Kind of learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus; pavlov (dog)

a method of learning that occurs through rewards or consequences; B.F. Skinner(skinner box)

Positive reinforcement occurs by presenting a motivating stimulus after the behavior has been exhibited (reward). Negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus is removed after a behavior (consequence). Primary reinforcers are biological (food, drink, and pleasure), secondary are conditioned (money, grades in school, tokens).

gradually molding or training an organism to preform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that come close to the desired response.

identified by David Premack in 1965, some behavior that happens reliably can be used as a reinforcer for a behavior that occurs less reliably. (Cant watch tv (reliable behavior) til dishes are done))

a conditioned response starts occurring in response to the presentation of another similar stimuli Classical- the ability to distinguish between a CS and another similar stimulus, but not an US. Operant- distingush between a learned voluntary response and a nonlearned response Ex.- The reduction of a repsonse. Classical- resluts from US not occurring after the CS is presented over tine. Operant- results by a response no longer being inforced.

negative reinforcement- something that motivates you or increases the behavior punishment- something that decreases the behavior

FR-organism must make a certain number of operant responses in order to receive reinforcement FV-organism must wait for a certain amount of time and then make the operant response in order to receive reinforcement

VR-reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses have been made; schedule changes, but there is a pattern.

VI- reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of tie has passed; there is a pattern

type of therapy based on the principles of cc that attempts to replace bad or unpleasant responses to a stimulus with more pleasant reponses

Albert Bandura; social behavior is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others or by being rewarded or punished.

OL- Learning information by observing others VL- Learning information indirectly, hearing/watching, rather than hands on

Type of behavioral theory which the principles of OC are used to eliminate some type of unwanted behavior

very short periods of time roughly 30 seconds long periods of time

bringing a thought or idea learned previously to conscious awareness learning a list in the order which the appear in the list (first ti last) two items paired as stimuli; presentation of the first word will bring the other to memory

spelling remembering and comprehending something that you hear a mental grouping of people, things, or events used to remember and understand meaning of something is encoded rather than the sound or vision of it

Performance can be improved if there is arousal of some sort best performance is achieved when there is a moderate level of pressure, not enough =bordem, too much= stress, anxiety, unhapppiness

cognitive process in which a person attempts to find a single correct answer to a problem cognitive process in which a person attempts to generate many unique creative responses to a single question or problem

approaching a situation in a similar way that worked in the past when something is thought of of its functionality; narrow thinking, limited a previously learned behavior increases some aspect of performance on a similar new behavior old behavior interferes with the performance of a similar new behavior

difficulty learning new information because of already existing behavior difficulty recalling old information because of newly learned information

typeof forgetting that occurs when memories fade over time (sensory storage and short term memory) Freud; unconsciously excluding difficult or unacceptable memories from our consciousness an object, idea, or experience as being more than the sum of its whole recall form long term memory that is dependent on certain cues from our physical states

Most recent experiences will be remembered best

used to aid in memory

ability to reason in abstract ways and/or solve problems the amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time

MA/CA Mental age / Chronological age

100

ethnic differences in intelligence are due to heredity

measure an individual's level of knowledge in a particular area measures a person's ability to learn something

trigger or external cue that causes a sequence of unrelated acts that are essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion (FAP)

learning a behavior at a critical period in time early in life a specific time during which an organism has to experience a stimuli in order to progress through developmental stages

life instinct; promotes behaviors that help us survive death instinct; promotes risky dangerous behavior that can lead to death sexual desires and urges

doing things because it is easier to do them than to not An aroused state of psychological tension arised from need. Drive motivates a person to act in a way that will reduce the tension. Being alert; allows people to seek things they require to live A drive that has been learned Actuating force or factor (libido) Relieving aggressive or sexual urges through action or fantasy Stimuli in the environment that motivate our behavior

one must choose between two desirable goals whether to approach or avoid something that has good and bad aspects weighing pros and cons of two or more possible options must choose between two undesirable goals

1st level; ethical principles are guided by the consequences of the action and the benefit awarded (wont steal b/c afraid of punishment) 2nd stage; Begin to internalize standards of valued adult role model; authority is internalized but not questioned and reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs
3rd and final level; concerned with innate rights of humans and are guided by own ethical principles

conformity

Cognitive disssonance
Obedience to authority figures (electric shocks)

behaviorism behaviorism psychoanalysis behaviorism

frustration produces feelings of anger which generate aggressive behavior

when an organism is prevented from avoiding some aversive stimulus repeatedly, the organism will reach a state in which it becomes passive and depressed because it believes no action will allow it to avoid the stimulus

emotions are a consequence of our psychiological responses to external stimuli followed by the identification of the emotion by examining the physical response human emotions contain two factors: physical arousal and a cognitive label

stand speak act self-actualization esteemm social safety physciological

intimacy, passion, commitment