...The Malware Lifecycle The advancement of technology and the proliferation in the use of the Internet, which offers a variety of products and services to users, provide a pathway to solicit user’s information that can result in identity theft and compromising of sensitive information has increased in the last decade. Cybercrimes have evolved and intensified as hackers develop and supply exploits that can be used as tools for stealing valuable information from financial institution such as banks. Motivations and Evolution Since the evolution of hacking, the skills and creativity of hackers have matured and the motivation behind hacking has been revolutionized from the origins to its current form. Oriyano & Gregg (2011) opines that in the 1960’s, the first generation of hackers that emerged were technology enthusiasts who created the building blocks for technological advancement. These hackers were motivated by intellectual curiosity and entertainment (Oriyano & Gregg, 2011). However, Oriyano & Gregg (2011) argues that the negative connotations that society identifies hackers began in the 1980’s in which they became computer criminals. Hacker’s activities were predominantly theft of services motivated by financial gains or personal gratification (Oriyano & Gregg, 2011). Subsequently, numerous hackers did not seem satisfied with the benign exploration of computer systems simply to learn about their internal operations as the hackers were now interested in individual gains...
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...Evolution of Corrections The history of punishment and the development of a system to detain offenders has evolved continuously over the centuries. The implementation of the Pennsylvania and Auburn system has set a foundation for the corrections system we use today. Having inmates perform labor during a prison sentence has contributed to the ongoing change over time of the prison system and in a way that has contributed to the rehabilitation of offenders. One might find it quite interesting to see how society and its evolution has greatly changed the system we use to punish offenders. History of Punishment Punishment for wrongful acts have dated back many centuries and could have began shortly after the beginning of the human race. One of the earliest know penal codes dates back to 1780 B.C. and is known as the Code of Hammurabi. This code was established by King Hammurabi during his reign of Old Babylon. The different types of punishment have changed greatly over the centuries. Punishments that were accepted by society in the early centuries are viewed as inhumane in our society today. The earliest responses to crime were brutal when compared to punishments in the society of the 20th century. Punishments such as torture, beatings, branding, and mutilation were accepted centuries ago. Although there are some countries that still accept some of these forms of punishment, most societies today would deem it inhumane. In today's society one is innocent until proven...
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...Prisoner Rights Robert Bregante CJS230 April 17, 2011 Michael Lew Prisoner Rights A major part of the evolution within the prison system is prisoner rights. Even though citizens loose many of their rights once committing a felony, there are still rights afforded to those individuals incarcerated. Prisoner rights are important to maintaining balance within the prison system. They give the prisoners a voice, which prevents prison officials from abusing their power. Prisoner rights are necessary to maintaining a particular level of care for inmates, for it forces the correctional staff to be more hands on in their approach. This way they may also receive the treatment necessary for proper rehabilitation, as well as the tools for reintegration into society. It seems prisoner rights have played an essential role in the evolution of the prison system; it has had both positive and negative effects on inmates, and when looking at the key elements in obtaining those rights it is important to recognize the 8th amendment and section 1983 of civil rights litigation. Rights for prisoners can be a great benefit to the individual inmate should they choose to take advantage of them. While in the past, the system may have worked against inmates wanting to have their issues heard and a fair review of their case, the present era offers various courses of legal action for inmates to take. Prisoners are now able to speak out against cruel and unusual punishment. They can file lawsuits...
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...Historical Policy Comparison Criminal justice policies are constantly changing by the day, week, month or year. Policies that were in effect 50 years ago are different from the policies in effect today. The following paper will cover a comparative analysis of the evolution of the criminal justice policy over the last 50 years for each of the three areas in the criminal justice system. To understand these changes, it is important to recognize the various areas and elements of the criminal justice system. Changes take place within the areas of policing, the courts and corrections. While discussing each division of the justice system and conduct a comparative analysis of each. This is important to discuss and determine how these systems have changed from 50 years ago to today. The history of criminal justice policy in regards to policing has experienced tremendous changes over the past 50 years. Between 1900 and 1970, an organized movement known as the Reform Era took place in policing around the country (Marion, 2006). Instead of hiring individuals based on political reasons, officers were hired based upon their qualifications and ability to perform the required duties of a police officer. Formal training developed in many areas around the United States in the form of Police Academies. Technological advances such as telephones, two-way radios, and 911-emergency systems developed during this era. The Civil Rights Movement and the Antiwar Movement brought about new issues...
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...away from the good citizens of any given civilization. Many theories have been born from the attempt to combat crime before it occurs, and one such theory explains people commit crimes when they consciously decide the benefits of committing the crime outweigh the risks of punishment. The structure to combat crime has been evolving as much as the definition and ways crime can be committed, from the middle ages and the conduct of ordeals to heretical laws from the church and the punishments that were included to modern times of specific written laws, their interpretation, and the attempted rehabilitation of criminals to be functioning members of society. Modern structure of the criminal justice system include the police, courts, and corrections to provide a continuity to the system and a chance for the criminals to rehabilitate, as well as keeping the criminals out and away from functioning society. There are ongoing debates regarding this system and to its effectiveness or even if it’s even a system, something that will be debated throughout time. Crime Crime is described as “conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a...
