deal of information with evidence-based policing and how it has evolved.] Evidence-based policing is “The use of the best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units and officers” (Schmallager, 2011 pg.157). Evidence based policing uses research into everyday police procedures to evaluate current practices and to guide officers and police executives in future decision making, (Schmallager, 2011 pg 158). Evidence-based policing has been dated back to the discovery of police officers. Countries have done tests on different areas to gather more information concerning that area. For example, in Britain, the government invested heavily in police resources. However, they did not establish how to obtain best value the money in deploying those resources. Even today, evidenced-based policing is gaining traction and has been called the single “most powerful force for change” in policing today, (Schmallager, 2011 pg. 159). The organization of American law enforcement has been called the most complex in the world. There are three major legislative and judicial...
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...State of Confusion Paper BUS/415 There are several stages to a civil lawsuit. The first stage is Pleadings. This starts off with the original court documents and involves one party that files the complaint. These documents state the initial plaintiff’s argument or case against the other party, also known as the defendant. This allows the defendant to have knowledge of the plaintiff’s facts amid legal grounds of their claims. At times when suing another party they may arise to suing you back, if in that case such a situation occurs, you will then fight back in court while also trying to defend yourself. Then a counterclaim can be filed by the defendant if they have an independent claim against the plaintiff. The second stage is Discovery. This includes depositions which entails the parties of deposing or interviewing under oath before the start of the trial. There are a few types discovery. One is written discovery which has its own two forms; Interrogatories and Requests for admission. Interrogatories are the questions that in your own version of the claims. Requests of admission mainly ask the party to deny or admit to the facts stated in the claim. Penalties can come about if not answered, or answered if false manner. Discovery can also include subpoenas from the court ordering individuals or organizations to produce certain documentation, interview under oath, or answer any written questions which would be the second form of discovery. The third is depositions. This...
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...exposure and controlling the costs which can threaten profits. Much of this effort is focused on managing outside counsel to improve adherence to case budgets. However, there has been a reluctance to provide the tools to the outside counsel that can truly enhance efficiency, particularly within the area of discovery. This article will provide an understanding of how new tools and procedures can help to make the litigation process more efficient. Perhaps even more importantly, we show how these tools will provide a better understanding of potential liability earlier on to enable better decision making, more predictability and even help promote economies of scale in the ongoing battle to contain legal costs. One of the areas of largest expense is discovery: the identification, acquisition, management and analysis of evidence. Today, evidence takes many forms: paper, electronic files, different media, as well as testimony and a panoply of case specific formats. As the volume of this evidence grows it becomes more difficult and expensive to manage. But new technology has equipped the legal practitioner with tools to organize, understand and access large collections of evidence in meaningful ways that help achieve the...
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...IMPORTANCE AND CURRENT ISSUES OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM Cynthia P. C. Lee Abstract This paper emphasized on the Decision Support System (DSS) defined in various ways depending upon the author’s point of view by Turban (1995), Little (1970), Moore and Chang (1980), Keen (1980), and Power (1997); history of DSS during late 1950s and early 1960s until millennium approached of Web-based analytical applications; the Decision support system (DSS) has been used in many different ways (Alter 1980, Power, 2002). Turban (1995) defines it as "an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computerbased information system, especially developed for supporting the solution of a nonstructured management problem for improved decision making. It utilizes data, provides an easy-to-use interface, and allows for the decision maker's own insights." For Little (1970), a DSS is a "model-based set of procedures for processing data and judgments to assist a manager in his decision-making." Moore and Chang (1980) define DSS as extendible systems capable of supporting ad hoc data analysis and decision modeling, oriented toward future planning, and used at irregular, unplanned intervals. importance of DSS to assist in high-level decision-making, assist academic advising staff, improve the quality and timeliness of marketing decisions, and medical diagnosis process; and current issues of DSS where decision-making as the most important activities for human beings, Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs)...
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...Evidence Based Decision Making and Discovery | |Compare |Contrast | |Quantitative Research |-Requires the collection, analysis, and |-Research is deductive, logical or | | |reporting of data. |reasonable. | | |-Reporting data consist of supplying |-A hypothesis is needed to begin research. | | |readers with participant information, data |- The researcher is ideally an objective | | |patterns, recognition of biases, and |observer that neither participates in nor | | |further research to be conducted |did influence what is being study (Barnes, | | |surrounding the topic. |2005). ...
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...Administration, California State University, in Sacramento, where Donald L. Carper is a professor emeritus of legal studies in business and conflict management, and John B. LaRocco is a professor of law. Prof. Carper is also an arbitrator and mediator and Prof. LaRocco is a labor arbitrator, mediator and fact finder. He serves on the American Arbitration Association’s labor panel. hy one might choose to use an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process to resolve a legal problem is an interesting question, but it is not the focus of this article. Instead, it focuses on the fundamental attributes of litigation and explores whether these attributes are present in private arbitration and mediation. The purpose is to help people make an informed decision about the process they wish to use to resolve their dispute. This comparison also could help designers of ADR systems identify and preserve attributes desired by parties and jettison those that are not. W DISPUTE RESOLUTION JOURNAL 49 LITIGATION AND ADR We grew up when litigation was the main avenue of dispute resolution. Arbitration was not then accepted by the courts. The attitude of the time toward righting wrongs was to litigate. The phrase “sue the...
