...safety in 1999. Today many civilian GPS users have come to conflicting arguments as to whether or not GPS is here to help or hinder us. Between foreign nations such as China working to have successfully launched 35 satellites by 2020, and Superior court trials arguing violation of privacy… Has GPS found a competitor? What GPS does for us GPS is used daily for coordinating airliners (NextGen), city transit, package delivery, keeping track of our children as well as felons under adult supervision by ankle monitor. In many search and rescue situations, natural disaster and criminal monitoring or investigating, time is as critical as life or death. On August 6, Fox News published a story on Precise Innovations kidsport GPS band developed by a concerned parent Brian Sullivan. A device that will give parents there child’s direct location to a partner app on the parent’s cellphone within 10 feet of the child. This device has a panic button to notify the parent if the child wonders outside the “geo-fence” (the perimeter the parent sets). In 2005 GPS was used with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) by giving precise location of landmarks, streets, and buildings. Precision agriculture or site-specific farming has been made possible by the use of GPS, GIS and remote sensing to locate and map field boundaries, roads, irrigation systems and problems such as weeds or disease soil. What GPS has done to us Now that I’ve given some great examples of what GPS does to help the...
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...SSG Riemann, SSG Carerras & SGT Horner SFC Hopkins 13T ALC 11 October 2012 Equipments and Tactics from the World Wars and Today The Field Artillery is and always has been the King of Battle. Technology and tactic have been refined over the years based on lessons learned from the past. During the World Wars the implementation of new equipment and tactics helped shape the field artillery of today. However, some of the same equipment and tactics are still being used today. Warfare had changed in the years leading up to the United States involvement in WW1. A lot of the fighting went back into the trenches. This in return promoted the use of small munitions such as motors, for closer combat effectiveness. Initially, horses moved many of the smaller artillery pieces like the 3inch motors. They were able to move quicker and in tighter places than a vehicle. However, the ability to keep the horses combat effective became a challenge do to shipping them from so far away. The change from horses to jeeps became a reality. 105mm and 155mm howitzers conducted specific missions and large trucks or even tractors moved them. In 1944 the development of the rocket battalion which provided thirty-six rockets launchers. A single rocket could take out a larger area on its own. This allowed howitzers to be independent. Prior to the rockets they had to bring multiple howitzers together to take out as much real estate as one rocket. However, howitzers were more accurate. The soldiers became...
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...332 IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 1, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2001 Inertial Sensor Technology Trends Neil Barbour and George Schmidt, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—This paper presents an overview of how inertial sensor technology is applied in current applications and how it is expected to be applied in near- and far-term applications. The ongoing trends in inertial sensor technology development are discussed, namely interferometric fiber-optic gyros, micro-mechanical gyros and accelerometers, and micro-optical sensors. Micromechanical sensors and improved fiber-optic gyros are expected to replace many of the current systems using ring laser gyroscopes or mechanical sensors. The successful introduction of the new technologies is primarily driven by cost and cost projections for systems using these new technologies are presented. Externally aiding the inertial navigation system (INS) with the global positioning system (GPS) has opened up the ability to navigate a wide variety of new large-volume applications, such as guided artillery shells. These new applications are driving the need for extremely low-cost, batch-producible sensors. Index Terms—Accelerometer, gyroscope, inertial, MEMS. I. INTRODUCTION LECTROMECHANICAL inertial sensors have generally dominated guidance, navigation, and control applications since the dawn of inertial sensing in the early 1920s [1]–[4]. In recent years, however, new technologies have enabled other kinds of sensors that are challenging and have successfully...
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...annoying. It's like living in a house with no doors. Everyone needs privacy in his or her life. I've always heard people refer to the government as "Big Brother". Big brothers are supposed to protect their younger siblings. Is "Big Brother" protecting us? Or just out right being nosey & invading our privacy? In our society today everything we do is being tracked. There's video surveillance everywhere we turn. Every click of a mouse or push of a button on the Internet is being tracked & logged. Almost everything today is GPS enabled. The government can access these records, videos, and locate people from their GPS enabled device without their knowledge. Scott McNealy couldn’t have said it any better “You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it” (Sprenger, 1999, para.1). The evolution of technology has made it easier for Big Brother to watch us. Our privacy against government intrusion is virtually impossible because technology has provided more access than our judicial, legislative and political systems have developed restrictions. After 9/11 The Patriot Act was one of many surveillance laws that made it easier for the government to keep an eye on us. The change in this law gave the government more authority to check any citizen’s Internet usage, obtain bank and credit card information, check emails, and monitor phone calls. The government obtains this information by sending out National Security Letters (NSLs). After the information is obtained and used...