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...Corrections Trend Evaluation Tomas Gonzalez CJA / 394 February 4, 2014 Alfredo Cooke Corrections Trend Evaluation In this paper I will evaluate the past, present and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based correction. As part of the evaluation I will identify and analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today. I will also identify and analyze the role/issue of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Trends within the criminal justice system continue to influence the development and operations of institutions and community-based corrections. As mandatory sentencing laws can cause an increase in prison population, prison administrators face a daunting task in addressing the issues that overpopulation causes. “Apart from the highest priority of addressing prison population growth, prison managers are often confronted with an array of issues relating to imprisonment practices and their consequences” (Greenfeld, Beck, & Gillard, 1996, p.9). Development and Operations of Institutions The development and operations of institutions appears to operate around two opposing philosophies if punishment versus rehabilitation. The evolution of the development of corrections past, present and future has seen many changes throughout the inception of prisons. In the past the trends for prisons were solitary confinement with little concern for the rehabilitation of inmates. The well-being...
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...Correction Trend Alfreda Jernigan CJA-394 02-15-2012 University of Phoenix Correction Trend Compare and Contrast- Past, Present, and Future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections Correctional programming today is at a level of effectiveness that exceeds previous expectations. Jurisdictions throughout the United States there are other programs that utilize research-based programs to educate, train and motivate offenders. Gone are the days of haphazard implementation of programs that sounded good, but often just occupied time for the offenders. The past evolution occurred for many reasons (Corrections Today, 2010). One of our biggest wake-up calls was the claim made about 30 years ago that, nothing works in corrections, in terms of rehabilitation. Although this widely publicized statement was removed from its context for some less-than-honorable purposes, it did in fact bring some attention to the conundrum that many prisons were not effective as change agents for offenders, but rather seemed only to serve the purpose of separating problems from society (Corrections Today, 2010). 7,225,800 adults were under correctional supervision (probation, parole, jail, or prison) in 2009 (U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010). While this singular purpose was acceptable to many citizens, the more visionary leaders, both inside and outside of corrections, understood that the only good thing that could ever result...
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...Darwin's Theory Of Evolution - A Theory in Crisis You are here: Science >> Darwin's Theory Of Evolution Darwin's Theory of Evolution - The Premise Darwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification". That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival -- a process known as "natural selection." These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Over time, beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism (not just a variation of the original, but an entirely different creature). Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Natural Selection While Darwin's Theory of Evolution is a relatively young archetype, the evolutionary worldview itself is as old as antiquity. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander postulated the development of life from non-life and the evolutionary descent of man from animal. Charles Darwin simply brought something new to the old philosophy -- a plausible mechanism called "natural selection." Natural selection acts to preserve...
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...Community Corrections or Incarceration Are community corrections a better solution than incarceration? Michelle Brooks ITT Technical Institute Community Corrections or Incarceration Abstract In this research paper will read about different subjects and topics that pertain to incarceration and community corrections. The incarceration rate is going up in the United States while at the same time community corrections is slowly fading away because of limited support from the local communities and government officials within each state. In this research I hope to find out those community corrections has more to offer than incarceration. In conclusion incarceration is not the right way but community corrections will be. Community Corrections or Incarceration Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Background on Community Corrections Background on Incarceration Effectives of Community Corrections Effectives of Incarceration Programs dealing with Community Corrections Programs while Incarcerated Theory Interview with Mr. Sharron Wilson Result Reference Page Community Corrections or Incarceration Introduction Community Corrections is a better solution than incarceration because it offers many different alternative programs for several different types of offenders. Incarceration also offers similar programs...
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...Central Ohio Technical College Institute for Public Safety Law Enforcement Technology Autumn Semester, 2013 August 21 through December 11, 2013 Class Syllabus Course Title: Introduction to Criminal Justice Course Number: LET-100 Instructor: Bob Cromwell, MS BBA C: (740)258-0800 Office hours by appointment only. email: rcromwel@cotc.edu Required Materials: Textbook(s): Frank Schmalleger. (2014) Criminal justice: a brief introduction (10th edition). NJ: Pearson Education. ISBN: 978-0-13-300979-8 Packets: Not required Supplies: Any materials students may need to record information in face to face classroom setting AND access to internet for research projects. Additional Materials: None. Closed Reserve: None. ITS Resources: http://www.cotc.edu/faculty-and-staff/it-support/Pages/index.aspx Student Services: http://www.cotc.edu/student-life/Pages/default.aspx Library: http://www.cotc.edu/libraries/Pages/default.aspx College-Wide Policies: 1. Assessment -- As part of COTC’s campus-wide assessment initiatives (quality assurance program), samples of student performance such as test results, projects, papers, etc. may be used. The data gathered will not identify individual students and are not related to the student’s grade for the course, but will be used to improve student learning at COTC. 2. Disability -- Any student who...
