...1042-2587 © 2008 by Baylor University E T&P Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: Where Are We Today and Where Should the Research Go in the Future Garry D. Bruton David Ahlstrom Krzysztof Obloj Emerging economies are characterized by an increasing market orientation and an expanding economic foundation. The success of many of these economies is such that they are rapidly becoming major economic forces in the world. Entrepreneurship plays a key role in this economic development. Yet to date, little is known about entrepreneurship in emerging economies. This introductory article to the special issue on entrepreneurship in emerging economies examines the literature that exists to date in this important domain. It then reviews the research that was generated as part of this special issue on this topic. The article concludes with a discussion of the critical future research needs in this area. Introduction The quantity and quality of entrepreneurship research has increased dramatically over the last 15 years. Today, entrepreneurship research is some of the most widely cited in the management discipline, with leading journals dedicated to its study and well-recognized conferences supporting its development. The methods employed and the theory foundations used in entrepreneurship today are consistent with mainstream management research. However, entrepreneurship research can still be critiqued as almost exclusively focused on North American and European research sites...
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... SEMESTER: SPRING 2015 INSTRUCTOR: NAMADA JULIANA ADM NO: 644067 NAME: BRIAN KIPRUTO CHELIMO Table of Contents Abstract 3 2.0 Forms of Entrepreneurship 4 1.0 Introduction 4 1CREATION OF EMPLOYMENT 4 2Poverty reduction 5 3Socio-economic and political solutions 6 4Economic growth and Development 7 2.1 Entrepreneurial Effects in the Growth of Economy 8 Conclusion 9 REFERENCES 10 Abstract According to Chell & Ozkan, (2010), an entrepreneur is someone who is willing to bear the riskofa businessventure where there is a significant chance for making profit. Entrepreneurship is basically the practice of starting a business in order to earn profit on new found opportunities. Entrepreneurship is a challenging task as many businesses which start fail to take off. Entrepreneurship has many uncertainties especially when new products are created for which there is no existing market.Entrepreneurship affects economic growth in various ways. It is through entrepreneurship thatimportant innovations enter the market leading to new products or production process whicheventually increases efficiency through bringing competition in the market. This paper discourses the impact of entrepreneurship on economies. Ideas and concepts that emerge from entrepreneurs increase our knowledge and what consumers may prefer through introducing variations of existing products and services in the market. This speeds up innovation of new products in the market as aresult...
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...reallocation of resources from less to more productive uses (Acs and Storey 2004), by performing ‘cost-discovery’, ‘gap-filling’, and ‘input-completing’ functions in the economy (Leibenstein 1968; Hausmann and Rodrik 2003) and by supporting structural change (Lewis 1954; Gries and Naudé 2010). These roles have recently been the subject of a growing literature (see e.g. Minniti and Naudé 2010; Naudé 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). A neglected function in this literature is the potential role of entrepreneurs as innovators in developing countries. Joseph Schumpeter pointed out a century ago that entrepreneurs are often innovators, bringing new goods and technologies to markets, opening up new markets, processes, and ideas, and commercializing new knowledge. But, it is often mistakenly suggested that innovation by entrepreneurs is less important for growth in low-income developing countries than in more advanced economies.1 A substantial literature has been devoted to understanding the conditions under which entrepreneurs innovate, and the nature and evolution of national systems of innovation (see e.g. Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993). By and large, however, this literature has been concerned with the process of innovation and its dynamics in advanced economies. Research at the intersection of the fields of entrepreneurship, innovation, and development is still in its infancy. 3 Szirmai, Naudé, and Goedhuys In this book we provide perspectives...
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...Journal of Business Venturing 27 (2012) 266–290 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Business Venturing International entrepreneurship research in emerging economies: A critical review and research agenda Andreea N. Kiss a,⁎, Wade M. Danis b, 1, S. Tamer Cavusgil c, 2 a b c Global Economics and Management Department Faculty of Economics and Business University of Groningen, 800 Postbus, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands Peter B. Gustavson School of Business, University of Victoria, P.O. BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC Canada V8W 2Y2 J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Institute of International Business, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3989, Atlanta, GA 30303-3989, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t This article systematically reviews and critically examines international entrepreneurship research in emerging economies (IEEE research), and articulates its importance, timeliness and relevance in consideration of the growing influence of emerging markets in the global economy. A systematic analysis of eighty-eight journal articles published over the last two decades reveals that IEEE research is a vibrant and rapidly growing stream of the broader international entrepreneurship (IE) domain, and that it is methodologically and topically diverse. Our review also shows that IEEE research has a limited presence in premier journals, is highly skewed in its geographic coverage, and is somewhat fragmented. We therefore inventory...