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...Confusion enacted a statute requiring all trucks and towing trailers that use its highways to use a B-type truck hitch. The hitch is manufactured by only one manufacturer in Confusion. Tanya is filing suit against the state of Confusion to overturn this statute. I will discuss what court will have jurisdiction over Tanya’s suit and why. I will also discuss if the Confusion statute is constitutional, and my legal reasoning behind it. I will explain the provisions of the U.S. Constitution that will be applied by a court to determine the statute’s validity. In addition, I will explain if Tanya is likely to prevail on her suit and my reasoning behind it. Finally, I will discuss in detail the stages of a civil suit. State of Confusion Paper Tanya owns a trucking company in the state of Denial, and is filing suit against the state of Confusion because of their statute requiring all trucks and towing trailers to use a specific manufactures truck hitch when using their highways in Confusion. Tanya is filing this suit because it affects her business, and the additional expenses it would incur. The court that would have jurisdiction over Tanya’s case would be the federal court. A case may be brought in federal court if there is diversity of citizenship (Cheeseman, 2010). The reason for providing diversity of citizenship jurisdiction to federal courts was to prevent state court bias against nonresidents (Cheeseman, 2010). Constitutional or Unconstitutional The interstate commerce...
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...Thesis Statement: Strategic Management is Vital in Solving Resource-based Conflict Introduction Conflict, and conflict management are inherent and unavoidable elements of strategic management. Due to the involvement of the various stakeholders in both the internal and extern al environments who have differing perspectives as well as agendas in the multiple stages in strategic management process, and overall, the organization’s operations, conflict will manifest itself. In some scenarios conflict presents itself as a part of the methods and processes applied to develop strategic outcomes such as positioning strategies, or as outcomes stemming from strategic decisions made by management, and finally, in their implementation. In resource-based conflict, particularly those that involve rare earth elements such as the conflict that evolves around the discovery of oil in Turkana by Tullow Oil, it is important to understand the background of the conflict from a strategic management perspective. The Resource Based View (RBV) proffers that the competitive advantage of a firm or organization is largely dependent on the application of the bundle resources at its disposal. In mentioning competition, which is a subset of conflict, this sets the pace for making sense of why there is always a sense of conflict around resources. The Resource Based View provides a set of criteria for the evaluation of these resources, known as the “VRIN”...
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...Business law Glossary Chapter 1 stare decisis “let the decision stand”; the principle that the decision of a court should serve as a guide or precedent and control the decision of a similar case in the future. administrative regulations rules made by state and federal administrative agencies. case law law that includes principles that are expressed for the first time in court decisions. common law the body of unwritten principles originally based upon the usages and customs of the community that were recognized and enforced by the courts. constitution a body of principles that establishes the structure of a government and the relationship of the government to the people who are governed. duty an obligation of law imposed on a person to perform or refrain from performing a certain act. equity the body of principles that originally developed because of the inadequacy of the rules then applied by the common law courts of England. law the order or pattern of rules that society establishes to govern the conduct of individuals and the relationships among them. precedent a decision of a court that stands as the law for a particular problem in the future. private law the rules and regulations parties agree to as part of their contractual relationships. procedural law the law that must be followed in enforcing rights and liabilities. right legal capacity to require another person to perform or refrain from an action. right of privacy...
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...State of Confusion Paper State of Confusion Paper The state of Confusion requires B-type truck hitches to be used by towing trailers and trucks on its highways. According to the statute, truckers who drive through Confusion must stop and have the b-type hitch installed, or drive around the state altogether (University of Phoenix, 2009). Tanya trucker, owner of a trucking company in the state of Denial, is unhappy with this requirement because the hitch is produced solely in Confusion and because of the additional expense her business acquires because of the statute. Tanya plans to file suit to overturn Confusion’s statute and should review certain aspects of the situation that can add validity to her suit. She must determine what court will have jurisdiction over her suit and if Confusion’s statute is constitutional based on legal reasoning (University of Phoenix, 2009). Tanya should also determine which provisions of the United States Constitution will influence the validity of the statute. After the preceding information is reviewed, an illustration of the stages involved in a civil suit will aid Tanya in making a decision on filing suit against the state of Confusion (University of Phoenix, 2009). Jurisdiction of Suit Tanya Trucker’s suit would involve both the state of Confusion and the state of Denial, which brings about the question of jurisdiction. Confusion would be the defendant and Denial would be represented by Tanya’s trucking company. In instances such as this...