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...The notion that slavery kept the South in pre-modern social and economic “shackles” and therefore deprived its people from catching up with the North has been one of the most stubborn arguments among a number of economic historians. Here, Gomez’s and Edward Baptist’s books provide important corrections. Gomez demonstrates that slave holders sought out particular ethnicities to profit from their agricultural expertise, hence the transatlantic slave trade was not only a way to get access to cheap field hands, but also an early form of brain drain that was essential to feed the increasing population of white settlers and their African slaves. The facts and arguments that Baptist presents demonstrate not only how profitable slavery was, but also...
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...The Prison System Robert B. Weight II CJS/200 January 19, 2011 Ronald Rucker Even though the system has worked for 220 years, the American prison system is in danger of complete failure on its current course of development because overcrowding, low budgets, and changes in public sentiment are quickly placing the penitentiary system in an inoperable state. The evolution of the current prison system in the United States has had many subtle changes that have lead to the current crisis, but the system has been set up to fail since the beginning. There have been supporters and opponents to the prison system. There have been social movements that have created major adaptations in society’s idea of how prisons and prisoners should be handled. In the end, society faces the issue of not being able to sustain current sentencing practices and maintain the prisons through the increasing prison populations. (Norman Johnston, 2010) In 1790 sweeping reform went through Pennsylvania to change the jail system. Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush led the effort to change the old and corrupt ways of the penal system (Norman Johnston, 2010). The first prison was built in 1790 as a wing of the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Gaines, 2006). This prison operated on the premise that crime was caused by idleness, so the best method of treatment for a criminal was silence and isolation to force reflection on the criminal’s wrong doings and work...
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...Kaplan University Brian Wheeler CJ130: Introduction to Corrections Prof: Terry Campbell Unit 2 In this paper I’m going to describe how society’s response to crime impacts public policy, sentencing, practices, and correctional operations. Also an overview of the evolution of society’s views on crime and punishment. Along with need for crime and punishment. Fallowed up by the shift in sentencing laws and impact (prisons, Get Tough On Crime, present day). Fallowed up an emphasis on punishment or rehabilitation currently. To start off First, what are some of society’s responses to crime? Some of responses are getting their voices heard through protesting, social networking threats, riots, boycotting, and even an act of terrorism. The society’s views on crime and punishment has evolved over a great period of time. (Siegel, 2014) In earlier years the law was based on religious beliefs and conservative ways of punishment, which consisted of the electric chair and hangings. This has changed over the years due to society and has took a more liberal views on the laws and claiming punishment. These views can be seen such as the accused proclaiming self-defense, proclaiming insanity, and the acceptance of advanced technology and...
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...difference between Frame Relay and X.25 is that X.25 guarantees data integrity and network managed flow control at the cost of some network delays. Frame Relay switches packets end to end much faster, but there is no guarantee of data integrity at all. Frame Relay is cost effective, partly due to the fact that the network buffering requirements are carefully optimized. Compared to X.25, with its store and forward mechanism and full error correction, network buffering is minimal. Frame Relay is also much faster than X.25: the frames are switched to their destination with only a few byte time delay, as opposed to several hundred milliseconds delay on X.25. An evolution beyond the X.25 protocol, Frame Relay is a network interface standard based on statistical multiplexing. By combining the flexibility of X.25 packet protocol with the performance of private lines, Frame Relay Service can move data much more efficiently than the packet protocol. In fact, Frame Relay Service streamlines the processing steps associated with X.25 error detection/correction and routing procedures. Frame Relay technology takes advantage of highly accurate digital networks with their reduced line errors and intelligent network end point devices with their end-to-end error checking protocols. The reduced per packet processing time allows you to process more user data. Also, the upgrade to Frame Relay Service is simple and cost effective because Frame Relay Service is based on the HDLC protocol, which is popular...
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...A Historical Overview of Inmate Labor in Pennsylvania: The Pioneer in United States Prison Labor http://www.pci.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/history_of_pci/17812 The evolution of American prison labor is rooted in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania penal system, originating in 1682 under the leadership of William Penn, was the first state prison system to suggest the replacement of torture and mutilation as punishment for crimes with hard labor in houses of correction. Penn's intentions were not systematically executed when his penal code of 1682 was repealed. As a result, labor in penal institutions was practically non-existent in Pennsylvania during the Colonial Period. However, Penn's efforts were not futile as the penal code outlined in 1682 left a mark on the laws of Pennsylvania, and the evolution of prison labor across the nation. In 1773, the Walnut Street Jail was constructed in Philadelphia. During the early years of the Walnut Street Jail, Penn's order to establish workhouses was revived. The constitution of 1776 directed the enactment of laws establishing houses of correction for "punishing by hard labor, those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital." Legal force was added to the provision of the constitution by the law of 1786, which ordered the punishment of prisoners by "continued hard labor, publicly and disgracefully imposed." This act provided that prisoners were to be employed in workhouses and in the repairing and cleaning...
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