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...The past thirty years have witnessed the most powerful emergence of entrepreneurial activity in the world. Entrepreneurs are now described as aggressive catalysts for change in the world of business; individuals who recognize opportunities where others see chaos, contradiction, or confusion. They have been compared to Olympic athletes challenging themselves to break new barriers, to longdistance runners dealing with the agony of the miles, to symphony orchestra conductors who balance the different skills and sounds into a cohesive whole, or to top-gun pilots who continually push the envelope of speed and daring. The U.S. economy has been revitalized because of the efforts of entrepreneurs, and the world has turned now to free enterprise as a model for economic development. The passion and drive of entrepreneurs move the world of business forward as they challenge the unknown and continuously create the future (Kuratko, 2002). Several methods have been used to measure the impact of entrepreneurial ventures on the economy—for example, efforts to start a firm (which may not be successful), incorporation of a firm (which may never go into business), changes in net tax returns filed (reflecting new filings minus filings no longer received), and a substantial amount of full-time and part-time self-employment. According to the Small Business Administration, 672,000 new businesses were created in 2005; the largest in US history (even 12% higher than the...
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...Journal of Management http://jom.sagepub.com/ New Venture Teams: A Review of the Literature and Roadmap for Future Research Anthony C. Klotz, Keith M. Hmieleski, Bret H. Bradley and Lowell W. Busenitz Journal of Management published online 26 June 2013 DOI: 10.1177/0149206313493325 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jom.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/06/26/0149206313493325 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: Southern Management Association Additional services and information for Journal of Management can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jom.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jom.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Jun 26, 2013 What is This? Downloaded from jom.sagepub.com at Jonkoping University Library on November 11, 2013 493325 research-article2013 JOMXXX10.1177/0149206313493325Journal of Management / Month XXXXKlotz et al. / New Venture Teams Journal of Management Vol. XX No. X, Month XXXX 1–30 DOI: 10.1177/0149206313493325 © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav New Venture Teams: A Review of the Literature and Roadmap for Future Research Anthony C. Klotz Oregon State University Keith M. Hmieleski Texas Christian University Bret H. Bradley Lowell W. Busenitz University of Oklahoma As entrepreneurship...
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...Disclosures About CSR Practices: A Literature Review Kavitha W * and Anita P ** Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now prominent and evident more than ever due to the emphasis laid on businesses regarding environmental, social and ethical issues. The level of CSR activities of the firms is made known to public only through the disclosures. This paper reviews the literature on CSR disclosures and the effect of these disclosures. There are various factors which determine the extent of disclosures like the size of the firm, industry, high visibility, etc. Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now prominent and evident more than ever due to the emphasis laid on businesses regarding environmental, social and ethical issues. This is because over the recent years, there have been social, political and economic pressures on corporate management to pay attention on social and environmental consequences of corporate activities. These pressures motivated the corporate management to actively participate in a wide range of social welfare activities. CSR now-a-days covers almost all issues like the use of child labor; inequality of employment; environmental impact; involvement in local community; products’ safety; company cultures; brand image and reputation. Apart from this, companies are now disclosing these activities in their annual reports, and one of the parameters to judge the performance of a company is CSR reporting. Corporate Social Responsibility ...
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...suggested by research on human cognition, is that they do so by using cognitive frameworks they have acquired through experience to perceive connections between seemingly unrelated events or trends in the external world. In other words, they use cognitive frameworks they possess to “connect the dots” between changes in technology, demographics, markets, government policies, and other factors. The patterns they then perceive in these events or trends suggest ideas for new products or services—ideas that can potentially serve as the basis for new ventures. This pattern recognition perspective on opportunity identification is useful in several respects. First, it helps integrate into one basic framework three factors that have been found to play an important role in opportunity recognition: engaging in an active search for opportunities; alertness to them; and prior knowledge of an industry or market. In addition, it also helps explain interrelations between these factors (e.g., the fact that active search may not be required when alertness is very high). Second, a pattern recognition perspective helps explain why some persons, but not others, identify specific opportunities. Third, a pattern recognition framework suggests specific ways in which current or would-be entrepreneurs can be trained to be better at recognizing opportunities. Future directions for research on a pattern recognition perspective are described, and its practical implications for entrepreneurship education are examined...