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...mobile systems with greater data transfer speed and capacity and 1st generation satellite mobile systems. Evolution to the current generation mobile networks to 3G doesn't necessarily mean seamless upgradation to the existing infrastructure to the 3G. Evolution should also be seen in context of coexistence of the 2G and 3G networks for some time, with users able to roam across the new and the old networks, able to access 3G services wherever 3G coverage is available. As mentioned before, a 3G network can have one of the 3 optional air interfaces supporting one of the two GSM MAP and IS-41 network architectures. This results in a range of choices for the existing networks to evolve/migrate towards 3G. Possible convergence of TDMA and GSM networks with EDGE adds another variable to the overall migration paths. Another variable that adds complexity to this already complex list of options is the time frames involved. By the time some of the 2.5 or 2.75G technologies go to field, we may see the emergence of 3G technologies also. So, a lot of thought regarding the costs involved, and/or the viability of 2.5G technologies like EDGE could be questioned. The same is true about the time frames of the so called "4G". Before I talk about evolution/migration paths of all the existing 2G mobile wireless technologies, let me briefly discuss the 3G network architecture and other technology factors involved in the migration to 3G. 3G Architecture The 3G network will have a layered architecture...
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...two very important, but competing, interests: the public’s interest in preserving its privacy rights and expectations, and the government’s interest in its ability to investigate and subsequently prosecute criminals. However, the methods and rules previously established have yet to be fully tested in our ever-evolving world of technological advances. This raises the question of whether certain well-established rules, specifically the Third-Party Doctrine, are ill-suited to address modern issues. As it has been applied since 1979, and in the absence of reevaluation, the Third-Party Doctrine is likely to impede, severely, on the privacies guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment. In order to fully understand the gravity of this predicament, the evolution of Fourth Amendment analysis must also be understood. In 1949, the Court established that the Fourth Amendment applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. However, it was not until 1961 that the Court held that the exclusionary rule also applied to the states. And, in 1984, the Court explained that because the exclusionary rule was a judicially created remedy to deter Fourth Amendment violations the costs of excluding inherently trustworthy evidence...
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...In Ronald Bailey’s (2013) article “Your Cellphone is Spying on You,” he claims that with the recent evolution of technology the public has had less privacy, due to GPS and tracking systems. While GPS and location systems within cell phones can be viewed as beneficial to the people, it can also be used by third parties to view a person’s location at any given time. Not only can these parties access locations, they also have access to personal information within the cell phone itself. As stated by Sonia Sotomayor, a U.S. Supreme Court Justice, “Awareness that the Government may be watching chills associational and expressive freedoms” (para. 10). This means that with the knowledge that the government may be watching at any given time, the people...
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...Garmin is a Swiss company that develops consumer, aviation, and marine technologies for the Global Positioning System (GPS). It was founded in 1989 by Gerry Burrell and Min Kao in Lenexa, Kansas as ProNav, and in 2010 was incorporated in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, as the headquarters and successor to Garmin Cayman, which until then, had served as a holding company for Garmin corporation. Though their claim to fame came from their pioneering of marine and handheld GPS' for the US Army, they have since expanded into the commercial market focusing on the design, manufacturing, and marketing of a diverse family of hand-held, portable, and fixed navigation and communications products. According to the company, Garmin is a leader in providing “navigation, communication, information devices and applications, most of which are enabled by GPS technology”. Garmin’s stated goal in creating these devices is to enrich the lives of their customers, by providing high quality products that create value for consumers. Classified as a technology and scientific instruments company, it operates in five business sectors which serve the marine, outdoor, fitness, automotive, and aviation markets. The company advances the idea of their superiority in value and performance, ease of use, innovation, and ergonomics of its products, and offers an expansive array of solutions across its various segments. As a result of the variety in the nature of the products and types of customers they serve, the segments...