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...this paper we will discuss and provide an introduction to critical thinking. We will also discuss the importance of critical thinking, explain why it's important, discuss what skills are needed in critical thinking, and present the elements of critical thinking. Also, the most important element to critical thinking is having personal experience of critical thinking. Critical thinking involves drawing sound conclusions based on facts and observations. Critical thinkers carefully analyze and evaluate information to probe for faulty and poor reasoning (Epstein 2006). When individuals use effective critical thinking skills and processes, they draw valid inferences based on accurate evidence and well-supported claims (Epstein 2006). Mastering critical thinking skills will allow you to take greater advantage of the opportunities provided by your constitutional rights; you will be able to more fully and effectively use the precious rights of free expression and suffrage granted by the U.S. Constitution (Epstein 2006). You will be able to "become wise" by listening to and reading about "all that can be said" against your views and by subjecting your ideas to others' perspectives. We make decisions every day, from deciding what to have for breakfast to deciding where to go to college. We need to be critical thinkers in the everyday and more unique problems we face. We need to ask questions, find and evaluate relevant information, and use information to make reasonable decisions. Also...
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...build atmospheres of respect and understanding. Respect may be conveyed by listening, using student names, making overt efforts to help students, and checking student comprehension. Understanding may be demonstrated by being sensitive to factors specific to Elementary school contexts. With the collection of data, I plan to record the attitudes to my students in a researcher’s journal. This will provide evidence of our responsive, collaborative class environment. There may be improvements in class atmosphere when a responsive, collaborative environment is maintained. There is a need to provide more comprehensive evaluations of technologically driven school learning environments. In the school classroom, technology communicates with students and teachers. I plan on gathering data using questionnaires, observations and assignments given to students to collect the needed data for data analysis. This is part of my researcher’s journal. These items will help answer my research questions. The motive is an attempt to witness a level of satisfaction with students. It is my desire that students feel connected while feeling responsible for their learning. Students will be required to provide consent to the collection of artifacts. RUNNING HEAD: EFFICIENT EDUCATION SYSTEMS 9 Implications What are the main points you would like to examine and discuss in this paper? What are the student’s perceptions and attitudes to learning English? What are the expectations of the...
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...Prediction Vladislav Lazarov vladislav.lazarov@in.tum.de Technische Universität München Marius Capota Technische Universität München mariuscapota@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The rapid growth of the market in every sector is leading to a bigger subscriber base for service providers. More competitors, new and innovative business models and better services are increasing the cost of customer acquisition. In this environment service providers have realized the importance of the retention of existing customers. Therefore, providers are forced to put more efforts for prediction and prevention of churn. This paper aims to present commonly used data mining techniques for the identification of churn. Based on historical data these methods try to find patterns which can point out possible churners. Well-known techniques used for this are Regression analysis, Decision Trees, Neural Networks and Rule based learning. In section 1 we give a short introduction describing the current state of the market, then in section 2 a definition of customer churn, its’ types and the imporance of identification of churners is being discussed. Section 3 reviews different techniques used, pointing out advantages and disadvantages. Finally, current state of research and new emerging algorithms are being presented. given a huge choice of offers and different service providers to decide upon, winning new customers is a costly and hard process. Therefore, putting more effort in keeping churn low has become essential for service-oriented...
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...Nursing is a unique, distinct science with its own knowledge base and skillset. In accordance with the requirements of a scientific profession, there is a need for scholarly inquiry and nursing research in order to maintain autonomy and distinction of the Nursing perspective separate from other disciplines. An editorial published in the Journal of Nursing Scholarship noted that “the distinguishing feature of a profession is how its practitioners use knowledge to make a difference” (Hegyvary, 2007). The evidence generated by Nursing scholars influences global health initiatives and policy worldwide. The need for field wide scholarly inquiry, the application of rigorous scientific standards to research, and the importance of stringent ethical and legal protection for research subjects has been the subject of numerous articles, books, and papers. The Nursing Profession has a responsibility to engage in scholarly research for many reasons that will be discussed in depth within this paper. Importance of Nursing Research to the Nursing Profession As noted in the introduction, in order to maintain its status as a unique, autonomous profession, Nursing as a field must continually refine and expand its scientific knowledge base. The AACN position statement summarizes the importance of research to the profession by stating “The essence of a discipline is its body of scientific knowledge, its system of values and ethics, and its societal worth” (AACN, 2006). It is important to firmly...
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...legal work, the kind of work that lawyers do with certain limitations and prohibitions. Based on my own personal skills such as filing of small claims, paralegals are engaged in real legal work, provided as paralegals are appropriately supervised, the lawyers for whom paralegals work are able to engage in other legal work. I like litigation practice because paralegals are of service to the clients. Clients will receive a smaller bill when legal assistants are used effectively because the work of legal assistants is billed at a lesser rate than that of lawyers. The use of paralegals allows more members of society to be able to afford legal services, while at the same time allows employing lawyers at private law firms to increase their earnings. Paralegal is a highly demand profession which makes me reflect that litigation practice is a rewarding career. 2. As a paralegal what documents should you attempt to obtain before a lawsuit is filed during the informal fact-gathering stage? What sources are available to you to locate these documents? The attorney’s work product, now called “trial preparation materials.” Trial preparation materials include any “documents and tangible things” that were “prepared in anticipation of litigation” by another party or that party’s “representative.” It is only a “qualified privilege” and based upon a showing of “substantial need.” Discovery should be carried out in the following order: 1. Interrogatories 2. Requests to produce...
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