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...C H A P T E R 1 The Nature and Scope of Managerial Economics chief of Omaha, W arren E. Buffett, the renowned chairman andstartedexecutive officerpartnership Nebraska-based Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., an investment with $100 in 1956 and has gone on to accumulate a personal net worth in excess of $30 billion. It is intriguing that Buffett credits his success to a basic understanding of managerial economics. Berkshire’s collection of operating businesses includes the GEICO Insurance Company, Buffalo News newspaper, See’s Candies, and the Nebraska Furniture Mart. They commonly earn 30%–50% per year on invested capital. This is astonishingly good performance in light of the 10%–12% return typical of industry in general. A second and equally important contributor to Berkshire’s outstanding performance is a handful of substantial holdings in publicly traded common stocks such as The American Express Company, The Coca-Cola Company, and Wells Fargo & Company. As both manager and investor, Buffett looks for ‘‘wonderful businesses’’ with outstanding economic characteristics: high rates of return on invested capital, substantial profit margins on sales, and consistent earnings growth. Complicated businesses that face fierce competition or require large capital investment and ongoing innovation are shunned.1 Buffett’s success is powerful testimony to the practical usefulness of managerial economics. Managerial economics answers fundamental questions. When are the characteristics of a market...
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...^ Academy oi Management Review 2000, Vol. 25, No. 1, 217-22G. NOTE THE PROMISE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A . FIELD OF RESEARCH SCOTT SHANE University of Maryland S. VENKATARAMAN tiniversity of Virginia To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. For a field of social science to have usefulness, it must have a conceptual framework that explains and predicts a set of empirical phenomena not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked such a conceptual framework. Rather than explaining and predicting a unique set of empirical phenomena, enfrepreneurship has become a broad label under which a hodgepodge of research is housed. What appears to constitute entrepreneurship research today is some aspect of the setting (e.g., small businesses or new firms), rather than a unique conceptual domain. As a result, many people have had trouble identifying the distinctive contribution of the field to the broader domain of business studies, undermining the field's legitimacy. Researchers in other fields ask...
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...Entrepreneurship Research, April 2008 KC Lim Contents Abstract 1. Introduction a. b. The Continuing and Evolving Research on Entrepreneurs The Importance of Successful Entrepreneurship Today and Tomorrow 3 4 4 5 2. Literature Review a. Introduction i. Definition of Entrepreneurs Previous Areas of Entrepreneurship Research i. Personality Traits • Motivation • Risk Propensity and Uncertainty ii. Cognition • Intention and Opportunity Seeking • Innovation iii. Population Ecology c. Topic for this Study/Theoretical Framework i. The Broad Research Problem 5 5 7 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 16 16 18 18 19 22 24 27 27 29 30 b. 3. Hypothesis for Research a. Hypothesis Statements 4. Methodology 5. Analysis of Survey Data a. b. Data Compilation Analysis & Findings i. Background Data of Respondents ii. Findings 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cognition in Basic Business Areas Do Emotions Figure? Preferences for Source of Funds Preferences in Knowledge Acquisition More Specific Business Aspects i. Holding Company Together ii. Growth Factors iii. Continual Growth . HELP University College, 28 October 2009 Page 1 of 43 Entrepreneurship Research, April 2008 KC Lim 6. Limitations 7. Recommendations 8. Conclusion 9. Appendix 10. References 32 32 33 35 36 . HELP University College, 28 October 2009 Page 2 of 43 Entrepreneurship Research, April 2008 KC Lim Abstract This paper presents the findings of a general opinion survey on successful small...