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...The 4G network was chosen for this topic because of the impact it has on wireless communications. I think the most important tool a person can carry these days is the cell phone. My essay attempts to show how critical the 4G networks is to our beloved cell phone and other wireless devices. Abstract The 4G Networks In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of mobile communication technology standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G) standard. While all 4G service is called “4G,” the underlying technology is not the same. Sprint, for example, uses WiMax technology for its 4G network, while Verizon Wireless uses a technology called Long Term Evolution, or LTE. No matter what technology is behind it, 4G wireless is designed to deliver speed. The Origin and Definition of the Term The fourth generation is a promising generation of the mobile communications that is characterized by a high data rate and high-quality voice communications. Advanced technologies that make data communications at a rate, exceeding 100 megabits per second for mobile subscribers, belong to the fourth generation. As a rule, the specifications of any generation of the mobile communications refer to the...
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...Abdul Rahman College 2012/2013 ATGE 5053 Engineer in Society Individual Assignment 2013 Advanced Diploma in Technology (Electronic Engineering) Name : Chong Sai King ID : 11WTA10497 Group : A Objectives a. To study on the underlying knowledge used in the development of the GPS and how and why the GPS was developed. b. To research on the use of the GPS including the profile and type of user, the purpose it is used for and the developments together with new knowledge created through the use of GPS. Problem statement In this developed society, it is obvious that mankind has arrived at yet another golden era with rapidly advancing technology. The 21st century has appeared that human are at busiest to compete to gain wealth by exploiting all possible resources. However, busy lifestyle has caused issues such as traffic congestion. Time always appears to be a resource easily hit scarcity. This era where information is the riches has invoked the demand of mankind on a tool to navigate so that time will not be wasted when they are lost in traffic. Therefore a tool to guide direction is developed and introduced to the society. Introduction The Global Positioning System (GPS) is selected as the tool in this assignment. Though GPS appears to be a common tool in the society, not everyone understands the process of development gone through by GPS. Global Positioning System is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information...
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...Generation (2G) technology was launched in the year 1991 in Finland. It is based on the technology known as global system for mobile communication or in short we can say GSM. This technology enabled various networks to provide services like text messages, picture messages and MMS. In this technology all text messages are digitally encrypted due to which only the intended receiver receives message. These digital signals consume less battery power, so it helps in saving the battery of mobiles. The technologies used in 2G are either TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) which divides signal into different time slots or CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) which allocates a special code to each user so as to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. 3G technology generally refers to the standard of accessibility and speed of mobile devices. It was first used in Japan in the year 2001. The standards of the technology were set by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This technology enables use of various services like GPS (Global Positioning System), mobile television and video conferencing. It not only enables them to be used worldwide, but also provides with better bandwidth and increased speed. This technology is much more flexible as it can support 5 major radio technologies that operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA. CDMA accounts for IMT-DS (direct speed), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA holds for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). This technology is also...
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...Introduction to company Grameenphone Ltd. (GP) was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh when it launched its services on 26 March 1997. GP is market leader in the cellular telecommunication industry of Bangladesh with a market share of 43.66% (Dec 2010) obtained cellular license on November 28, 1996 in Bangladesh from the Ministry ofPosts and Telecommunications. GP is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor (55.8%), a telecommunications service provider in Norway, and Grameen Telecom Corporation (34.2%), a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed micro-credit pioneer Grameen Bank. The other 10% shares belong to general retail and institutional investors. GP’s cellular network in the country covers 98% of country's population through 12,700base stations in more than 7200 locations. The entire GP network is EDGE/GPRS enabled that provides its subscribers access to Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. VISION: The aim of GrameenPhone Ltd. vision is to describe our ambition for the future, to set a direction for the organisation and to inspire our people to make every contribution they can. “We’re here to help” COMPANY MISSION: When an organization is set up it exists to accomplish certain goals. At first their mission seems vivid but with the passage of time the mission may become unclear, as the organization grows, adds new product and ventures into...