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... To the memory of my grand father Daniel Egeyu Whose love & enthusiasm for academia first kindled mine? ABSTRACT This research study investigates the impact of microfinance institutions on entrepreneurial development of Small & Micro-enterprises (SMEs) that are craving for growth and development in a war revived district called Gulu. The researcher used questionnaire as an instrument of primary data collection. Tables and simple percentages were used in data presentation. For clear analysis, the study centers on two broad variables; the dependent variable which is entrepreneurial development and the independent variable which is microfinance institutions. Three different hypotheses were formulated and tested using various statistical tools such as chi-square test, analysis of variance and simple regression analysis. The study reveals that (i) there is a significant difference in the number of entrepreneurs who used microfinance institutions and those who do not use them; (ii) there is a significant effect of microfinance institutions activities in predicting entrepreneurial productivity; and (iii) that there is no significant effect of microfinance institutions activities in predicting entrepreneurial development. The researcher concludes that microfinance institutions world over and especially in Gulu are identified to be one of the key players in the financial industry that have positively affected individuals, business organizations...
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...2 The Entrepreneurial Process "Who can be on entrepreneur you ask? Anyone who wants to experience the deep, dark canyons of uncertainly and ambiguity, and who wonts to walk the breathtaking highlands of success. But caution, do not plan to walk the Iotter until you hove experienced the former" An entrepreneur Results Expected Upon completion of this chapter you will have: l. Developed a definition of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process that spans lifestyle to high potential ventures. 2. Examined the practical issues you will address and explore throughout the book. 3. Learned how entrepreneurs and their financial backers get the odds for success in their favor, defYing the pattern of disappointment and failure experienced by many. 4. Examined the Timmons Model of the entrepreneurial process, how it can be applied to your entrepreneurial career aspirations and ideas for businesses, and how recent research confirms its validity. Demystifying Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking, reasoning, and acting that is opportunity obsessed, holistic in approach, and leadership balanced. 1 Entrepreneurship results in the creation, enhancement, realization, and renewal of value, not just for owners, but for all participants and stakeholders. At the heart of the process is the creation and/or recognition of opportunities, 2 followed by the will and initiative to seize these opportunities. It requires a willingness to take risksboth personal and financial-out...
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...A Longitudinal Study Frédéric Delmar1 Johan Wiklund This study addresses the role of small business managers’ growth motivation for business growth, taking into account the important effects of previous motives and feedback from earlier performance. We hypothesize that small business managers’ growth motivation has a unique influence on firm outcome measured as growth in sales and in number of employees. Data were gathered from two different Swedish samples of small firms using telephone interviews. Using cross-lagged regression analysis, we find support for our hypotheses when examining employment growth, but only partial support when examining sales. Introduction The psychological construct of motivation has an important role to play in entrepreneurship research. As stated by Shane, Locke, and Collins (2003, p. 257): “We believe that the development of entrepreneurship theory requires consideration of the motivations of people making entrepreneurial decisions.” One of the areas in entrepreneurship where motivation is potentially of great importance relates to firm growth. There is research to suggest that growth is one of the most important outcomes of entrepreneurial efforts because it indicates the degree of success of that effort (Bhidé, 1999; Venkataraman, 1997), and effort exerted is closely related to the individual’s motivation (Davidsson, Delmar, & Wiklund, 2002). Research examining the link between growth motivation and growth appears to support this view as it finds...
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...Accounting, Organizations and Society 28 (2003) 127–168 www.elsevier.com/locate/aos Management control systems design within its organizational context: findings from contingency-based research and directions for the future Robert H. Chenhall Department of Accounting and Finance, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Abstract Contingency-based research has a long tradition in the study of management control systems (MCS). Researchers have attempted to explain the effectiveness of MCS by examining designs that best suit the nature of the environment, technology, size, structure, strategy and national culture. In recent years, contingency-based research has maintained its popularity with studies including these variables but redefining them in contemporary terms. This paper provides a critical review of findings from contingency-based studies over the past 20 years, deriving a series of propositions relating MCS to organizational context. The paper examines issues related to the purpose of MCS, the elements of MCS, the meaning and measurement of contextual variables, and issues concerning theory development. A final section considers the possibility that contingency-based ideas could encompass insights from a variety of theories to help understand MCS within its organizational context. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The three purposes of this paper are to provide a review of empirical, contingency-based research as it has developed...
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