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...Mukit2 and Md. Abu Naser Bikas3 1 Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh sazzad@ymail.com 2 Student, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh mukit.sust027@gmail.com 3 Lecturer, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh bikasbd@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Nowadays it is very important to maintain a high level security to ensure safe and trusted communication of information between various organizations. But secured data communication over internet and any other network is always under threat of intrusions and misuses. So Intrusion Detection Systems have become a needful component in terms of computer and network security. There are various approaches being utilized in intrusion detections, but unfortunately any of the systems so far is not completely flawless. So, the quest of betterment continues. In this progression, here we present an Intrusion Detection System (IDS), by applying genetic algorithm (GA) to efficiently detect various types of network intrusions. Parameters and evolution processes for GA are discussed in details and implemented. This approach uses evolution theory to information evolution in order to filter the traffic data and thus reduce the complexity. To implement and measure the performance of our system we used the...
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...AMSS Applications Season 2004\05 Introduction 4 1.1 Objective 5 1.2 Concepts 5 1.2.1 CNS-ATM 6 1.2.2 RNAV 7 1.2.3 Free Flight 8 1.2.4 Gate to Gate 9 2 GNSS 10 2.1 Global position constellation 14 2.1.1 Global Position System (GPS) 14 2.1.2 GLONASS 17 2.1.3 Galileo 18 2.2 SBAS 21 2.2.1 WAAS 22 2.2.2 EGNOS 23 2.2.3 MTSAS 25 2.3 GBAS 26 2.3.1 DGPS 26 2.3.1.1 LAAS 28 2.3.2 RTK 28 2.3.3 GRAS 29 2.3.4 VDL 29 2.3.4.1 VDL Mode 1 30 2.3.4.2 VDL Mode -2 30 2.3.4.3 VDL Mode 3 30 2.3.4.4 VDL Mode 4 31 2.4 ABAS 31 2.4.1 RAIM 32 2.4.1.1 RAIM (FD) 32 2.4.1.2 RAIM (FDE) 33 2.4.2 AAIM 33 3 Communication Systems 34 3.1 INMARSAT 34 3.2 INTELSAT y EUTELSAT 37 3.3 IRIDIUM 39 4 New technologies and developing projects 41 4.1 VSAT 41 4.2 SDLS 44 4.3 MASSAO y Aerofleet projects 45 4.4 OPTIMAL project 48 5 Conclussions 50 5.1 Role in CNS/ATM 50 5.2 Gate to gate? 53 5.3 New system beyond 2020 56 5.4 Comparison with the current ATM system 59 6 Acronyms 61 7 Bibliography 64 7.1 webpages 64 7.2 documents (all of them are in internet) 66 8 Appendix 68 8.1 Techniques of modulation 68 8.2 Standards and recommended practices in annexes 1,6 and 11 68 8.3 Data link services defined by ICAO 72 Introduction All forms of aviation need reliable communications, navigation and surveillance systems to...
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...definition is fairly rigid, and makes a very clear-cut distinction between m-commerce applications and other mobile applications. The challenges to the emergence of m-commerce do not end with limited resources. The bandwidth currently available is not ideal. The effective bandwidth, as quoted by m-commerceworld.com, is somewhere around 9kbps. This further hinders the advent of sites containing graphics and user-friendlier interfaces, in turn discouraging users from opting for m-commerce. M-commerce or mobile e-commerce represents the using of mobile devices for communication and implementation of electronic commerce transaction or any transaction with monetary value achieved through mobile devices. M-commerce appeared due to the rapid evolution of the mobile devices and connection among internet became more accessible regardless of the geographical location of the person who connects to the Internet. M-Commerce applications are obtained by the two methods: • supplement or extend existing applications, which involves the addition of new tools to improve more efficient the access to E-Commerce applications existing through mobile devices; • Innovative requires the development of new services and new applications for M-Commerce to facilitate access through mobile devices; in this category of applications are not used old e-commerce applications; new applications are designed from the beginning. Security for mobile devices and applications for these devices is provided in the...
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